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DLD Chapter 1

DLD

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16 views35 pages

DLD Chapter 1

DLD

Uploaded by

k240529
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Digital

Logic Design

Chapter -1
Introductory Concept

• Explain the basic differences between digital and


analog quantities
• Show how voltage levels are used to represent
digital quantities
• Describe various parameters of a pulse waveform
such as rise time, fall time, pulse width, frequency,
period, and duty cycle
• Explain the basic logic functions of NOT, AND,
and OR
• Describe several types of logic operations and
explain their application in an example system
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
•The term digital is derived from the way
computer perform operations by counting
digits.
•Today, digital tech is applied in a wide range of
areas.
•The tech has progressed from vacuum-tube to
discrete transistors to complex ICs.
DIGITAL AND ANALOG
QUANTITIES

• Two categories of electronic circuits:


• Analog
• Digital
• Analog quantity = continuous values
• Digital quantity = a discrete set of values
ANALOG QUANTITY

• Most things in nature analog form

• Temperature, pressure, distance, etc


• Smooth,
Temp continuous curve like this:

Time
DIGITAL QUANTITY
•Sampled-value representation
(quantization)

•Each dot can be digitized as a digital code


(consists
Temp of 1s and 0s)

Time
DIGITAL ADVANTAGES
• Digital data can be processed and transmitted
more efficiently and reliably than analog data.
• Digital data has a great advantage when storage is
necessary.
• Music when converted to digital form can be
stored more compactly and reproduced with
great accuracy and clarity than analog.
• Noise doesn’t effect digital data.
DIGITAL MUSIC
• The media is very compact but
higher-density (and counting):
• CDs
• Memory cards

• No more bulky and noise media like


cassette tape
MECHATRONICS
Both digital and analog electronics are used in the control of various
mechanical systems. The interdisciplinary field that comprises both
mechanical and electronic components is known as mechatronics.
Mechatronic systems are found in homes, industry, and transportation.
Most home appliances consist of both mechanical and electronic
components. Electronics controls the operation of a washing machine in
terms of water flow, temperature, and type of cycle.
Binary Digits,
Logic Levels, &
Digital Waveforms
BINARY DIGITS
• Binary system (either 0 or 1)
• Bit (comes from binary digit)
• Digital circuits:
• 1 represents HIGH voltage
• 0 represents LOW voltage
• Groups of bits (combinations of 0s and 1s) are
called codes
• Being used to represent numbers, letters,
symbols, (i.e. ASCII code), instructions,
and etc.
LOGIC LEVELS
⚫ The voltages used to represent a 1 and 0
are called logic levels. VH(max)
⚫ Ideally, there is only HIGH (1) and HIGH
(binary 1)
LOW (0). VH(min)

⚫ Practically, there must be thresholds to Not allowed


determine which one is HIGH or LOW VL(max)
or neither of them. LOW
(binary 0)
⚫ CMOS VL(min)

⚫ (2V to 3.3V HIGH)


⚫ (0V. To 0.8V LOW)
DIGITAL WAVEFORMS
• Voltage levels that are changing back and forth between HIGH
and LOW
• (Ideal) pulse

HIGH HIGH

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
Positive-going pulse Negative-going pulse

• At t0 leading edge, at t1 trailing edge


NON-IDEAL PULSE
90%

tw
Amplitude 50%
Pulse width

10%

tr tf
Rise time Fall time
WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS
• Waveforms = series of pulses (called pulse train)
• Periodic

T1 T2 T3

• Period (T) = T1 = T2 = T3 = … = Tn
• Frequency (f) = 1/T
• Nonperiodic
DUTY CYCLE

• Ratio of the pulse width (tw) to the period (T)

Duty cycle = ( tw / T ) x 100%


EXAMPLE

• From a portion of a periodic waveform (as shown)


determine:
a) Period

b) Frequency
T
c) Duty cycle
tw

0 1 10 11 t (ms)
A DIGITAL WAVEFORM CARRIES BINARY
INFORMATION
Binary information that is handled by digital systems appears as waveforms that represent
sequences of bits. When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is present; when the waveform is
LOW, a binary 0 is present. Each bit in a sequence occupies a defined time interval called a bit
time.
Bit
time
1
clock
0

1
A
0
Bit sequence 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
represented
by waveform
A
DATA TRANSFER
• Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type of information. Binary
data, which are represented by digital waveforms, must be transferred from
one device to another within a digital system or from one system to another
in order to accomplish a given purpose.
• Binary data are transferred in two ways:
• Serial – bits are sent one bit at a time
• Parallel – all the bits in a group are sent out on separate lines at the
same time (one line for each bit)

InfoNote :Universal Serial Bus (USB) is a serial bus standard for device interfacing.
It was originally developed for the personal computer but has become widely used
on many types of handheld and mobile devices. USB is expected to replace other
serial and parallel ports. USB operated at 12 Mbps (million bits per second) when
first introduced in 1995, but it now provides transmission speeds of up to 5 Gbps.
PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
All the bits in a group are sent out on separate lines at the same time. There is
one line for each bit.
Advantage:
Parallel is Faster ( b/c all bits are transmitted simultaneously)

Disadvantage:
More lines are required
SERIES TRANSMISSION
One bit sent at a time along a single conductor. To transfer eight bits in
series, it takes eight time intervals.
Advantage:
Only one line is required.
Disadvantage:
It takes longer time to transfer the data.
BASIC LOGIC OPERATIONS

NOT operation

AND operation

OR operation
Introduction to the System Concept
Introduction to the System Concept

Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division


Code Conversion Function
Code Conversion Function
The Data Selection Function
The Storage Function
• Flip Flops
•Registers
•Semiconductor Memories
•Magnetic Memories
The Counting Function
Digital Integrated Circuits
A monolithic integrated circuit (ICs)is an electronic circuit that is constructed entirely on
a single chip of silicon. All components that make up the circuit—transistor , diodes,
resistors and capacitors –are an integral part of that single chip.
The most common IC s fabrication technologies are :
•CMOS ( complementary metal -oxide semiconductor )
• TTL ( transistor - transistor logic )
•NMOS ( N – channel metal -oxide semiconductor )
• ECL (emitter- coupled logic )

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