Chapter 5

 Understanding Requirements

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Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e
by Roger S. Pressman
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These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 1
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 2
 REQUIREMENTS
 IEEE defines Requirement as :
 A condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or
achieve an objective
 A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or
a system component to satisfy construct, standard, specification or
formally imposed document
 A documented representation of a condition or capability as in 1 or 2

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 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
 Encompasses both the User’s view of the requirements (the external
view) and the Developer’s view (inside characteristics)
 User’s Requirements --Statements in a natural language plus diagram,
describing the services the system is expected to provide and the
constraints
 System Requirements --Describe the system’s function, services and
operational condition

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 4
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 5
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 6
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 7
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 8
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 9
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 10
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 11
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 12
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 13
 Requirements
System Functional Requirements
Statement of services the system should provide
Describe the behavior in particular situations
Defines the system reaction to particular inputs
Should be both complete and consistent (Completeness)
All services required by the user should be defined (Consistent)
Requirements should not have contradictory definition

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 Requirements
Nonfunctional Requirements
Constraints on the services or functions offered by the system
Include timing constraints, constraints on the development process and
standards
Apply to system as a whole
Types of Non-functional Requirements
1.Product Requirements
-Specify product behavior
-Include the following
Usability, Efficiency, Reliability, Portability
2. Organizational Requirements

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 Requirements
Nonfunctional Requirements
2. Organizational Requirements
Derived from policies and procedures
Include the following:
• Delivery, Implementation, Standard
3. External Requirements
Derived from factors external to the system and its development
process
Includes the following
• Interoperability, Ethical, Legislative

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These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 17
 Requirements Engineering-I
 Inception—ask a set of questions that establish …
 basic understanding of the problem
 the people who want a solution
 the nature of the solution that is desired, and
 the effectiveness of preliminary communication and collaboration between
the customer and the developer
 Elicitation—elicit requirements from all stakeholders
 Elaboration—create an analysis model that identifies data, function
and behavioral requirements
 Negotiation—agree on a deliverable system that is realistic for
developers and customers

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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 18
Requirements Engineering-II
 Specification—can be any one (or more) of the following:
 A
written document
 A
set of models
 A
formal mathematical
 A
collection of user scenarios (use-cases)
 A
prototype
 Validation—a review mechanism that looks for
 errors in content or interpretation
 areas where clarification may be required
 missing information
 inconsistencies (a major problem when large products or systems are
engineered)
 conflicting or unrealistic (unachievable) requirements.
 Requirements management

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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 19
Inception
 Identify stakeholders
 “who else do you think I should talk to?”
 Recognize multiple points of view
 Work toward collaboration
 The first questions
 Who is behind the request for this work?
 Who will use the solution?
 What will be the economic benefit of a successful solution
 Is there another source for the solution that you need?

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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 20
Eliciting Requirements
 meetings are conducted and attended by both software engineers and
customers
 rules for preparation and participation are established
 an agenda is suggested
 a "facilitator" (can be a customer, a developer, or an outsider) controls
the meeting
 a "definition mechanism" (can be work sheets, flip charts, or wall stickers
or an electronic bulletin board, chat room or virtual forum) is used
 the goal is
 to identify the problem
 propose elements of the solution
 negotiate different approaches, and
 specify a preliminary set of solution requirements

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 21
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 22
Eliciting Requirements

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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 23
Quality Function Deployment
 Function deployment determines the “value” (as
perceived by the customer) of each function
required of the system
 Information deployment identifies data objects and
events
 Task deployment examines the behavior of the
system
 Value analysis determines the relative priority of
requirements

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 24
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 25
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 26
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 27
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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 28
Elicitation Work Products
 a statement of need and feasibility.
 a bounded statement of scope for the system or product.
 a list of customers, users, and other stakeholders who
participated in requirements elicitation
 a description of the system’s technical environment.
 a list of requirements (preferably organized by function) and the
domain constraints that apply to each.
 a set of usage scenarios that provide insight into the use of the
system or product under different operating conditions.
 any prototypes developed to better define requirements.

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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 29
Building the Analysis Model
 Elements of the analysis model
 Scenario-based elements
• Functional—processing narratives for software functions
• Use-case—descriptions of the interaction between an “actor”
and the system
 Class-based elements
• Implied by scenarios
 Behavioral elements
• State diagram
 Flow-oriented elements
• Data flow diagram

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Use-Cases
 A collection of user scenarios that describe the thread of usage of a system
 Each scenario is described from the point-of-view of an “actor”— a person or
device that interacts with the software in some way
 Each scenario answers the following questions:
 Who is the primary actor, the secondary actor (s)?
 What are the actor’s goals?
 What preconditions should exist before the story begins?
 What main tasks or functions are performed by the actor?
 What extensions might be considered as the story is described?
 What variations in the actor’s interaction are possible?
 What system information will the actor acquire, produce, or change?
 Will the actor have to inform the system about changes in the external environment?
 What information does the actor desire from the system?
 Does the actor wish to be informed about unexpected changes?

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 32
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 33
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 34
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 35
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
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UML use case diagram for SafeHome home security function

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Class Diagram
From the SafeHome system …

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State Diagram
Reading
Commands
State name
System status = “ready”
Display msg = “enter cmd”
Display status = steady
State variables

Entry/subsystems ready
Do: poll user input panel
Do: read user input
Do: interpret user input State activities

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Analysis Patterns
Pattern name: A descriptor that captures the essence of the pattern.
Intent: Describes what the pattern accomplishes or represents
Motivation: A scenario that illustrates how the pattern can be used to address the problem.
Forces and context: A description of external issues (forces) that can affect how the pattern is used
and also the external issues that will be resolved when the pattern is applied.
Solution: A description of how the pattern is applied to solve the problem with an emphasis on
structural and behavioral issues.
Consequences: Addresses what happens when the pattern is applied and what trade-offs exist
during its application.
Design: Discusses how the analysis pattern can be achieved through the use of known design
patterns.
Known uses: Examples of uses within actual systems.
Related patterns: On e or more analysis patterns that are related to the named pattern because (1)
it iss commonly used with the named pattern; (2) it is structurally similar to the named pattern; (3) it
is a variation of the named pattern.

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Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 45
Negotiating Requirements
 Identify the key stakeholders
 These are the people who will be involved in the
negotiation
 Determine each of the stakeholders “win conditions”
 Win conditions are not always obvious
 Negotiate
 Work toward a set of requirements that lead to “win-win”

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 46
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 47
Validating Requirements - I
 Is each requirement consistent with the overall objective for the
system/product?
 Have all requirements been specified at the proper level of abstraction?
That is, do some requirements provide a level of technical detail that is
inappropriate at this stage?
 Is the requirement really necessary or does it represent an add-on
feature that may not be essential to the objective of the system?
 Is each requirement bounded and unambiguous?
 Does each requirement have attribution? That is, is a source (generally,
a specific individual) noted for each requirement?
 Do any requirements conflict with other requirements?

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 Validating Requirements - II
 Is each requirement achievable in the technical environment that will
house the system or product?
 Is each requirement testable, once implemented?
 Does the requirements model properly reflect the information,
function and behavior of the system to be built.
 Has the requirements model been “partitioned” in a way that exposes
progressively more detailed information about the system.
 Have requirements patterns been used to simplify the requirements
model. Have all patterns been properly validated? Are all patterns
consistent with customer requirements?

These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill, 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman. 49