Analog and Digital Communication

Prof. V. N. Bhonge
Dept. of Electronics & Telecomm.
Shri Sant Gajanan Maharaj College of Engg,
Shegaon – 444203
[email protected]

1
 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Course Objectives:
1. To understand different modulation and demodulation techniques in analog
and Digital communication.
2. To interpret the performance of analog communications systems in presence
of noise
3. To study various pulse modulation and demodulation techniques used in
transmission of analog signal.
4. To understand the concept of sampling and quantization in digital
transmission system.
5. To study multiplexing system.
6. To study basic building blocks of digital communication system.
7. To learn information theory and theoretical bounds on the data rates of digital
communication.
8. To study and analyze different digital modulation techniques.
9. To study baseband transmission of the signal.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 2

 ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Course Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to:
1. Understand the necessity of modulation and identify the various components
of analog and Digital communication systems.
2. Understand different modulation and demodulation schemes in analog
communication systems.
3. Compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of various
communication systems.
4. Apply the concepts of Probability theory in communication systems.
5. Analyze the performance of various pulse modulation scheme
6. Understand basic building blocks of digital communication system and
formatting of digital signal.
7. Understand concepts of information theory and analyze information
transmission over communication channel.
8. Analyze performance of different digital modulation techniques

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 3

 SYLLABUS
ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (4ETC01)

UNIT-I :
AM Transmitters and Receivers:
Modulation, need of modulation, AM Modulation (Mathematical expression and related
numericals), Principles of DSB-FC, DSBSC, SSB-SC modulation and their comparison,
Details of DSB-FC Transmitter.
Superheterodyne receiver: Detail block diagram, Need and types of AGC, Receiver
Characteristics: Selectivity, Sensitivity & Fidelity. 06
UNIT-II:
FM Transmitters and Receivers:
FM Modulation, Circuit & Analysis for direct FM generation using FET. Circuit & analysis
of Indirect FM generation, Narrow Band and Wide Band FM, their comparison, Pre-
emphasis and Deemphasis.FM Receiver block diagram including Limiter.
FM Discriminator: Introduction to Single Slope and Balanced slope detector, Foster
Seeley and Ratio detectors. Comparison of performance of AM & FM systems. 06

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 4

 UNIT-III:
Random Processes and Noise:
Introduction, Random vectors obtained from random processes, Stationary,
Mean, Correlation & Covariance function, Properties of autocorrelation
function, Properties of Power spectral density Types of Noise, Gaussian and
white noise characteristics. Noise in FM Reception: FM threshold effect 06

UNIT-IV:
Pulse Modulation:
Band limited & time limited signals, Narrowband signals and systems,
Sampling Theorem in time domain, Nyquist criteria, ISI, Types of sampling-
ideal, natural, flat top, Aliasing & Aperture effect.
Analog modulation techniques: PAM, PWM & PPM.
Digital representation of Analog signal, PCM Generation and Reconstruction:
Quantization and its types, Companding, Quantization Noise, Differential Pulse
Code Modulation, Delta Modulation, Adaptive Delta Modulation. 06

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 5

 UNIT-V:

Introduction to Digital Communication System:

Functional Blocks of Digital Communication System,
Line Coding: Need for Line coding, Properties of Line Coding, Types of Line
Coding and its comparison, Scrambler and Unscrambler.
Information Theory: Measure of Information, Entropy and Information Rate
Introduction of Binary Symmetric Channel. 06

UNIT-VI:
Digital Modulation:
BPSK, BFSK, ASK and DPSK generation and reception,
QPSK and MSK Transmitter and Receiver, Probability of Error (only theoretical
concepts) of ASK,BPSK and BFSK systems, Comparison of Digital modulation
systems.
Equalization: Need and types of equalization, Clock and Carrier Synchronization.
06

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 6

 BOOKS:

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Kennedy G. “Electronic Communication System” Tata Mc-Graw Hill Co., New
Delhi (Third Ed).
2. Taub and Schilling D.L., “Principles of Communication Systems”, Mc-Graw Hill
Co., New Delhi (Second Ed.).
3. Shanmugam K.S., “Digital & Analog Communication Systems”, John Wiley &
Sons, NewYork, 1996.
4. Lathi B. P., “Modern Digital and Communication Systems”, Holt Rinchart and
Winston Inc.,New York, 1993.
5. Simon Haykin, “Digital Communication”, John Wiley and Sons,Pvt. Ltd.,
Singapore..

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 7

 BOOKS:

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. Proakis J. K., “Digital Communication”, Mc-Graw Hill Book Co., London (Second
Edition).
2. Glover and Grant, “Digital Communication”, Prentice Hall Publication
3. Collins Dennis, Collins John, “Electronic Communications” PHI.
4. Wayne Tomasi, “Electronic Communication Systems” Pearson Education, (Fifth
Edition).
5. Wozencraft J. M. and Jacobs I. M., ``Principles of Communication
Engineering'',John Wiley, 1965.
6. Barry J. R., Lee E. A. and Messerschmitt D. G., ``Digital Communication'',
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 8

 INFORMATION REPRESENTATION

Main purpose of communication is to transfer information from a

source to a recipient via a channel or medium.
 Communication system converts information into electrical
electromagnetic/optical signals appropriate for the transmission medium.
 Analog systems convert analog message into signals that can propagate
through the channel.

 Digital systems convert bits(digits, symbols) into signals

 Computers naturally generate information as characters/bits

 Most information can be converted into bits
 Analog signals converted to bits by sampling and quantizing (A/D
conversion)

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 9

 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Public Switched Telephone Network (voice,fax,modem)

Satellite systems
Radio,TV broadcasting
Cellular phones
Computer networks (LANs, WANs, WLANs)

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 10

 COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS & ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM

 Frequency of communications signals

Analog Optical
DSL Cell WiFi
telephone fiber
phone Frequency (Hz)

102 104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024

Ultraviolet light
Infrared light

Gamma rays
telephone
Power and

Visible light
Microwave
Broadcast

X-rays
radio

radio

106 104 102 10 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14
Wavelength (meters)
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS
1. Deterministic and Random Signals
• A signal is deterministic means that there is no uncertainty with
respect to its value at any time.

• Deterministic waveforms are modeled by explicit mathematical

expressions, example:

• A signal is random means that there is some degree of uncertainty

before the signal actually occurs.

• Random waveforms/ Random processes when examined over a

long period may exhibit certain regularities that can be described in
terms of probabilities and statistical averages.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 12

 2. PERIODIC AND NON-PERIODIC SIGNALS

• A signal x(t) is called periodic in time if there exists a constant

T0 > 0 such that

t denotes time
T0 is the period of x(t).

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 13

 3. ANALOG AND DISCRETE SIGNALS

• An analog signal x(t) is a continuous function of time; that is, x(t) is

uniquely defined for all t

• A discrete signal x(kT) is one that exists only at discrete times; it is

characterized by a sequence of numbers defined for each time, kT,
where
k is an integer
T is a fixed time interval.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 14

 4. ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS

• The performance of a communication system depends on the

received signal energy; higher energy signals are detected more
reliably (with fewer errors) than are lower energy signals

• x(t) is classified as an energy signal if, and only if, it has nonzero but
finite energy (0 < Ex < ∞) for all time, where:

• An energy signal has finite energy but zero average power.

• Signals that are both deterministic and non-periodic are classified

as energy signals

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 15

 5. ENERGY AND POWER SIGNALS

• Power is the rate at which energy is delivered.

• A signal is defined as a power signal if, and only if, it has finite but
nonzero power (0 < Px < ∞) for all time, where

• Power signal has finite average power but infinite energy.

• As a general rule, periodic signals and random signals are classified

as power signals

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 16

 6. THE UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION

• Dirac delta function δ(t) or impulse function is an abstraction—an

infinitely large amplitude pulse, with zero pulse width, and unity
weight (area under the pulse), concentrated at the point where its
argument is zero.

• Sifting or Sampling Property

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 17

AM Transmitters and Receivers:

Modulation, need of modulation, AM Modulation

(Mathematical expression and relatednumericals), Principles
of DSB-FC, DSBSC, SSB-SC modulation and their
comparison, Details of DSB-FC Transmitter.
Superheterodyne receiver: Detail block diagram, Need and
types of AGC, Receiver Characteristics: Selectivity, Sensitivity
& Fidelity.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 18

 MODULATION

Defination of Modulation:
In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the
process of varying one or more properties of a
periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a separate
signal called the modulation signal that typically contains
information to be transmitted.
Modulation signal : audio signal representing sound from a microphone,
a video signal representing moving images from a video camera, or a digital
signal representing a sequence of binary digits, a bitstream from a computer.

Carrier Signal: is higher in frequency than the modulation signal

The purpose of modulation is to impress the information on the carrier wave,
which is used to carry the information to another location.

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 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MODULATION TECHNIQUES

Basically two types

1) Analog Modulation

2) Digital Modulation

In analog modulation carrier is analog signal

Base on the instantaneous value of the message signal,
Amplitude , Frequency and Phase of Carrier signal will
change.
Types of Modulation :
a) Amplitude Modulation (AM Modulation)
b) Frequency Modulation (FM Modulation)
c) Phase Modulation (PM Modulation)

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 29

 5.30

Types of analog-to-analog modulation

 5.31

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

 A carrier signal is modulated only in amplitude

value
 The modulating signal is the envelope of the
carrier
 The required bandwidth is 2B, where B is the
bandwidth of the modulating signal
 Since on both sides of the carrier freq. fc, the
spectrum is identical, we can discard one half,
thus requiring a smaller bandwidth for
transmission.
Amplitude modulation
Note

The total bandwidth required for AM

can be determined
from the bandwidth of the audio
signal: BAM = 2B.
DIGITAL NETWORKS
 Digital transmission enables networks to
support many services

E-mail
TV

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 34

 WHY DIGITAL?

◼ Digital techniques need to distinguish between discrete symbols allowing

regeneration versus amplification

◼ Good processing techniques are available for digital signals, such as

medium.
❑ Data compression (or source coding)
❑ Error Correction (or channel coding)(A/D conversion)
❑ Equalization
❑ Security

◼ Easy to mix signals and data using digital techniques

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 35

 WHY DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS?

– Easy to regenerate the distorted signal

– Regenerative repeaters along the transmission path can
detect a digital signal and retransmit a new, clean (noise free)
signal
– These repeaters prevent accumulation of noise along the
path
• This is not possible with analog communication
systems
– Two-state signal representation
• The input to a digital system is in the form of a
sequence of bits (binary or M_ary)
– Immunity to distortion and interference
– Digital communication is rugged in the sense that it is more
immune to channel noise and distortion

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 36

 CONT….
– Hardware is more flexible
– Digital hardware implementation is flexible and permits
the use of microprocessors, mini-processors, digital
switching and VLSI
• Shorter design and production cycle
– Low cost
• The use of LSI and VLSI in the design of components and
systems have resulted in lower cost
– Easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital
signals
– Digital multiplexing techniques – Time & Code Division
Multiple Access - are easier to implement than analog
techniques such as Frequency Division Multiple Access

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 37

 CONT…..
– Can combine different signal types – data, voice, text, etc.
– Data communication in computers is digital in nature whereas
voice communication between people is analog in nature
– The two types of communication are difficult to combine over
the same medium in the analog domain.
• Using digital techniques, it is possible to combine both
format for transmission through a common medium
• Encryption and privacy techniques are easier to
implement
– Better overall performance
– Digital communication is inherently more efficient than analog
in realizing the exchange of SNR for bandwidth
– Digital signals can be coded to yield extremely low rates and
high fidelity as well as privacy

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 38

 WHY DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS?
Disadvantages
• Requires reliable “synchronization”
• Requires A/D conversions at high rate
• Requires larger bandwidth
• Nongraceful degradation
• Performance Criteria
• Probability of error or Bit Error Rate

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 39

 GOALS IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
DESIGN
• To maximize transmission rate, R
• To maximize system utilization, U
• To minimize bit error rate, Pe
• To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
• To minimize system complexity, Cx
• To minimize required power, Eb/No

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 40

 ELEMENTS OF A DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
• Block diagram of a digital communication system:
Information
Channel
source and Source Digital
encoder
input encoder modulator
transducer

Channel

Output Source Channel Digital

transducer decoder decoder demodulator

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 41

 SYSTEM OVERVIEW
 Transmitter : transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator, power
amp., antenna
 Channel : e.g. cable, optical fibre, free space
 Receiver : antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power
amplifier, transducer
 Recipient: e.g. person, (loud) speaker, computer
 Information Source:
 Analog (voice) or digital (e-mail, SMS, fax), data, video, music etc.
 Source Encoding:
 Removing redundancy (to reduce bit rate)

 Encrypt: introduce security (optional)

 Channel Encoding:
 Adding redundancy to overcome channel impairments such as noise & distortion

 Multiplex: Share the channel with other sources

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 42
 THE CHANNEL
 Different Channels: Telephone wire, TV (coaxial) Cable, air
(wireless), optical fiber
 The channel adds noise and distortion
◦ Often adds white Gaussian noise and called AWGN
channel
◦ Distortion comes from multipath dispersion (in air),
inductance, capacitance etc.
 The channel could be stationary (wires) or time varying
(wireless)
 The channel is usually band-limited (lowpass or bandpass
 Optical fiber channel offers huge bandwidth

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 43

BLOCK DIAGRAM DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 44

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 45
 WHAT IS LINE CODING?

 Converting a string of 1’s and 0’s (digital data) into a sequence of

signals that denote the 1’s and 0’s.
 For example a high voltage level (+V) could represent a “1” and a
low voltage level (0 or -V) could represent a “0”.
• Binary data can be transmitted using a number of different
types of pulses. The choice of a particular pair of pulses to
represent the symbols 1 and 0 is called Line Coding.
• Line coding is the process of converting binary data, a sequence
of bits to a digital signal.
 Mapping of binary information sequence into the digital
signal that enters the channel
 Ex. “1” maps to +A square pulse; “0” to –A pulse

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 46

 WHAT IS LINE CODING?
CONT…

 Line code selected to meet system requirements:

 Transmitted power: Power consumption = $
 Bit timing: Transitions in signal help timing recovery
 Bandwidth efficiency: Excessive transitions wastes bw
 Low frequency content: Some channels block low frequencies
 long periods of +A or of –A causes signal to “droop”
 Waveform should not have low-frequency content
 Error detection: Ability to detect errors helps
 Complexity/cost: Is code implementable in chip at high
speed?

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 47

Figure : Line coding and decoding

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

Figure : Line coding schemes

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

UNIPOLAR

 All signal levels are on one side of the time axis -

either above or below
 NRZ - Non Return to Zero scheme is an example
of this code. The signal level does not return to
zero during a symbol transmission.
 Scheme is prone to baseline wandering and DC
components. It has no synchronization or any
error detection. It is simple but costly in power
consumption.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

Figure : Unipolar NRZ scheme

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

POLAR - NRZ

 The voltages are on both sides of the time axis.

 Polar NRZ scheme can be implemented with two
voltages. E.g. +V for 1 and -V for 0.
 There are two versions:
 NZR - Level (NRZ-L) - positive voltage for one symbol
and negative for the other
 NRZ - Inversion (NRZ-I) - the change or lack of change
in polarity determines the value of a symbol. E.g. a
“1” symbol inverts the polarity a “0” does not.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

Figure : Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

POLAR - RZ
 The Return to Zero (RZ) scheme uses three
voltage values. +, 0, -.
 Each symbol has a transition in the middle.
Either from high to zero or from low to zero.
 This scheme has more signal transitions (two
per symbol) and therefore requires a wider
bandwidth.
 No DC components or baseline wandering.
 Self synchronization - transition indicates
symbol value.
 More complex as it uses three voltage level. It
has no error detection capability.
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
Figure : Polar RZ scheme

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

 UNIPOLAR & POLAR
NON-RETURN-TO-ZERO (NRZ)
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Unipolar NRZ

Polar NRZ

Unipolar NRZ Polar NRZ

 “1” maps to +A pulse  “1” maps to +A/2 pulse
 “0” maps to no pulse  “0” maps to –A/2 pulse
 High Average Power  Better Average Power
0.5*A2 +0.5*02=A2/2 0.5*(A/2)2 +0.5*(-A/2)2=A2/4
 Long strings of A or 0  Long strings of +A/2 or –A/2
 Poor timing  Poor timing

 Low-frequency content  Low-frequency content

 Simple  Simple
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
BIPOLAR - AMI AND
PSEUDOTERNARY
 Code uses 3 voltage levels: - +, 0, -, to represent
the symbols (note not transitions to zero as in
RZ).
 Voltage level for one symbol is at “0” and the
other alternates between + & -.
 Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) - the “0”
symbol is represented by zero voltage and the
“1” symbol alternates between +V and -V.
 Pseudoternary is the reverse of AMI.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

Figure 4.9 Bipolar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

BIPOLAR CODE
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

Bipolar
Encoding
 Three signal levels: {-A, 0, +A}
 “1” maps to +A or –A in alternation
 “0” maps to no pulse
 Every +pulse matched by –pulse so little content at low
frequencies
 String of 1s produces a square wave
 Spectrum centered at T/2
 Long string of 0s causes receiver to lose synch
 Zero-substitution codes
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
MANCHESTER CODE
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Manchester
Encoding

 “1” maps into A/2 first T/2, -A/2 last T/2

 “0” maps into -A/2 first T/2, A/2 last T/2
 Every interval has transition in middle
 Timing recovery easy

 Uses double the minimum bandwidth

 Simple to implement
 Used in 10-Mbps Ethernet & other LAN standards

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

DIGITAL TRANSMISSION FORMAT

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 61

Example: Different line coding schemes

Illustration of different line coding schemes

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
 LINE CODING EXAMPLES
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
Unipolar
NRZ

Polar NRZ

NRZ-inverted
(differential
encoding)

Bipolar
encoding

Manchester
encoding

Differential
Manchester
encoding
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 63
 SPECTRUM OF LINE CODES
• Assume 1s & 0s independent & equiprobable

• NRZ has high

content at low
frequencies
• Bipolar tightly
packed around T/2
• Manchester wasteful
of bandwidth

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 64

MULTILEVEL SCHEMES

 In these schemes we increase the number of

data bits per symbol thereby increasing the bit
rate.
 Since we are dealing with binary data we only
have 2 types of data element a 1 or a 0.
 We can combine the 2 data elements into a
pattern of “m” elements to create “2m” symbols.
 If we have L signal levels, we can use “n” signal
elements to create Ln signal elements.

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

Table : Summary of line coding schemes

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

 HDB3 Coding

HDB3 substitutes four consecutive

zeros with 000V or B00V depending
on the number of nonzero pulses after
the last substitution.
If # of non zero pulses is even the
substitution is B00V to make total # of
non zero pulse even.
If # of non zero pulses is odd the
substitution is 000V to make total # of
non zero pulses even.
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
Figure : Different situations in HDB3 scrambling technique

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

SCRAMBLING
 The best code is one that does not increase the
bandwidth for synchronization and has no DC
components.
 Scrambling is a technique used to create a
sequence of bits that has the required c/c’s for
transmission - self clocking, no low frequencies,
no wide bandwidth.
 It is implemented at the same time as encoding,
the bit stream is created on the fly.
 It replaces ‘unfriendly’ runs of bits with a
violation code that is easy to recognize and
removes the unfriendly c/c.
Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC
Figure : AMI used with scrambling

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC

 Scrambler and Unscrambler

Scrambler: The scrambler shown in figure consists

a “feedback” shift register.

Unscrambler:The matching unscrambler have a ”feed

forward” shift register structure.

In both the scrambler and unscrambler the outputs of

several stages of of shift register are added together
modulo-2 and the added to the data stream again in
modulo-2 arithmetic

71
Dr. Uri Mahlab

72
Scrambler affects the error performance of the
communication system in that a signal channel error
may cause multiple error at the output of the
unscrambler.

The error propagation effect lasts over only a finite

and small number of bits.

In each isolated error bit causes three errors in the

final output it must also be pointed out that some
random bit patterns might be scrambled to the
errors or all ones.
73
(a) Binary scrambler (b) unscrambler
Thank You

Prof. V. N. Bhonge Dept of E & TC 75