Salahaddin University _ Erbil

College Of Primary Education

Matmatic Department
1st stage

CPU

Lecturer Prepared by
Dr . Sherzad Xanda Hoshang
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Definition

3. What is a CPU ?
4. History of CPU
5. Different Parts of CPU
6. What Does a CPU Do?
7. Types of CPU
8. What is CPU performance ?
9. What are Computer Programs and Where
are They Stored?
10. Storage of Programs
11. Advantages
12. Conclusion
13. References
Introduction
All types of data processing operations
from simple arithmetic to complex tasks
and all the important functions of a
computer are performed by the CPU. It
helps input and output devices to
communicate with each other and
perform their respective operations. It
also stores data which is input,
intermediate results in between
processing, and instructions. The CPU’s
job is to make sure everything runs
smoothly and efficiently. In this article,
we are going to discuss CPU in detail.
Definition
CPU [Central Processing
Unit]. It is the brain of the
computer. It is the part that
does most of the work in a
computer system. Just like
how our brain controls our
body and processes
information, the CPU carries out
instructions from programs and
performs calculations. It’s made up of
smaller components that work together
to execute tasks, making it the heart of
any computing device.
What is a CPU?
A Central Processing Unit is the most
important component of a computer
system. A CPU is hardware that performs
data input/output, processing, and
storage functions for a computer system.
A CPU can be installed into a CPU socket.
These sockets are generally located on
the motherboard. CPU can perform
various data processing operations. CPU
can store data, instructions, programs,
and intermediate results.
History of CPU
Since 1823, when Baron Jons Jakob
Berzelius discovered silicon, which is still
the primary component used in
manufacturing CPUs today, the history of
the CPU has experienced numerous
significant turning points. The first
transistor was created by John Bardeen,
Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in
December 1947. in 1958, the first working
integrated circuit was built by Robert Noyce
and Jack Kilby.
The Intel 4004 was the company’s first
microprocessor, which it unveiled in 1971.
Ted Hoff’s assistance was needed for this.
When Intel released its 8008 CPU in 1972,
Intel 8086 in 1976, and Intel 8088 in June
1979, it contributed to yet another win. The
Motorola 68000, a 16/32-bit processor, was
also released in 1979. The Sun also unveiled
the SPARC CPU in 1987. AMD unveiled the
AM386 CPU series in March 1991.
In January 1999, Intel introduced the
Celeron 366 MHZ and 400 MHz processors.
AMD back in April 2005 with its first dual-
core processor. Intel also introduced the
Core 2 Dual processor in 2006. Intel
released the first Core i5 desktop processor
with four cores in September 2009.
In January 2010, Intel released other
processors like the Core 2 Quad processor
Q9500, the first Core i3 and i5 mobile
processors, and the first Core i3 and i5
desktop processors.
In June 2017, Intel released Core i9 desktop
processor, and Intel introduced its first Core
i9 mobile processor In April 2018.
 Different Parts of CPU
Now, the CPU consists of 3 major units,
which are:
 Memory or Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Let us now look at the block diagram of the

computer:

Here, in this diagram, the

three major components
are also shown. So, let us
discuss these major
components in detail.
 1-Memory or Storage Unit
As the name suggests this unit can store
instructions, data, and intermediate results.
The memory unit is responsible for
transferring information to other units of
the computer when needed. It is also known
as an internal storage unit or the main
memory or the primary storage or Random
Access Memory (RAM) as all these are
storage devices.
Its size affects speed, power, and
performance. There are two types of
memory in the computer, which are primary
memory and secondary memory. Some main
functions of memory units are listed below:
 Data and instructions are stored in memory
units which are required for processing.
 It also stores the intermediate results of any
calculation or task when they are in process.
 The final results of processing are stored in
the memory units before these results are
released to an output device for giving the
output to the user.
 All sorts of inputs and outputs are
transmitted through the memory unit.

2_Control Unit
As the name suggests, a control unit controls
the operations of all parts of the computer
but it does not carry out any data processing
operations. Executing already stored
instructions, It instructs the computer by
using the electrical signals to instruct the
computer system. It takes instructions from
the memory unit and then decodes the
instructions after that it executes those
instructions. So, it controls the functioning
of the computer. Its main task is to maintain
the flow of information across the processor.
Some main functions of the control unit are
listed below:
 Controlling of data and transfer of data and
instructions is done by the control unit
among other parts of the computer.
 The control unit is responsible for
managing all the units of the computer.
 The main task of the control unit is to
obtain the instructions or data that is input
from the memory unit, interpret them, and
then direct the operation of the computer
according to that.
 The control unit is responsible for
communication with Input and output
devices for the transfer of data or results
from memory.
 The control unit is not responsible for the
processing of data or storing data.

3_ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) is responsible

for performing arithmetic and logical
functions or operations. It consists of two
subsections, which are:

 Arithmetic Section: By arithmetic

operations, we mean operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division, and all these operations and
functions are performed by ALU
. Also, all the complex operations are done
by making repetitive use of the mentioned
operations by ALU.
 Logic Section: By Logical operations, we
mean operations or functions like
selecting, comparing, matching, and
merging the data, and all these are
performed by ALU.

Note: The CPU may contain more than one

ALU and it can be used for maintaining
timers that help run the computer system.
 What Does a CPU Do?
The main function of a computer processor
is to execute instructions and produce an
output. CPU work Fetch, Decode, and
Execute are the fundamental functions of
the computer.
 Fetch: the first CPU gets the instruction.
That means binary numbers that are passed
from RAM to CPU.
 Decode: When the instruction is entered
into the CPU, it needs to decode the
instructions. with the help of
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit), the process of
decoding begins.
 Execute: After the decode step the
instructions are ready to execute.
 Store: After the execute step the
instructions are ready to store in the
memory.
Types of CPU
We have three different types of CPU:
 Single Core CPU: The oldest type of
computer CPU is a single-core CPU. These
CPUs were used in the 1970s. these CPUs
only have a single core that performs
different operations. This means that the
single-core CPU
can only process one operation at a single
time. single-core CPU CPU is not suitable
for multitasking
 Dual-Core CPU: Dual-Core CPUs contain a
single Integrated Circuit with two cores.
Each core has its cache and controller.
These controllers and cache work as a
single unit.
dual-core
CPUs can work faster than single-core
processors.
 Quad-Core CPU: Quad-Core CPUs contain
two dual-core processors present within a
single integrated circuit (IC) or chip. A quad-
core processor contains a chip with four
independent cores. These cores read and
execute various instructions provided by the
CPU.
Quad Core
CPU increases the overall speed of
programs. Without even boosting the
overall clock speed it results in higher
performance.
What is CPU Performance?
CPU performance is how fast a computer’s
processor (CPU) can complete the task. It is
measured by the number of instructions
completed in one second. Its performance
depends on the processor’s clock speed and
other factors like its design and the size of its
cache.

What are Computer Programs and

Where are They Stored?
A computer program is a set of instructions
written by a programmer that tells a
computer what to do. For example, Using a
web browser or a word processor is a
program, Performing math operations on a
computer and clicking and selecting items
with a mouse or touchpad is also a program.
Storage of Programs
There are two ways of storing programs on
the computer memory:
 Permanent Storage: Programs are stored
permanently on storage devices like
HDD or SSD
 Temporary Storage: When a program is
running on a CPU, its data is stored in RAM
from HDD or SDD. Temporary because
RAM
is volatile, it loses all data when the power
is turned off.
Advantages
 Versatility: CPU can able to handle a
complex task, from basic calculation to
managing the operating system.

 Performance: Modern CPU are vary fast

and able to perform billions of calculation
per second.

 Multi-core: CPU have multiple core and

able to handle multiple task
simultaneously.

 Compatibility: CPUs are designed to be

compatible with a wide range of software,
this help to run different applications by
using single CPU.
Disadvantages
 Overheating: CPU generate a lot of heat
while performing complex task. This
requires effective cooling solutions, such as
fans or liquid cooling systems.
 Power Consumption: High-performance
CPUs can consume a vary high amount of
power, which cause to generate higher
electricity bills and the need for a robust
power supply.
 Cost: Best performance CPU can be
expensive. Which can be a barrier for some
users or applications that need high
computing power.
 Limited Parallel Processing: While multi-
core CPUs can handle multiple tasks at
once, they are still not as efficient at parallel
processing as specialized hardware like
GPUs (Graphics Processing Units), which
are designed for handling many tasks
simultaneously.
Conclusion
The CPU is the brain of a computer. It carries
all the instructions from programs, handling
everything from simple calculations to
complex tasks. Without the CPU, the computer
wouldn’t be able to run programs or perform
any actions. Without UPU computer like a
dumb maniche. So it is vary important for the
overall functioning of a computer.
References
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