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Unit 4

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4 views3 pages

Unit 4

njn

Uploaded by

akash97523
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 4: Functions and Modular Programming

Q1. What is a dictionary in programming? Explain dictionary operations with


examples.

Definition:

A dictionary is a data structure that stores data in key-value pairs.

• Operations: Add, delete, update, search.


• Example in Python:

python
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my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
my_dict['age'] = 26 # Update value

Q2. Importance of modular programming with examples.

Definition:

Modular programming divides a program into smaller, manageable modules.

Advantages:

1. Enhances code readability.


2. Eases debugging and testing.
3. Promotes reusability.

• Example:

c
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void display() {
printf("Hello");
}

Q3. What is a function? Explain types of functions with examples.

Definition:

A function is a block of reusable code.

Types:

1. Library Functions: Predefined (e.g., printf).


2. User-Defined Functions: Created by the programmer.
o Example:

c
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int sum(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

Q4. Discuss call-by-value and call-by-reference with examples.

Aspect Call-by-Value Call-by-Reference


Definition Passes a copy of the value Passes the address
Effect on Original No change Original value can be changed
Example:
c
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void func(int x) { x = 10; } // Value
void func(int *x) { *x = 10; } // Reference

Q5. What is recursion? Explain with an example.

Definition:

Recursion is a process where a function calls itself.

• Example: Factorial calculation:

c
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int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 1) return 1;
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}

Unit 5: Files and Memory Management


Q1. What is a file in programming? Explain file operations with examples.

Definition:

A file is a data container used to store data permanently.

Operations: Open, read, write, close.

• Example:

c
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FILE *f = fopen("file.txt", "r");

Q2. What are memory management operations in C programming?

Definition:

Memory management involves dynamic allocation and deallocation.

• Example: malloc, calloc, free.

c
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int *ptr = (int *)malloc(sizeof(int));
free(ptr);

Q3. Differentiate calloc and malloc.

Aspect malloc calloc


Initialization No Initializes to 0
Syntax malloc(size) calloc(n, size)

Q4. Write a short note on realloc and free function.

realloc:

• Resizes allocated memory dynamically.


• Syntax: ptr = realloc(ptr, new_size);.

free:

• Frees dynamically allocated memory.


• Syntax: free(ptr);.

Q5. Discuss variable lifetime and visibility.

Definition:

• Lifetime: Duration for which a variable exists in memory.


o Static variables persist throughout program execution.
o Local variables exist only within a function.
• Visibility: Scope of a variable.
o Local: Limited to a function.
o Global: Accessible throughout the program.

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