Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust’s

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering

(PCCOE) (An Autonomous Institute)
Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University(SPPU)
ISO 21001:2018 Certified by TUV SUD

FORMATIVE ASSESMENT - 2

Department: E & Tc Academic Year: 2024-25 Semesters: III

Year: SY BTech Div: C Date:24/10/2024

Name of the Course: Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

Course Faculty: Mr. A. B. Patil

TOPIC

Simulate Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier

Using BJT & Observe Distortion

Submitted By

Sr.No NAMES PRN No.

1. VIVEK DESHMUKH 124B2E030
2. ABHISHEK PATIL 124B2E031

3. MANAS MUNDADA 124B2E032

4. YOGESH KENDRE 124B2E035

Mr. A. B. Patil Dr. K. S. Kinage

(Faculty) (HOD ENTC Department)

 TITLE :
To design and simulate a Class B push-pull amplifier circuit by using BJT.

 ABSTRACT :
This report analyzes the output power, distortion, and efficiency of a class B push-pull
amplifier. Multisim will be used to design and measure the circuit. It will also address
key challenges, including crossover distortion, and explore mitigating methods.
Understanding these concepts is crucial for developing more efficient and practical
amplification systems.

 OBJECTIVES :

I. A Class B amplifier is typically implemented in a push-pull configuration,

which is recognized for its notable efficiency and relatively low power
dissipation.
II. This design is widely utilized in audio amplification and radio frequency
transmission systems, where a focus on achieving high output power efficiency
may be more advantageous than pursuing absolute linearity.
III. The objective of this analysis is to examine the operation of Class B amplifiers,
with particular emphasis on the push-pull configuration.

 COMPONENTS USED :

I. Transistors: Both NPN and PNP

II. Input signal: AC signal such as audio waveform
III. Biasing resistors: To reduce crossover distortion, slight biasing can be
introduced to keep the transistors slightly “on” during zero-crossing.
IV. Load(speaker): Receives the output signal that has been amplified
 THEORY :

A Class B push-pull amplifier is a type of power amplifier that uses two

transistors (or tubes) to amplify alternating halves of an input signal. Each
transistor in the push-pull configuration operates in Class B mode, meaning it
conducts only during half of the input waveform (either positive or negative half-
cycles). One transistor handles the positive half of the signal, while the other
handles the negative half.

This arrangement reduces distortion caused by crossover between the two halves,
and significantly improves efficiency compared to Class A amplifiers, as there is
no continuous current flow when there is no input signal. Class B push-pull
amplifiers are commonly used in audio and radio frequency applications, offering a
balance between power efficiency and acceptable signal fidelity, though they can
suffer from some crossover distortion at low signal levels.

The push-pull configuration helps cancel out even-order harmonic distortion,

which is a major advantage over single-ended designs. Since the two transistors
alternately conduct, power dissipation is reduced, leading to higher efficiency (up
to around 70- 78%) than Class A designs, which continuously draw power.

Efficiency of class b push pull is given as :

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

Figure 1 : Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier Using BJT

 OPERATION :
The circuit of class B push-pull amplifier shown in the above figure clears
that both the transformers are center-tapped. When no signal is applied at the input,
the transistors T1 and T2 are in cut off condition and hence no collector currents
flow. As no current is drawn from VCC, no power is wasted.

When input signal is given, it is applied to the input transformer Tr1 which splits
the signal into two signals that are 180o out of phase with each other. These two
signals are given to the two identical transistors T 1 and T2. For the positive half
cycle, the base of the transistor T1 becomes positive and collector current flows. At
the same time, the transistor T2 has negative half cycle, which throws the transistor
T2 into cutoff condition and hence no collector current flows.

For the next half cycle, the transistor T1 gets into cut off condition and the
transistor T2 gets into conduction, to contribute the output. Hence for both the
cycles, each transistor conducts alternately. The output transformer T r3 serves to
join the two currents producing an almost undistorted output waveform.
• DESIGN :

The Class B push-pull power amplifier is a popular amplifier configuration, commonly

used in audio applications, due to its efficiency and ability to minimize distortion. Here
are the main steps involved in designing and understanding a Class B push-pull power
amplifier:

1. Understand Class B Operation

 In Class B amplifiers, each transistor (usually NPN and PNP) conducts only for
half of the input waveform cycle (one for the positive half and one for the negative
half).
 This approach increases efficiency (up to 78.5%) because transistors are off for half
of the cycle, reducing power wastage as heat.

2. Select Transistor Pair (NPN and PNP)

 Choose complementary NPN and PNP transistors, which can handle the power and
frequency requirements of your application.
 They should be matched closely in characteristics to reduce distortion and ensure
even output.

3. Set Up Push-Pull Configuration

 Connect the emitters of the NPN and PNP transistors together, typically at the
output node of the amplifier.
 Connect the collectors of each transistor to the positive and negative power supply
rails, respectively.

4. Input Stage and Phase Splitter

 To feed the push-pull transistors, the input signal needs to be split into two opposite
phases (one for each transistor).
 This is typically done using a phase-splitting circuit (like a transformer or a
differential amplifier) that provides the opposite signal polarity for each transistor.
5. Biasing to Prevent Crossover Distortion

 In an ideal Class B amplifier, crossover distortion occurs at the zero-crossing point

of the waveform because each transistor only conducts for one half-cycle.
 To minimize this, a slight bias is applied to each transistor to make them conduct
very slightly at zero crossing, converting it to "Class AB" operation.
 This bias is often applied using diodes or a small resistor network to provide a
minimal voltage between the transistor bases.

6. Feedback for Stability and Improved Linearity

 Adding negative feedback can help improve linearity, reduce distortion, and
stabilize the amplifier.
 The feedback can be applied from the output to the input stage.

7. Output Load and Impedance Matching

 The output is taken from the junction of the emitters (or sources) of the transistors
and connected to the load.
 Ensure that the output impedance of the amplifier matches the load impedance to
maximize power transfer and efficiency.

8. Add Heat Sinks for Thermal Management

 Class B amplifiers, while efficient, can still generate heat due to high currents,
especially at high output levels.
 Attach heat sinks to each transistor to prevent overheating and ensure reliable
operation.

9. Test and Fine-Tune

 After building the amplifier, test it with a signal source and oscilloscope.
 Observe the output waveform for crossover distortion and other performance
factors.
 Adjust the biasing and feedback as needed to improve performance.
 CALCULATION :

1. Efficiency Formula :-
 SIMULATION :
 Figure 2 : Simulation Of Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier Using BJT

 OUTPUT :
 Figure 1: Output Of Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier Using BJT

 DISTORTION :

1. Visual Analysis of Waveform Distortion:

 The blue waveform shows noticeable peaks near the zero-crossing points,
indicating crossover distortion, which is common in class B amplifiers.
 The red waveform appears to be the input signal (a clean sine wave), while the
blue waveform is the output, which shows the distortion.

2. Measure THD (Total Harmonic Distortion):

 To calculate THD, you would need the amplitudes (or RMS values) of the
fundamental frequency and each harmonic component.
  Since this cannot be measured directly from the oscilloscope image alone,
you would ideally use a spectrum analyzer or FFT function on an oscilloscope
to analyze the harmonic content of the output signal.
 With these measurements, apply the THD formula: THD=

3. Estimate Crossover Distortion:

 Crossover distortion can also be evaluated by comparing the zero-crossing behavior

of the input and output signals.
 This type of distortion appears as notches or dips around the zero-crossing points,
as observed in the blue output waveform.

 RESULT:
I. Reduced Power Loss:
• Due to the push-pull configuration, where only one transistor is active at any given
time, power loss is minimized. This results in less heat generation and a more
energy- efficient amplification process.
II. High Efficiency:
• As each transistor conducts only half of the input signal (180° of the cycle), the
amplifier operates much more efficiently than a Class A amplifier. Consequently,
Class B amplifiers are ideal for high-power applications, such as audio amplification
and radio transmission.

 APPLICATION :

 Used in audio systems to drive loudspeakers with sufficient power while

maintaining relatively high efficiency. Class B push-pull amplifiers are
often used in high-power audio amplification where efficiency is critical.

 Employed in RF transmission systems, such as in radio transmitters, where

efficient power amplification is needed to transmit signals over long
distances.

 Class B push-pull amplifiers are used in public address (PA) systems to

amplify speech and music with high efficiency, making them suitable for
large venues or outdoor environments where high power output is
necessary.

 In telecommunications, Class B push-pull amplifiers are used to efficiently

transmit signals over long distances, reducing energy consumption and
heat generation in power-sensitive applications.

 Class B amplifiers are used in TV and radio broadcasting transmitters to

boost signal power for long-range transmission while maintaining high
power efficiency.

 CONCLUSION :
 The Class B push-pull amplifier is a highly efficient and versatile power amplifier
commonly used in various applications. Its complementary output stage effectively
eliminates crossover distortion, ensuring a clean and undistorted output signal. The
amplifier's ability to handle high power levels makes it suitable for applications requiring
significant amplification.