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Physics Project

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12 views26 pages

Physics Project

Uploaded by

debnathpritom2001
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Investigatory Project Of

Physics(042)
Topic:- To investigate the
dependance of the angle of
deviation on the angle of incidence
using a hollow prism filled, one-by-
one, with different transparent
fluids.
Content
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
3. REQUIREMENTS
4. THEORY
5. PROCEDURE
6. OBSERVATION
7. CALCULATION
8. PRECAUTION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to examine
how the angle of deviation varies with the
angle of incidence in a hollow prism when it is
filled with different transparent fluids. By
using fluids with varying refractive indices,
the study aims to explore the relationship
between the incident angle of light and how
much it deviates as it passes through each
fluid-filled prism. This experiment can
highlight how changes in refractive index
influence the path of light, offering insights
into optical properties such as bending
behavior and refraction angles of various
transparent materials.
Materials Required:-
1.Drawing Board

2.White Sheet Of Paper:-

3. Hollow Prism:-
4. Different Liquids(water, kerosene oil, spirit,
etc.)
5.Drawing Pins:-

6.Pencil:-

7. Half Metre Scale:-

8.Thump Pins:-
9.Graph Paper:-

10.Protractor:-
THEORY
Refraction of light through a
prism

Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken


by a vertical plane, perpendicular to edge. BC
is the base of the prism and AB and AC are its
two refracting surfaces.
RQ is the incident ray.
QS is the refracted ray.
ST is the emergent ray.
∠ RQN1=i=angle of incidence

∠SQN3 =r1=angle of
refraction
inside prism.
∠QSN3=r2=angle of incidence inside
prism.
∠TSN2=e=angle of emergence.
∠BAC=A=angle of prism.
∠SFK=D=angle of deviation.
In ▲QFS, ∠KFS=∠FQS+∠FSQ
D=(i-r1)+(e-r2)
D=i+e-(r1-r2)
In ▲QS1N3, r1+r2+∠QN3S=180o
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic
quadrilateral, then
A+∠QN3S=180o

From (2) and (3), we get,


A=r1+r2
Eq.(1) becomes,
D=i+e-A
D+A=i+e
Angle of Minimum Deviation:-
(a) DEFINITION:-
The minimum value of angle of
deviation, is called angle of
minimum deviation. It is
represented by the symbol Dm.
(b) EXPLANATION:-
When a light ray passes through a
prism, it bends (refracts) at both
surfaces of the prism due to the
change in the medium. The
amount by which the light ray
deviates from its original path is
called the angle of deviation. This
angle varies depending on the
angle at which the light enters
the prism.
As the angle of incidence (the
angle at which the light enters
the prism) changes, the angle of
deviation also changes. However,
there is a particular angle of
incidence at which the angle of
deviation reaches its minimum
value. This specific angle is called
the angle of minimum deviation.
Measurement of Refractive
Index:-
The angle of minimum deviation
can be used to determine the
refractive index of the prism
material using the formula:-
n=sin(A+Dm/2)/sinA/2
This is the relation which is useful
to determine the value of n for a
prism material.
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
SOME
OF THE
MATERIAL

FLUIDS REFRACTIVE
INDEX
Water 1.33
Glycerine 1.47
Ethyl- 1.36
Alcohol
Vegetable 1.45
oil
Acetone 1.36
HCL 1.34

PROCEDURE:-
1. Fix a white sheet of paper on
the drawing board with help of
drawing pins.
2. Keep the prism and mark the
outline of it as ABC.
3. Drop a normal PQ on the side
AB.
4. Draw the angle of incidence in
accordance with the normal PQ
and place 2 pins so that they
appear to be in
the straight line.
5. Place the prism filled with
given sample of liquid ,on the
marked outline ABC.
6. Now take the pins and place
them on the side AC so that all
the 4 pins appears to be in same
line.
8. Remove the prism and draw
the line joining the points
so obtained.
9. Mark the diagram as shown in
the figure.
10. Repeat this with different
liquids and different angle of
incidence.
HCL
S.N i d e A(ang
o. le of
prism)
1. 35 o
48 24 60
o o
o

2. 40 o
52 30 60
o o o

3. 45 0
42 25 60
0 o o

4. 50 o
36 26 60
o o o

5. 55 o
32 28 60
o o o
ETHYL
ALCOHOL

S.No. i e d A(angl
e of
prism
)
1. 350 520 260 600
2. 400 440 250 600
3. 450 410 250 600
4. 500 360 260 600
5. 550 320 270 600
BENZALDEHYDE
S.NO. ao(angl i0(angle d0(angle
e of of of
prism) incidenc deviatio
e) n)
1. 600 300 450
2. 600 350 420
3. 600 37.50 400
4. 600 390 420

WATER
ao(angl i0(angle d0(angle
e of of of
S.NO.

prism) incidenc deviatio


e) n)
1. 600 300 250
2. 600 350 220
3. 600 400 200
4. 600 450 220
5. 600 500 250
6. 600 550 280
CALCULATION:-
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF WATER:-
U=sin((60+22)/2)/sin(30)
=1.306
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
BENZALDEHYDE:-
U=sin((60+40)/2)/sin(30)
=1.504
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HCL:-
U=sin((60+25)/2)/sin(30)
=1.36
REFRACTIVE INDEX OF ETHYL
ALCOHOL:-
U=1.36
RESULT:-
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
ETHYL ALCOHOL:-
●EXPERIMENTAL:-1.36
●CALCULATE:-1.34
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF HCL:-
●EXPERIMENTAL:-1.34
●CALCULATE:-1.34
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
WATER:-
●EXPERIMENTAL:-1.306
●CALCULATE:-1.33
THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
BENZALDEHYDE:-
●EXPERIMENTAL:-1.546
●CALCULATE:-1.504

PRECAUTIONS
1.Angle of incidence should lie
b/w 35-60 degree.
2. Pins should be vertically fixed
and should lie in same line.
3.Distance b/w two points
should not be less than 10mm.
4.Same angle of prism should be
used for all observation.
5.Arrow head should be marked
to represent emergent and
incident ray.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
● wikipedia.org
● google.com
● physicsforlife.com
{physicsforlife.com}
● earthphysics.com

THANK YO

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