PHY 103: Basic Principle of Physics II

Heat and Thermodynamics

Lecture 5
By:
Dr. E. Oyeniyi
Mr. A. O. Ayoola
 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Contd.
• Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
We have seen that energy required to raise the temperature of n
moles of gas from Ti to Tf depends on the path taken between the
initial and final states
• Consider the case of an ideal gas
taken from one isotherm at T to
another isotherm at T+T.
• In this case Q that takes the gas
from T to T+T at constant volume
is different from the one that takes
it from T to T+T at constant
pressure.
• But But Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T, since n and T
are constants. Then the only
quantity that can differentiate the
two paths is 𝐶𝑣 , the molar specific
heat.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
At a constant volume,
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T
𝐶𝑣 = molar specific heat capacity at constant volume.
At constant pressure
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑝 T
𝐶𝑣 = molar specific heat capacity at constant pressure.
We shall see later that Q at a constant pressure > Q at constant
volume

Relationship between CV and CP

Consider a monoatomic gas.
• If energy is added to the gas at constant volume, from 1st law of
thermodynamics (𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W) we know that all the energy is used to
increase the internal energy.
• In this case all the added energy goes to increase translational kinetic energy
of the molecules.
𝑉𝑓
• Therefore, Since at constant volume, 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑖
𝑃𝑑𝑉 =0
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑄,
Using Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T
This equation 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T is valid for all ideal gas
 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡
• So that 𝐶𝑣 = .
𝑛T
In the limit of infinitesimal change,
d𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 1 d𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑣 = =
𝑛dT 𝑛 dT
3
recall that 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 diffentiating 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 with respect to T, we have
2
3
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅
2
• Now consider the path when the gas is taken from isotherm T to isotherm
T+T, at a constant pressure.
• Energy transferred to the gas in this process is given by
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑝 T
The change in internal energy for the process 𝑖→𝑓 ′ , however is equal to that for
the process 𝑖→f because internal energy depends only on temperature for an
ideal gas and T is the same for both processes. So, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T in the two
cases.
• In this path, work PdV is done and this can be obtained using PV=nRT,
differentiating this we have,
𝑃𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝑃 = 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇
• 𝑉𝑑𝑃 = 0 since, the process is an isobaric,
W = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇
• From first law equation, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W, we have
𝑛𝐶𝑣 T=𝑛𝐶𝑝 T − 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇
𝐶𝑣 dT=𝐶𝑝 dT − 𝑅𝑑𝑇

𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅
This is valid for any ideal gas. It predicts that the molar specific heat of an ideal
gas at constant pressure is greater than the molar specific heat at constant
volume by an amount R.
3
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑅+ 𝑅
2
5
𝐶𝑝 = 𝑅
2
3 5
• For a monoatomic gas where 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅 and 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑅,
2 2
𝐶𝑝
= = 1.67
𝐶𝑣
Ideal Gas
PV Diagram for an adiabatic process

Adiabatic expansion process,

from state a to state b
 Kinetic Theory of Gases: Adiabatic Processes for an
Ideal Gas contd.
• As noted before in an adiabatic process, no energy is transferred by heat between a
system and its surrounding.

• In an adiabatic process, pressure and volume are related by the expression

• 𝑃𝑉  = 𝑐 *
Where c is a constant
Prove of equation (*)
• In adiabatic process, recall Q = 0, W = PdV, the change in internal energy will be the
same as for isovolumetric process between the same temperatures,
d𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 dT (because change in internal energy depends only on temperature).
• Therefore the 1st law equation, (dEint = Q – W),
Q=0
d𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 dT= − PdV (**)
Taking the total differential of PV=nRT , we have
PdV+VdP=nRdT (***)
nRT
But P = , using this in equation (**), we have
𝑉
nRT
𝑛𝐶𝑣 dT = − 𝑑𝑉 (+)
𝑉
RT dV
By making dT the subject of the relation (+), dT= − and
𝐶𝑣 𝑉
substituting in equation(***) we have,
RT dV
PdV+VdP= −nR which can be written as;
𝐶𝑣 𝑉
𝑅 nRT
PdV+VdP= − 𝑑𝑉,
𝐶𝑣 𝑉
we now have
𝑅
PdV+VdP= − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 (++)
𝐶𝑣

Recall that R=𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 , so equation (++) becomes

𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣
PdV+VdP= − 𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝐶𝑣
Divide both sides by PV we have

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝐶𝑝 − 𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑉
+ = −( )
𝑉 𝑃 𝐶𝑣 𝑉

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑉
+ = 1−
𝑉 𝑃 𝑉
Opening the bracket and rearranging, we arrive at
 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑃
 + =0
𝑉 𝑃
By integrating we get

 ln 𝑉 + ln 𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑉  = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1.0
i.e.
 
𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑓 1.1
Which gives the relationship between pressure and volume in an
adiabatic process.
• Relationship between temperature and volume in adiabatic processes
nRT
Using PV=nRT so that P = in equation 1.0, we have
𝑉
nRT 
𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑉
This becomes,
𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑉 −1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Since n and R are constants, we have
𝑇𝑉 −1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1.3
i.e.
−1 −1
𝑇𝑖 𝑉𝑖 = 𝑇𝑓 𝑉𝑓 1.4
Which gives the relationship between temperature and volume in adiabatic
processes.
• Relationship between temperature and volume in adiabatic processes
nRT
• From equation of state of an ideal gas, we have V =
𝑃
• substitute this expression in equation (1.0)

𝑛𝑅𝑇 
𝑃[ ] = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃
𝑃1− 𝑇  (𝑛𝑅) = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Since n and R are constant, we have,

𝑃1− 𝑇  = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 1.5

i.e.
1−  1− 
𝑃𝑖 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑃𝑓 𝑇𝑓 1.6

This is the relationship between pressure and temperature in an adiabatic process.

 Work done in adiabatic processes
• Recall that 𝑃𝑉  = 𝑐 so that
c
P= 
𝑉
𝑉𝑓
But 𝑊 = 𝑉𝑖
𝑃𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑓
c
𝑊=  𝑑𝑉 = 𝑐𝑉 − 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑐 𝑉 − 𝑑𝑉
𝑉𝑖 𝑉 𝑉𝑖 𝑉𝑖
Integrating to have,
𝑉 1− 𝑉𝑓
𝑊 = 𝑐[ ]
1− 𝑉𝑖
c 1−  1−
𝑊= (𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 )
1−

𝑐 = 𝑃𝑉 


𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖1−  1−
𝑊 = 1− (𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 ) 1.7
Equation (1.7) is the formula to calculate work done of an adiabatic process.
WORKED EXAMPLES
1. Consider the adiabatic process
represented by the curve on the
right side. (a.) Determine the
pressure in stage 2 in the
process (b) calculate the work
done in each process (take =2).
 SOLUTION P1 = 2 x 105N/m2 P2 = ?
V1 = 0.05m3 V2 = 0.1m3
V3 = 0.05m3
𝑝1 𝑉1ϒ = 𝑝2 𝑉2ϒ
𝑝1 𝑉1ϒ
𝑝2 = ϒ
𝑉2
2 𝑥 105 𝑥 0.052
𝑝2 =
0.12
𝑝2 = 5 𝑥 104 𝑁/𝑚2
• Stage 1 to 2 is adiabatic process (expansion)
1
𝑊12 = 𝑝1 𝑉1ϒ (𝑉21−ϒ − 𝑉11−ϒ )
1−ϒ
 1
𝑊12 = 𝑥2 𝑥 105 𝑥 0.052 (0.1(1−2) − 0.05(1−2) )
1−2
1
𝑊12 = − 𝑥 500(10 − 20)
1
𝑊12 = −500(−10)
𝑊12 = 5000𝐽
• STAGE 2 to 3 is an isobaric process
𝑊 = 𝑝2 𝑉3 − 𝑉2
•
𝑊23 = 5 𝑥 104 0.05 − 0.1

𝑊23 = −2500𝐽
• STAGE 3 to 1 is an isochoric process
𝑊31 = 0𝐽
2. One mole of an ideal monatomic SOLUTION
gas is at an initial temperature of • a) For an isovolumetric process,
300 K. The gas undergoes an Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 T
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑣 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
isovolumetric process, acquiring 3
500 J of energy by heat. It then n = 1, recall that 𝐶𝑣 = 𝑅, 𝑇𝑖 = 300𝐾
2
3
undergoes an isobaric process, 500 = 1𝑥 𝑥8.31(𝑇𝑓 − 300)
2
losing this same amount of energy
by heat. Determine: 500𝑥2
𝑇𝑓 = + 300
1𝑥3𝑥8.31
• (a) the new temperature of the 𝑇𝑓 = 40.1 + 300 = 340.1𝐾
gas and b) For isobaric process,
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑝 T
• (b) the work done on the gas.
Q = 𝑛𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )

5
Q = −500J, 𝐶𝑝 = 𝑅
2
𝑇𝑖 = 340.1𝐾, n = 1
5
−500 = 1𝑥 𝑥8.31(𝑇𝑓 − 340.1)
2
−500𝑥2
𝑇𝑓 = + 340.1
1𝑥5𝑥8.31

𝑇𝑓 = −24.1 + 340.1 = 316𝐾

Using the first law equation, 𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W
3
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 2 𝑛𝑅𝑇 and since Q absorbed by the system during the first stage (isovolumetric
process) has been lost during the second process (isobaric process), consequently, Q = 0,
we now have,
W= −𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡
3
W = − 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
3
W= − 𝑛𝑅(𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
2
In this case, 𝑇𝑖 = 300𝐾, 𝑇𝑓 = 316𝐾
3
W = − × 1 × 8.31(316 − 300)
2
W = −199.4𝐽
Question
• Two moles of an ideal gas ( = 1.40) expands slowly and adiabatically
from a pressure of 5.00 atm and a volume of 12.0 L to a final volume
of 30.0 L. (a) What is the final pressure of the gas? (b) What are the
initial and final temperatures? (c) Find Q, W, and Eint .
TO BE CONTINUED……….AFTER THE TEST………..

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