Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology

Course No: EEE 106(S)

Course Title: Electrical Circuits II Laboratory
Experiment No: 02
Name of The Experiment: Steady-State AC analysis,
Frequency response and Filters.

Name: Md. Mustak Rabbi Sujon

Student ID: 2206087
Date of Experiment:22/09/24
Date of Submission:24/11/24
Partner’s Name: Md. Sifatul Khaled Safim
Partner’s ID: 2206086
Section: B1
Objective: The objective of this experiment is to analyze the steady
state behavior of AC circuits, focusing on their frequency response
and filtering properties. By examining low-pass and high-pass filters,
the goal is to determine the cuto frequencies through both hand
calculations and simulation, assessing if they align. Additionally, we
aim to construct and evaluate band-pass and band-stop filters,
identifying center frequencies and ranges. We also investigate
second order filters with RLC circuits, using frequency sweeps to
determine their filter type and cuto points based on gain plots. This
experiment ultimately aims to strengthen our understanding of AC
circuit responses and filter design in practical scenarios.

Theory: In steady-state AC analysis, circuits with resistors,

inductors, and capacitors respond to di erent frequencies by
changing amplitude and phase. Low-pass filters allow lower
frequencies to pass while blocking higher ones, while high-pass
filters do the reverse. Band-pass filters allow only a specific
frequency range, while band-stop filters block a certain band. Cuto
frequency, where output falls to -3 dB, is crucial for filter design and
is determined by component values. Second-order filters provide
sharper roll-o s, increasing selectivity. This experiment aims to
verify these principles through analysis and simulation of AC
circuits.
 Post Lab
Circuit Example-02:

Answer to the question no.:01

To determine the gain in decibels with a non-unity source voltage,
we need to normalize the output voltage Vout by dividing it by the
voltage Vin. This allows us to focus on the circuit’s response,
independent of the input’s magnitude. The gain is then calculated as
20log10 (Vout / Vin ), and we plot this decibel value on the y-axis
against frequency on the x- axis. This approach accurately reflects
how the circuit amplifies or attenuates signals across di erent
frequencies.
Plotting in term of Voltage:
1.0V

(12.726K,707.265m)

0.5V

0V
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(2)
Frequency
Plotting in term of gain(Decibel):
0

(12.713K,-3.0040)

-5

-10

-15

-20
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(2))
Frequency

At approximately -3 decibels, I identify the cuto frequency. The

cuto frequency does not depend on the source voltage.

Using 𝟔∠𝟎 V as input voltage:

Plotting in term of voltage:

6.0V

(12.726K,4.2436)

4.0V

2.0V

0V
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(2)
Frequency
Plotting in term of Voltage gain(Decibel):
20

(12.713K,12.559)

10

-10
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(2))
Frequency

Answer to the question no. 02:

Cut-o frequency determination:

Given that,
Cf =100 𝜇𝐹
=1×10-4 𝜇𝐹
Rf=1.59Ω
We know,
Cut-off frequency of a RC circuit is

fr =

1000.97 Hz
×1×10−4 × .
Cut-o frequency plot:
1.0V

(1.0000K,706.762m)

0.5V

0V
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(2)
Frequency

From the following graph of the circuit it can be observed that cut-o
frequency is 1KHz which is equal to the calculated value.
Answer to the question no.03:
Schematics:

Center and cut-o frequencies VS gain graph:

0
(1.2713K,-3.0109) (10.000K,-3.0037)

(3.6308K,-1.8396)

-10

-20

-30
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(3))
Frequency

From the graph it is shown that

i. Frequency Center frequency fr =3.6308KHZ
ii. Cuto frequencny f1 = 1.2713KHz
iii. Cuto frequency f2 = 10KHz
Ans to the question no. 04:
8(a):
Schematics:

Graph:
-0

-40

-80

-120
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(2))
Frequency

From the graph it is evident that it is a Low-pass filter

8(b):
Schematics:
Graph:
0

-5

-10

-15
100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(2))
Frequency

From the graph it is evident that it is a High-pass filter.8(c):

Schematics:

Graph:
-0

-20

-40

-60
1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(3))
Frequency

From the graph it is evident that it is a Band pass filter.

8(f):
Schematics:

Graph:
-0

-20

-40

-60
1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
DB(V(2))
Frequency

From the graph it is evident that it is a Band-stop filter

Answer to the question-05:
Schematics:
Graph:
1.0V

(239.883,707.685m)

0.5V

0V
10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(2)
Frequency

I designed a filter using inductor and capacitor and a resistor.

It is seen from the graph that it is a High pass filter
Disigning my very own filter:

I built a low-pass filter using a 1uF capacitor and a 100-ohm resistor

to let lower frequencies pass while attenuating higher ones. When I
applied a 50Hz input signal with a voltage of 1∠0°, most of the signal
passed through since the capacitor’s impedance was high at this
frequency. However, with a 1000Hz signal at 0.5∠0°, the capacitor’s
impedance dropped, diverting more current away from the resistor
and reducing the output voltage. This setup ensures that lower
frequencies are maintained in the output, while higher frequencies
are significantly reduced.
Graph:
1.37V

1.00V

0V

-1.00V

-1.49V
0.43ms 5.00ms 10.00ms 15.00ms 20.00ms 25.00ms 30.00ms 35.00ms 40.00ms 45.00ms 50.00ms
V(V1:+,V1:-) V(V2:+,V2:-) V(C1:1,C1:2)
Time

The green graph is the graph of low frequency voltage source, The
red graph is the graph of high frequecny voltage source And the cyan
graph is the graph of voltage across the capacitor 100ms It is easily
seen from the graph that across capacitor high frequency’s voltage
source has least contribution but this graph is almost identical to
the low frequency graph. In conclusion, i can say that, i built a low
pass filter and from graph it is proved.
Discussion:
Steady-state AC analysis examines the behavior of AC circuits after
transients subside, using phasors and impedance for simplified
calculations of voltage, current, and power. Frequency response
analyzes how output varies with frequency, focusing on features like
resonance, bandwidth, and cuto points, often visualized using
Bode plots. Filters, including low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and
band-stop, are used to control specific frequency ranges, playing a
vital role in signal processing, communication systems, and power
management.