Machine

Drawing
Practices
Contents
Practice (1) Standard Profile Form of Screw Threads
Practice (2) Bolts
Practice (3) Combination of Bolts, Nuts and Washers
Practice (4) Rivets and Riveted Joints
Practice (5) Belt Drives
Practice (6) Shaft Bearings
Practice (7) Assembly of Flange Coupling
Practice (8) Assembly of Knuckle Joint
 Practice (1)
Standard Profile Form of Screw Threads
1. Profile of B.S.W. Thread
Draw to scale 1:1, standard profile of B.S.W. thread, taking pitch = 40 mm. Give
standard dimensions.

Steps Involved
1. Draw vertical centre lines separated by the distance of P/2, (P/2=20 mm).
2. Draw two horizontal lines separated by a distance of major diameter D=0.96P.
3. One sixth of 'D' is cut off parallel to the axis of the screw at top and bottom, to
draw the horizontals for minor diameter, d= 0.64P.
4. Draw the basic or fundamental triangles within the D lines, such that the angle
between the flanks is 55°.
5. Draw arcs at crest and roots, to make it round by any suitable method. The
method is shown clearly in the figure, or radius of the arc can be taken as
r = 0.137P.
6. Complete the profile and hatching is done as shown in FIG 2.5, to represent
the external thread.
7. Standard dimensions are to be done as shown in the above figure.
2. Metric Thread
Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of metric screw thread (external) taking
enlarged pitch as 50mm. Give standard dimensions.

Steps Involved
1. Draw vertical centre lines P/2 apart i.e. 50/2=25mm apart.
2. Draw horizontals to indicate D, D=0.866, apart.
3. Cut off one eighth of D at the top and one sixth of D at the bottom or draw
horizontals to indicate d=0.61P with the 'D'.
4. Draw the slanting lines representing the sides of the thread. Here the angle
between the flanks is 60°.
5. Make the crest flat and roots round. Roots are made round by any suitable
method.
6. Hatching is done as shown in the figure. This lower hatched profile shows the
basic form of the bolt.
7. Dimensioning is done as shown is the figure.
3. Internal Metric Thread
Draw to scale 1:1, the standard profile of metric screw thread (internal) taking
enlarged pitch as 50mm. Give standard dimensions.

Steps Involved
Steps involved are similar to the previous example. Here the upper hatched profile
shows the basic form of nut.
4. Square Thread
Draw the standard profile of a square thread, taking enlarged pitch as 60mm.

Steps Involved
1. Draw two horizontals, P/2 apart i.e. 60/2= 30mm apart.
2. Draw a number of perpendiculars, 30mm apart so as to have a row of squares.
3. Hatching and dimensioning is done as shown in the figure.
5. Knuckle Thread
Draw to scale, 1:1, the standard profile of a Knuckle thread, taking enlarged pitch as
40mm

Steps Involved
1. Draw a thin centre line.
2. On either side of the centre line draw a row of tangential semi circles as shown
clearly in the figure Care should be taken in free flowing of semi circles into one
another.
3. Hatching and dimensioning is done as shown in the figure.
 Practice (2)
Bolts
1. Hexagonal Headed Bolt
Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of a hexagonal headed bolt of
diameter 30mm, keeping the axis parallel to H.P and V.P. The length of the bolt is
120mm.

Hexagonal headed bolt Figure (a)

Figure (b)
Steps Involved
1. "Start with the view where circles are seen". Here the side view shows the circles
representing the shank. So, start with the side view.
2. Draw a circle of given diameter, d= 30mm.
3. Draw another circle of diameter 0.8d (24mm), which is shown as
broken/discontinuous circle. (Broken part is shown in III quadrant) 'This inner
broken circle indicates that the thread on the bolt is an external thread'.
4. Draw another circle of diameter 1.5d+3 mm (48 mm) indicate the chamfering
circle.
5. Circumscribe hexagon around the chamfering circle as in figure (b).
6. After completing the side view, the front view will be drawn by taking
projections. Project the shank diameter (d= 30 mm) from the side view. Draw a
rectangle of size 30x120 mm for the shank (120 mm is the length of the shank).
7. The end of the bolt is rounded and is done with the radius equal to the diameter
of the bolt. (R = d = 30mm).
8. Indicate the threaded portion (by projecting the 0.8d = 24mm circle with "thin
continuous lines") at the end of the shank for the length of 2d+6 mm =66mm.
9. Draw the head of the bolt in the front view, by projecting the hexagon from the
side view. Size A/C (across corners) will be projected to get the width of the
head. Height of the head is taken as 0.8d= 24mm.
10. The three faces of the hexagonal head with chamfering arcs is drawn by any
of the appropriate methods.
11. The centers of chamfering arcs for the three faces may be located as shown in
figure (a).

Keep in mind that, on elevation showing "three faces" of the hexagonal head,
show the upper corners of the head chamfered. On elevations showing "two faces"
of the hexagonal head, show the upper corners square.
2. Square Headed Bolt
Draw to scale 1:1 the Front view and Plan of a square head bolt. Take the diameter
of the bolt as 24mm, and length as 110 mm.

Steps Involved
1. Since the circles are seen in the top
view, start with the top view. Draw a
circle of diameter, d= 24 mm.
2. Within the 'd' circle, draw an another
discontinuous/broken circle of
diameter = 0.8 d say 19.2 mm to the
bolt.
3. Draw the chamfering circle of
diameter =1.5d+3 mm, say 39 mm.
4. Circumscribe square around the
chamfering circle.
5. Project the Front view from the top
view. Construct a rectangle of size
Ød x length of the bolt, 24x110mm.
The end of the bolt is rounded and is
done with the radius equal to the
diameter of the bolt. (R = d = 24
mm). Indicate the threaded portion
at the end of the shank for the length
of 2d+6 mm = 54 mm.
6. Bolt head is drawn by projecting the
front view. Construct a rectangle of
(1.5d+3)x0.8d say 39x19.2 mm.
7. Chamfering arc is drawn with radius
of R = 2d = 48 mm.
8. All the standard dimensions are
given as shown in the figure.
3. T- Headed Bolt

Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and side view of a T-Headed bolt of diameter
20mm. Keep the axis parallel to V.P and H.P.

Steps Involved
1. Start with the side view where circles are seen. Draw outer and inner circle of
diameter, d= 25 mm and 0.8d= 20 mm respectively, with inner circle
discontinuous or broken.
2. Then the front view is drawn with the shank and bolt head as shown clearly in
the figure.
Observe that the square cross section is shown by drawing thin cross lines
3. Then complete the side view by projecting the T-head.
4. Dimensioning is done as shown in the figure.
4. Hook Bolt or J-Bolt

Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and plan of hook bolt with diameter 20 mm,
keeping the axis vertical. Give standard dimensions.

Steps Involved
1. Start with the view having circles.
Here start with the top view. Draw
centre lines and draw outer and
inner circle of diameter d= 20mm
and 0.8d= 16mm respectively.
To indicate the external thread of
the bolt, 0.8d circle is drawn
broken.
2. Complete the shank portion of the
front view as shown clearly in the
figure.
3. Head portion of the front view is
complete and the square cross
section is shown as thin cross
lines.
4. Complete the hook portion of the
top view by projecting the front
view.
5. (v) Dimensioning is done as
shown in the figure.
 Practice (3)
Combination of Bolts, Nuts and Washers
1. Hexagonal Nut

Figure (a)

Draw to scale 1:1, the front view, top view and side view of a hexagonal nut of size
M30, keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.

Figure (b)
Draw to scale 1:1, the front view, top view and side view of a hexagonal nut of size
M30, keeping the axis perpendicular to H.P. Give standard dimensions.
Refer Fig 2.20

Steps Involved
1. Start with the top view, where circles are seen. Draw a circle of diameter d =
30mm. Describe this circle as discontinuous circle to indicate the internal
thread of a nut.
2. Draw an another circle of diameter 0.8d = 24mm
3. Draw the third circle which is of chamfering circle of diameter 1.5d+3 =
48mm.
4. Circumscribe a hexagon around the chamfering circle using the 30°- 60°
degree set square and mini drafter as shown in figure (a).
5. Project the top view to get front view. Front view has three faces if nut is
placed across corner (A/C) and front view has two faces if the nut is placed
across flats (A/F). This is the common position for the nut.
6. Chamfering arcs in the front view may be done by any suitable method. One
of the methods is clearly shown in figure (b).
7. Side view is projected from front view and top view. Side view and front view
have same height but different width.
8. Give the standard dimensions as shown in figure (b).

2. Square Nut

(i) Draw to scale 1:1, the Front elevation and Plan of a square nut of diameter
25mm,
keeping its axis vertical and two of the opposite edges of the square face parallel to
V.P.
Steps Involved
1. Start with the top view. With same point as center, draw three circles of
diameter d = 25 mm, 0.8d = 20 mm, 1.5d =37.5 mm respectively. Indicate the
internal thread of the nut by drawing Ød circle discontinuous.
2. Circumscribe square around the chamfering circle of diameter 1.5d (37.5 mm)
3. Project the top view to get the front view. Front view is a rectangle of size
(1.5dxd) 37.5x25 mm.
4. Chamfering arc in the front view is drawn with the radius R = 2d = 50 mm.
NOTE: that if one face the square nut is seen in the front view, make the
corners squared. (at 90° degree)
5. Dimensioning is done as shown in the figure.

(ii) Draw to scale full size the Front View and Top View of a square nut of
diameter 25mm, keeping its axis vertical with the diagonal on the square face
parallel to V.P.
Steps Involved :
1. Start with the top view. Describe three circles of diameter d = 25mm, 0.8d = 20
mm, 1.5d = 37.5mm respectively. (Ød circle is broken to represent the internal
thread of the nut.)
2. Circumscribe square around the chamfering circle as shown in the figure.
3. Project the Top View to draw the Front View
4. Complete the Front View as shown in the figure.
NOTE: that when two faces of square nut are seen in front view, the corners are
chamfered.

3. Washer
Plain Washer
Draw to scale 1:1, the front view and top view of a washer, taking the nominal
diameter of the bolt on which the washer is used = 25mm. Keep the circular face of
the washer parallel to V.P

Steps Involved
(i) Start with the Front View, which comprises two circles with diameter D+1 = 26
mm, 2D+3 = 53 mm.
(ii) Project the front view to get the Top View which is a rectangle of size,[(2D+3)
x D/8], 53x3 mm. Complete the Top View as shown in the figure.
4. Combination of Bolt, Nut and Washer
Draw to scale 1:1, the Front View, Top View and side view of a hexagonal headed
bolt of diameter 25mm with hexagonal nut and washer, keeping the axis parallel to
V.P and H.P

Steps Involved
1. Since the axis is parallel to both V.P and H.P, the side view reveals more
information about the shape of the object. So start with side view, where circles
are seen.
2. Draw two circles of diameter d = 25mm and 0.8d = 20mm, in dotted lines to
indicate the invisible feature from left side.
3. Draw the chamfering circle of diameter, 1.5d + 3mm =40.5mm
4. Circumscribe hexagon around the chamfering circle, using set-square and
minidrafter.
5. Then draw a circle of diameter 2d + 3mm = 53mm for washer.
6. Project the side view to front view and top-view.
7. Both the views are completed as shown in the figure.
 Practice (4)
Rivets and Riveted Joints

Draw to scale 1:1, the Front view and Top view of the following types of rivets of
diameter 20mm, keeping its axis vertical.
Draw to scale 1:1, the top view and sectional front view of single riveted lap joint,
when the thickness of the plates to be joined = 16mm.
 Double strap diamond butt joint

Single riveted, double strap butt joint (t2 = 0.75t)

Double riveted, double strap chain butt joint
 Practice (5)
Belt Drives

(i) Flat Belt Drive

Draw the following Orthographic Views of the properly assembled Solid C.I.
pulley, shaft and
Rectangular Taper Key. As shown in Fig 7.5
(a) Front View, upper half in section.
(b) Side View.
(ii) V-Belt Drive
Draw the Front View with upper half in section and Side View looking from left
side for the assembly of pulley shown in the figure with shaft and key of proper
size.
Write title and scale used. Draw projection symbol. Give '6' important dimensions.
 Practice (6)
Shaft Bearings

The figure given below shows the details of an 'Open bearing'. Assemble these
parts correctly and then draw its following views to scale1 :1 :
a. Front view, right half in section.
b. Top view.

Write heading and scale used. Draw projection symbol. Give '6' important
dimensions.
 Practice (7)
Assembly of Flange Coupling
 Practice (8)
Assembly of Knuckle Joint
 Types of thread profiles

Conventional representation of threads

Schematic representation of threaded parts–Square threads

External and internal threads in engagement

Bolted joint
Hexagonal and Square Headed Bolts

Hexagonal and Square Nuts

Washer A hexagonal headed bolt with a nut and a washer

Eye-bolt

(a)–Stud, (b)–Stud joint

Locking by split pin Castle nut

Sleeve Coupling
Edge preparation
Example