SRM

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,

CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements
 Also called as Conditional Statement
 Decides order of execution based on conditions
 Helps repeat a group of statements
 Modifies control flow of program
 Decision Making
 Branching
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Types of Branching Statements
a) if statement
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
b) switch statement
c) goto statement
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

a) if statement
 Condition “True" - Statement block will be executed
 Condition “False“ - Statement block will not be executed.
 Variations
i. Simple if
ii. if…else statement
iii. nested if…else statement
iv. else…if statement
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

i. Simple if statement
 Basic if statement
 What is a condition?
 Executes statement block only if condition is true
 Syntax
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
 /* Simple if – Program to check whether a number is Odd*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number: ”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter a value : 10342
The number is Even
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) Check whether the given number is Even

2) To check whether the given number is Greater

3) To check whether the given number is Smaller

4) To check whether the given number is positive

5) To check whether the given number is negative

6) To check whether the given number is zero

7) To check whether two numbers are equal

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

ii. If else statement
 Extension of basic if statement
 Takes care of True and False condition
 Number of Statement Blocks - 2
 Block 1 – True Condition
 Block 2 – False Condition
if (condition)
{
Statements;
}
Else
{
Statements;
}
 /* if else –To check whether a number is Odd or Even*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int number;
printf(“Enter the Number: ”);
scanf(“%d, &number);
if(number%2==0)
{
printf(“The Number is Even”);
}
else
{
printf(“The Number is Odd”);
}
return 0;
}
Output 1
Enter the Number : 10341
The number is Odd

Output 2
Enter the Number : 10342
The number is Even
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To check whether the given number is Greater or Smaller

2) To check whether the given number is +ve or -ve

3) To check whether two numbers are equal or not

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

iii. Nested if else statement
 Used when a series of decisions
are involved
 Makes a choice between
several alternatives
 New if else statement block is
used within existing if else
statement block
 /*Program for Nested if else */

#include <stdio.h>

void main( )

char username;

int password;

printf("Username:");

scanf("%c",&username);

printf("Password:");

scanf("%d",&password);
if(username=='a')
{
if(password==12345)
{
printf("Login successful");
}
else
{
printf("Password is incorrect, Try again.");
}
}
else
{
printf("Username is incorrect, Try again.");
}
return 0;
}
Output 1
Username: a
Password: 12345
Login Successful

Output 2
Username: a
Password: 54321
Password is incorrect, Try again.

Output 3
Username: b
Password: 54321
Username is incorrect, Try again.
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Step 1: First if condition will be true, if the user has typed 'a' as a
username then the program control moves to second if condition
and checks for the password
 if it true it will print 'login successful’
 else it will execute block statement 'Password is Incorrect, Try
again.‘.
 Step 2: If the first if condition is false then it executes last else
block thus printing 'Username is Incorrect, Try again.‘
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Step 3: In this above example we have use username as single
character to use multiple character username we need to use
string data type
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

b) Switch statement
 Allows to make decisions from a number of choices
 Also called as Switch-Case-Default Statement
 Faster than nested if else statement
 Easier to understand
 Rules for writing switch ( ) statement
 Expression in switch must be an integer value or a
character constant
 No real numbers used in Expression
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Each case block and default block must end with break
statements
 Default is optional
 Case keyword must end with colon ( : )
 Default may be placed anywhere in the switch
 No two case constants are identical
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

switch(variable or expression)
{
case constant 1:
statements;
break;
….
case constant N;
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
}
 /* Program for Switch Case*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, choice;
printf(“\nEnter Two Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d”, &a,&b);
printf(“\n Enter 1 for Addition”);
printf(“\n Enter 2 for Subtraction”);
printf(“\n Enter 3 for Multiplication”);
printf(“\n Enter 4 for Division”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
printf(“Sum is : %d”, a+b);
break;
case 2:
printf(“Difference is : %d”, a-b);
break;
case 3:
printf(“Multiplication is : %d”, a*b);
break;
case 4:
printf(“Difference is : %d”, a/b);
break;
 default:
printf(“Invalid Choice:”);
}
getch( );
}

Enter two numbers

20
10
Enter 1 for Addition
Enter 2 for Subtraction
Enter 3 for Multiplication
Enter 4 for Division
Enter your Choice: 3
Product is : 200
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

 Nested Switch statement
 Inner switch( ) can be a part of an outer switch( )
 Inner switch( ) and outer switch( ) case constants may be the
same
 /* Program for Nested Switch Case*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int square, i, n, fact = 1,choice;
printf(“\n Enter Any Number: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“ 1. Square \n”);
printf(“ 2. Factorial \n”);
printf(“ 3. Find Odd or Even \n”);
printf(“ 4. Exit \n”);
printf(“ Enter your Choice”);
scanf(“%d”, &choice);
switch (choice)
{
case 1:
square = n * n;
printf(“The Square of the Given number is %d\n”,
square);
break;
case 2:
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact = fact * i;
}
printf(“The Factorial of a given number is %d\n”, fact);
break;
 switch (n%2)
{
case 0:
printf(“Given Number is Even\n”);
case 1:
printf(“Given Number is Odd\n”);
}
case 3:
exit(0);
default:
printf(“Invalid Choice. Please try again\n”);
}
return 0;
}
Enter any number
5
1. Square
2. Factorial
3. Find Odd or Even
4. Exit
Enter your choice
2
The factorial of a given number is: 120
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 7 Control Statements Contd...

c) The goto statement
 Transfers control from one point to another
 Syntax
goto label;
statements;
……………
label
statements;
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements
 Loop – A segment of the program that is executed repeatedly
until a condition is satisfied
 Classification – Entry Controlled & Exit Controlled
 Types
a) while do loop
b) do while loop
c) for loop
i. Nested for loop
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

a) The While Loop
 Simplest looping structure in C
 Statements in the program may need to repeat for many
times. e.g., calculate the value of n!
 Loop consists of two segments
 Control Statement
 Body of the Loop
 How while loop works?
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

Initialize loop counter variable;

while (condition)
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
 /* Program to Add 3 Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a, b, c, sum;
printf(“\n Enter the Three Numbers: ”);
scanf(“%d%d%d”, &a,&b,&c);
sum = a+b+c;
printf(“The sum of 3 Numbers is %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Three Numbers: 10 20 30
The sum of 3 Numbers is: 60
 /* Program to Add n Numbers*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i=1,n, sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
while (i<=n)
{
sum = sum + i;
i++;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the value for n: 5
The sum of n Numbers is: 15
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100

2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n

3) To print table for any number

4) To calculate the sum of its digits

5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not

6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.

7) To check whether the number is Armstrong number

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

b) The Do While Loop
 The body of the loop is executed at least once
 Syntax
do
{
statements;
}
while (condition);
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

Initialize loop counter variable;

do
{
Statements;
increment / Decrement loop
counter variable;
}
while (condition)
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

While Do Loop Do While Loop
Entry Controlled Loop Exit Controlled Loop

Test condition is checked before Test condition is checked after the

body of the loop is executed body of the loop is executed
Loop will not be executed if Loop will be executed at least once
condition is false even if condition is false
Top tested loop Bottom tested loop
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

c) The for loop
 Most commonly and popularly used loop structure
 Structure of the for loop
 Initialize loop counter variable
 Check for condition
 Increment / Decrement the loop counter variable
 Syntax
for(initialization; condition; increment / decrement)
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 Examples
i. for(i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
Statements;
}
ii. for(count = 0; count > n; count--)
{
Statements;
}
 /* Program to Add n Numbers using for loop */

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, sum=0;
printf(“\n Enter the value for n: ”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
for (i =1; i<=n; i++)
{
sum = sum + i;
}
printf(“The sum of n Numbers is: %d”, sum);
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the value for n: 5
The sum of n Numbers is: 15
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 8 Looping Statements Contd...

 Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) To print all even numbers from 1 to 100

2) To print all even numbers from 1 to n

3) To print table for any number

4) To calculate the sum of its digits

5) To check whether the entered number is Prime or not

6) To get a number as input and print it in reverse.

7) To check whether the number is Armstrong number

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays
 Definition
An array is defined as finite ordered collection of
homogenous data, stored in contiguous memory locations.
 Array is used to store a collection of data
 Array is a collection of variables of the same type.
First Element Last Element

Numbers[0] Numbers[1] ……. Numbers[n]

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Need for Arrays
 Used to represent a list of numbers / names
 Used to represent tabular data in 2, 3 or more dimensions
 Important Data Structure in any programming language
 Definition
 Collection of elements of similar data types
 Each element is located in separate memory locations
 Each Array element share a common name
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Characteristics of Arrays
 All elements in the arrays share a common name
 Elements distinguished by index number
 Index (or) element number of an array plays vital role for
calling each element
 Specific array elements can be modified
 Value of array element can be assigned to variables
 Array elements stored in continuous memory locations
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Storage space for array depends on its data type and size
Total bytes = sizeof (Data type) x Size of Array
 Example
int a [5];
Total bytes = sizeof (int) x 5 = 2 x 5 = 10 bytes
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
a) Array Declaration
 Syntax
Datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
 Data Type: int, float, double, char, structure, union
 Array Name: Name given to the Array variable
 Size / Subscript: Number of values an Array can hold
 Examples
int numbers[5]; float marks[50];
char name[20]; double a[i];
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Illustration

int a[n];
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Static Array: Array size (range) declared in the program
 Dynamic Array: Array size given during execution

STATIC ARRAYS DYNAMIC ARRAYS

Range / Size of an array included Range / Size of an array not

in the Array definition included in the Array definition

Static Arrays cannot be changed Dynamic Arrays can be changed

 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
b) Array Initialization
 Initialization: Assigning values to array elements
 Values specified in curly braces separated by commas
 Examples
int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
float b[3] = { 40.5, 59.0, 98.5};
char name[6] = ” SRMIST”;
 Array element index start from 0
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Array elements are called by array names followed by the
element numbers
 int a[ 5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
a[0] refers to 1st element i.e., 1
a[1] refers to 2nd element i.e., 2
a[2] refers to 3rd element i.e., 3
a[3] refers to 4th element i.e., 4
a[4] refers to 5th element i.e., 5
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
c) Getting Input for Arrays
 Use for loops to get input in arrays
 Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
 Input for One Dimensional Arrays – 1 for loop
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Input for Two Dimensional Arrays – 2 for loops
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<5;j++)
{
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
d) Printing Output in Arrays
 Use for loops to print array output
 Use for loops with regard to the Array’s dimension
 Printing One Dimensional Array Output – 1 for loop
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf(“%d”,a[i]);
}
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
 Printing Two Dimensional Array Output – 2 for loops
for(i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
for(j=0; j < 5; j++)
{
printff(“%d”, a[i][j]);
}
}
 /* Program 1 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, arr[5];
arr[0] = 10;
arr[1] = 20;
arr[2] = 30;
arr[3] = 40;
arr[4] = 50;
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”\n, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
10
20
30
40
50
 /* Program 2 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, arr[5];
arr[5] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
for(i=0; i<=n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
10
20
30
40
50
 /* Program 3 : Array Declaration & Initialization*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, n, arr[5];
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements of Array\n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]);
}
printf(“The Elements of the Array are”\n”);
 for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output
Enter the Elements of the Array
10 20 30 40 50
The Elements of the Array are
10 20 30 40 50
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
e) Classification of Arrays
i. One-Dimensional Array
ii. Two-Dimensional Array
iii. Multi-Dimensional Array
 SRM
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

2. 9 Arrays Contd...
i. One Dimensional Array
 Data stored under a single variable using one subscript
 1-D Array Declaration – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size/subscript];
 Example: int a [5];
 1-D Array initialization – Syntax
datatype arrayname [size] = { list of values};
Example: int a [5] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
 /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
a [10]
#include<stdio.h> a [0] 40
int main ( ) a [1] 22
{ a [2] 34
int a[10], n, i, sum; a [3] 12
a [4] 64
clrscr( );
a [5]
printf(“Enter the Number of Elements\n”);
a [6]
scanf(“%d”, &n); a [7]
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) a [8]
{ a [9]
scanf(“%d”, & a [i]); n i
} 5 0
sum = 0;
sum
for(i = 0; i < n; i++) 0
 /* Program 1 : One Dimensional Array*/
{ a [10]
sum = sum + a[i]; a [0] 40
} a [1] 22
a [2] 34
printf(“The Sum is: %d”, sum);
a [3] 12
return 0; a [4] 64
} a [5]
a [6]
Output a [7]
Enter the Number of Elements a [8]
5 a [9]
40 22 34 12 64 n i
The Sum is 182 5 4
sum
182
 /* Program 2 : 1-D Array for Sorting*/

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int i, j, temp, n, a[10];
printf(“Enter the Number of Elements:”);
scanf(“%d”, &n);
printf(“Enter the Elements to be Sorted\n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf(“%d\n”, &a[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=i+1; j<n; j++)
{
 if(a[i] >a[j])
{
temp = a[i];
a[i] = a[j];
a[j] = temp;
}
}
}
print(“The Sorted Elements are: \n”);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf(“%d\n”, a[i]);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Enter the Number of Elements:5
Enter the Elements to be Sorted
25
12
45
68
7
The Sorted Elements are:
7
12
25
45
68