PYTHON PROGRAMMING

VARIABLES AND EXPRESSION

Unit 2: VARIABLES, EXPRESSION

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Outline of This Lecture

• 2.0 Objectives

• 2.1 Introduction

• 2.2 Values and Types

• 2.2.1 Variables

• 2.2.2 Variable Names and Keywords

• 2.3 Type conversion

• 2.3.1 Implicit Type Conversion

• 2.3.2 Explicit Type Conversion

• 2.4 Operators and Operands

• 2.5 Expressions

• 2.6 Interactive Mode and Script Mode

• 2.7 Order of Operations

• 2.8 Summary

• 2.9 References

• 2.10 Unit End Exercise

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Lecture Objectives
After reading through this chapter, you will be able to :

• To understand and use the basic datatypes of python.

• To understand the type conversion of variables in python programming.

• To understand the operators and operands in python.

• To understand the interactive mode and script mode in python.

• To understand the order of operations in python.

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INTRODUCTION
• Variables in a computer program are not quite like mathematical variables. They are placeholders for

locations in memory.

• Memory values consists of a sequence of binary digits (bits) that can be 0 or 1, so all numbers are

represented internally in base 2.

• Names of variables are chosen by the programmer.

• Python is case sensitive, so myVariable is not the same as Myvariable which in turn is not the same

as MyVariable.

• With some exceptions, however, the programmer should avoid assigning names that differ only by

case since human readers can overlook such differences.

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VALUES AND TYPES

• A value is one of the basic things a program works with, like a letter or a number. The values we have seen so far are 1,

2, and 'Hello, World!'.

• These values belong to different types: 2 is an integer, and 'Hello, World!' is a string, so-called because it contains a

“string” of letters. You can identify strings because they are enclosed in quotation marks.

• If you are not sure what type a value has, the interpreter can tell you.

• >>>type ('Hello, World!') <type ‘str’>

• >>> type (17) <type ‘int’>

• Not surprisingly, strings belong to the type str and integers belong to the type int. Less obviously, numbers with a

decimal point belong to a type called float, because these numbers are represented in a format called floating-point.

• >>> type (3.2) <type ‘float’>

• What about values like '17' and '3.2'? They look like numbers, but they are in quotation marks like strings.

• >>> type (‘17’) <type ‘str’>

• >>> type (‘3.2’) <type ‘str’> They are strings.

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VALUES AND TYPES

• Variables:
• One of the most powerful features of a programming language is the ability to manipulate
variables. A variable is a name that refers to a value.

• An assignment statement creates new variables and gives them values:

• >>> message = ‘Welcome to University of Knowledge’
• >>> n = 17
• >>> pi = 3.1415926535897932

• The above example makes three assignments. The first assigns a string to a new variable
named message, the second gives the integer 17 to n, the third assigns the (approximate)
value of π to pi.

• A common way to represent variables on paper is to write the name with an arrow pointing to
the variable’s value. >>> type(message) >>> type(n) >>> type(pi)
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VALUES AND TYPES

• Variable Names and Keywords:
• Programmers generally choose names for their variables that are meaningful they document
what the variable is used for.

• Variable names can be arbitrarily long. They can contain both letters and numbers, but they
have to begin with a letter. It is legal to use uppercase letters, but it is a good idea to begin
variable names with a lowercase letter.

• The underscore character, _, can appear in a name. It is often used in names with multiple
words, such as my_name or airspeed_of_unladen_swallow.

• If you give a variable an illegal name, you get a syntax error: >>> 76mumbai= 'big city' Syntax
Error: invalid syntax
• >>> more@ = 1000000 Syntax Error: invalid syntax
• >>> class = 'Advanced python' Syntax Error: invalid syntax
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VALUES AND TYPES

• Variable Names and Keywords:
• 76mumbai is illegal because it does not begin with a letter. more@ is illegal because it
contains an illegal character, @. But what’s wrong with class?

• It turns out that class is one of Python’s keywords. The interpreter uses keywords to
recognize the structure of the program, and they cannot be used as variable names.

• Python has a lot of keywords. The number keeps on growing with the new features coming in
python.

• Python 3.7.3 is the current version as of writing this book. There are 35 keywords in Python
3.7.3 release.

• We can get the complete list of keywords using python interpreter help utility.
• $ python3.7
• >>> help () help> keywords
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VALUES AND TYPES

• Variable Names and Keywords:

• Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help.

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TYPE CONVERSION
• The process of converting the value of one data type
(integer, string, float, etc.) to another data type is called
type conversion.

• Python has two types of type conversion.

• Implicit Type Conversion
• Explicit Type Conversion

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Implicit Type Conversion
• In Implicit type conversion, Python automatically converts one
data type to another data type. This process doesn't need any
user involvement.

• example where Python promotes the conversion of the lower

data type (integer) to the higher data type (float) to avoid data
loss.

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Implicit Type Conversion
• Example 1:
• Converting integer to float
• num_int = 123
• num_flo = 1.23
• num_new = num_int + num_flo
• print ("datatype of num_int:”, type(num_int))
• print ("datatype of num_flo:”, type(num_flo))
• print ("Value of num_new:”, num_new)
• print ("datatype of num_new:”, type(num_new))
• When we run the above program, the output will be:
• datatype of num_int: <class int>
• datatype of num_flo: <class ‘float’>
• Value of num_new: 124.23

• datatype of num_new: <class ‘float’>

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Implicit Type Conversion
• Example 1:
• In the above program, we add two variables num_int and num_flo, storing
the value in num_new.
• We will look at the data type of all three objects respectively.
• In the output, we can see the data type of num_int is an integer while the
data type of num_flo is a float.
• Also, we can see the num_new has a float data type because Python
always converts smaller data types to larger data types to avoid the loss
of data.
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TYPE CONVERSION
• Implicit Type Conversion
• Example 2:

• Addition of string(higher) data type and integer(lower) data type

• num_int = 123

• num_str = “456”

• print (“Data type of num_int:”, type(num_int))

• print (“Data type of num_str:”, type(num_str))

• print(num_int+num_str)

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Implicit Type Conversion
• Example 2:
• When we run the above program, the output will be:
• Data type of num_int: <class ‘int’>
• Data type of num_str: <class ‘str’>
• Trace back (most recent call last):
• File "python", line 7, in <Module>
• Type Error: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
• In the above program, we add two variables num_int and num_str.
• As we can see from the output, we got Type Error. Python is not able to use Implicit Conversion in
such conditions.
• However, Python has a solution for these types of situations which is known as Explicit
Conversion.

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Explicit Type Conversion
• In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an object to required

data type. We use the predefined functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to perform
explicit type conversion.

• This type of conversion is also called typecasting because the user casts
(changes) the data type of the objects.

• Syntax:

• <required_datatype> (expression)

• Typecasting can be done by assigning the required data type function to the expression

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Explicit Type Conversion
• Example 1
• Addition of string and integer using explicit conversion.
• num_int = 123
• num_str = "456"
• print (“Data type of num_int:”, type(num_int))
• print (“Data type of num_str before Type Casting:”, type(num_str)) num_str = int(num_str)
• print (“Data type of num_str after Type Casting:”, type(num_str))
• num_sum = num_int + num_str
• print (“Sum of num_int and num_str:”, num_sum)
• print (“Data type of the sum:”, type(num_sum))

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TYPE CONVERSION
• Explicit Type Conversion
• Example 1
• When we run the above program, the output will be:
• Data type of num_int: <calss ‘int’>
• Data type of num_str before Type Casting: <class ‘str’>
• Data type of num_str after Type Casting: <class ‘int’>
• Sum of num_int and num_str: 579
• Data type of the sum: <class ‘int’>
• In the above program, we add num_str and num_int variable.
• We converted num_str from string(higher) to integer(lower) type using int() function to perform the addition.
• After converting num_str to an integer value, Python is able to add these two variables.
• We got the num_sum value and data type to be an integer.

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Operators are particular symbols which operate on some values and produce an output.

• The values are known as Operands.

• Example: 4 + 5 = 9 Here 4 and 5 are Operands and (+), (=) signs are the operators.

• They produce the output 9

• Python supports the following operators:

• Arithmetic Operators.

• Relational Operators.

• Logical Operators.

• Membership Operators.

• Identity Operators

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Arithmetic Operators

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Arithmetic Operators Examples

• >>> 10+20 30
• >>> 20-10 10
• >>> 10*2 20
• >>> 10/2 5 print(round(22/3,3))
• >>> 10%3 1
• >>> 2**3 8
• >>> 10//3 3

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Relational Operators

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Relational Operators Examples

• >>> 10 < 20 False

• >> 10>20 False

• >>> 10<=10 True

• >>> 20>=15 True

• >>> 5==6 False

• >>>5!=6 True

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Logical Operators

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Logical Operators Examples

• a=5>4 and 3>2 print(a) True

• b=5<4 or 3>4) print(b) False

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Membership Operators

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Membership Operators Examples
• a=10

• b=20

• list= [10,20,30,40,50]

• if (a in list):
• print (“a is in given list”)
• else:
• print (“a is not in given list”)
• if (b not in list):
• print (“b is not given in list”)
• else:
• print (“b is given in list”)

• Output:
• >>>
• a is in given list
• b is given in list

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Identity operators

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OPERATORS AND OPERANDS

• Identity operators Examples
• a=20

• b=20
• if (a is b):
• print (“a, b has same identity”)
• else:
• print (“a, b is different”)
• b=10
• if (a is not b):

• print (“a, b has different identity”)

• else:
• print (“a, b has same identity”)
• >>>

• a, b has same identity

• a, b has different identity

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EXPRESSIONS
• An expression is a combination of values, variables, and operators.

• A value all by itself is considered an expression, and so is a variable, so the following are all

legal expressions (assuming that the variable x has been assigned a value):
• 17
• x
• x + 17

• A statement is a unit of code that the Python interpreter can execute. We have seen two kinds
of statement: print and assignment.

• Technically an expression is also a statement, but it is probably simpler to think of them as

different things. The important difference is that an expression has a value; a statement does
not.
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INTERACTIVE MODE AND SCRIPT MODE

• One of the benefits of working with an interpreted language is that

you can test bits of code in interactive mode before you put them in
a script. But there are differences between interactive mode and
script mode that can be confusing.

• For example, if you are using Python as a calculator, you might type

• >>> miles = 26.2

• >>> miles * 1.61 42.182

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INTERACTIVE MODE AND SCRIPT MODE

• The first line assigns a value to miles, but it has no visible effect.
The second line is an expression, so the interpreter evaluates it and
displays the result. So we learn that a marathon is about 42
kilometers.

• But if you type the same code into a script and run it, you get no
output at all.

• In script mode an expression, all by itself, has no visible effect.

Python actually evaluates the expression, but it doesn’t display the
value unless you tell it to: miles = 26.2 print (miles * 1.61) This
behavior can be confusing at first.
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INTERACTIVE MODE AND SCRIPT MODE

• A script usually contains a sequence of statements. If there is more

than one statement, the results appear one at a time as the

statements execute.

• For example
• print 1
•x=2
• print x produces the output 1 2

• The assignment statement produces no output.

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ORDER OF OPERATIONS
• When more than one operator appears in an expression, the order of evaluation
depends on the rules of precedence. For mathematical operators, Python follows
mathematical convention. The acronym PEMDAS is a useful way to remember the
rules:
• Parentheses have the highest precedence and can be used to force an expression to
evaluate in the order you want. Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated first,
• 2 * (3-1) is 4, and (1+1)**(5-2) is 8. You can also use parentheses to make an
expression easier to read, as in (minute * 100) / 60, even if it doesn’t change the result.
• Exponentiation has the next highest precedence, so 2**1+1 is 3, not 4, and 3*1**3 is 3,
not 27.

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ORDER OF OPERATIONS
• Multiplication and Division have the same precedence, which is higher than Addition and
Subtraction, which also have the same precedence. So 2*3-1 is 5, not 4, and 6+4/2 is 8, not 5.
• Operators with the same precedence are evaluated from left to right (except exponentiation).
So, in the expression degrees / 2 * pi, the division happens first and the result is multiplied by pi.
To divide by 2π, you can use parentheses or write degrees / 2 / pi.
• Example for Operator Precedence
• >>> 200/200+(100+100) 201.0
• >>>
• >>> a=10
• >>> b=20
• >>> c=15
• >>> (a+b)*(c+b)-150 900
• >>> (a+b)*c+b-150 320 >>> a+b**2 410
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ORDER OF OPERATIONS
• >>> a or b + 20 10
• >>> c or a + 20 15
• >>> c and a + 20 30
• >>> a and b + 20 40
• >>> a>b>c False

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SUMMARY
• In this chapter we studied how to declare variables, expression and types of
variables in python.
• We are more focuses on type conversion of variables in this chapter basically
two types of conversion are implicit type conversion and explicit type
conversion.
• Also studied types of operators available in python like arithmetic, logical,
relational and membership operators.
• Focuses on interactive mode and script mode in python and order of
operations.
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UNIT END EXERCISE

• Assume that we execute the following assignment statements:
• width = 17
• height = 12.0
• delimiter = '.'
• For each of the following expressions, write the value of the
expression and the type (of the value of the expression).
• 1. width/2
• 2. width/2.0
• 3. height/3
• 4. 1 + 2 * 5
• 5. delimiter * 5

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UNIT END EXERCISE

• Assume that we execute the following assignment statements:
• width = 17
• height = 12.0
• delimiter = '.'
• For each of the following expressions, write the value of the expression and
the type (of the value of the expression).
• 1. width/2
• 2. width/2.0
• 3. height/3
• 4. 1 + 2 * 5
• 5. delimiter * 5
• Use the Python interpreter to check your answers

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UNIT END EXERCISE

• Type the following statements in the Python interpreter to see what
they do:
•5
•x=5
•x+1
• Now put the same statements into a script and run it. What is the output?
Modify the script by transforming each expression into a print statement and
then run it again.
• Write a program add two numbers provided by the user.
• Write a program to find the square of number.
• Write a program that takes three numbers and prints their sum. Every
number is given on a separate line.
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REFERENCES
• Think Python by Allen Downey 1st edition.

• Python Programming for Beginners By Prof. Rahul E. Borate, Dr. Sunil Khilari,

Prof. Rahul S. Navale.

• https://learning.rc.virginia.edu/

• www.programiz.com

• www.itvoyagers.in

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