Thermodynamics (MC 270)

Module 01

Dr. Clement A. Komolafe

[email protected]

Class: Thursday (4:30 – 6:30 pm)

 Ground Rules
The ground rules are :
1. Come to class promptly and listen attentively
2. Come to class with a pen and paper and solve related
problems copiously
3. Obtain and consult the recommended textbooks
regularly
4. Make an acquaintance with your student handbook
and adhere strictly to all its provisions
5. Do not be negatively influenced by peer pressure
6. Read, study and meditate on your books because that
is your primary focus here

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 Learning Objectives
 At the end of the semester, students should be
able to:
 Vapour power cycles
 Introduction to steam plant.
 Reciprocating expanders and compressors.
 Theory of mixtures.

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 Thermodynamics(EME 229)
Recommended Texbooks
Cengel, Y., Boles, M. and Kanoglu, M. (2018). Thermodynamics: An
Engineering Approach, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education

T.D. Eastop and A. McConkey(2009). Applied Thermodynamics for

Engineering Technologist, Fifth Edition, Pearson Education Ltd., New Delhi,
India

Rajput, R.K. (2003). A textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics. Laxmi

Publications (P) Ltd; 22, Golden Huse, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. ISBN81
7008-437-7.

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REVIEW OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

Definitions
What is thermodynamics? ▪ Thermodynamics is
concerned with relations between Work, Heat and
Energy (also how to generate work from heat).

Applications of thermodynamics include;

▪ Stationary and mobile power-producing devices
▪ Refrigeration and air-conditioning
▪ Jet engines and rockets
▪ Active and passive solar systems
▪ Cook stoves, fluid expanders and compressors,
Geothermal, wind power, tidal

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REVIEW OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

 Thermodynamic system: a region of space or an
amount of matter, bounded by an arbitrary surface

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REVIEW OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS
 A system interacts with its surroundings in three ways:
by exchanging work, heat or mass through its
boundary;
 Depending on the nature of the boundary (the type of
interaction that the boundary allows), a system may be
classified as open, closed or isolated.
 A closed system interacts with the surroundings in the
form of Energy (Thus Heat, Q and Work, W) but no
mass, m. Hence a closed system is a fixed mass system.
 An open system interacts with the surroundings in the
form of Energy and Mass. Hence a closed system is a
special case of an open system
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REVIEW OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY, HEAT AND WORK
 Energy is simply defined as the capacity to do work
or supply heat.
 Heat and work are transient forms of energy which
appear only at the boundary of systems.
 Heat is energy flow by virtue of a temperature
difference. Heat is not contained in a system. Heat
only exists as energy crossing the boundary.
 Work is defined in mechanics as the product of force
and distance, measured in the direction of application
of the force.
 Note: Work, like heat, is energy in transit and not a
property of a system.
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FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (CLOSED SYSTEM)
 The law states that, when a closed system is taken through a
thermodynamic cycle, the net heat supplied to the system
from its surroundings is equal to the net work done by the
system on its surroundings.
 There exists a property of a closed system such that a change
in its value is equal to the difference between the heat
supplied and the work done during any change of state.
Mathematically,
(∂Q - ∂W) = du (1)
Where U denotes the property so discovered called internal
energy of the system.
i.e. Q-W = (U2 –U1) for a non-flow process. (2)
This equation is called non-flow energy equation (NFEE)

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FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS (CLOSED SYSTEM)
 There exists a property of the closed system such that a change
in its value is equal to the net heat supplied plus the work done
during any change of state and this property is the energy, E,
of the system

Q + W = ΔE (3)

 where E =U+ KE + PE (4)

 For stationary closed systems, ΔKE = ΔPE = 0

Q + W = ΔU (5)
Non-Flow Energy Equation (NFEE)
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 WORKED EXAMPLE (CLOSED SYSTEM)
A gas trapped inside a piston-cylinder device receives 20 kJ of
heat while it expands performing a boundary work of 5 kJ. At
the same time, 10 kJ of electrical work is transferred into the
system. Evaluate Q, W and ΔU with appropriate signs.
Solution

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 First law of Thermodynamics (OPEN SYSTEMS)
 An open system (control volume) differs from a
closed system in that it involves mass transfer. Mass
carries energy with it, and thus the mass and energy
content of a system change when mass enters or
leaves.

 For a CV system that involves a fluid stream at

pressure P, the fluid upstream acts like a piston,
doing boundary work PV (Flow energy) to
maintain flow.

 Then the total energy transfer associated with

moving fluid into or out of a system is
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 First law of Thermodynamics (OPEN SYSTEMS)

(6)

(7)

 Processes involving CV can be considered in two groups:

steady-flow processes and unsteady-flow processes

 Most engineering devices such as turbines, compressors and

nozzles operate for long periods of time under the same
conditions, and they are classified as steady-flow devices.

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 First law of Thermodynamics (OPEN SYSTEMS)
 Steady flow assumptions are:
• Boundaries of the CV are fixed δW = PdV= 0
• No properties within the CV change with time

(8)

(9)

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First law of Thermodynamics (OPEN SYSTEMS)
EXAMPLES OF STEADY FLOW DEVICES

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 ENTROPY AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
 Entropy is a quantitative measure of the disorderliness or
randomness of a system.

 It is a measure of energy that is no longer available to

perform useful work within the current environment.

2nd Law
 There exist a property of a closed system such that a change
in its value is greater than or equal to the heat transfer to the
system over some constant temperature. This property is
called Entropy

(10)

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 ENTROPY AND SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

(11)

(12)

For a reversible adiabatic process, the entropy of the system

during the process remains constant. Thus the entropy
change of the system during the process is zero. Hence an
isentropic process (dS = 0)
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