JavaScript / A Beginner’s Guide to Webpack

Ivaylo Gerchev

A Beginner’s Guide to Webpack

December 21, 2020

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Table of Contents
Key Takeaways
What Is Webpack?
Webpack Main Concepts
How Webpack Works
What’s New in Webpack 5
Getting Started
Transpiling Modern JavaScript to ES5
Working with Styles
Asset Management
Speed Up the Development Process with webpack-dev-server
Clean Up the Output
Conclusion
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Webpack
 ADVERTISEMENT

Nowadays, we’re forced to use many accessory tools to facilitate, speed up and optimize
our web development workflow. Often, though, such tools add an extra layer of
complexity into the stack. As a result, we need to utilize additional time and effort to learn,
understand and use these tools correctly. The same is true for webpack.
When using webpack for the first time, it can be difficult to understand how it works and
how it should be used. Although it has good documentation, it can be daunting for novices,
and it has a steep learning curve. However, webpack is worth learning and can save
considerable time and effort in the long run. In this tutorial, I’ll introduce all the core concepts
to help you get started.
Note: in this tutorial I’ve used webpack 5.9.0.

Key Takeaways
Webpack Basics: Webpack is a static module bundler that treats all files and assets as
modules, building a dependency graph to generate a single or multiple bundles for web
deployment.
Core Concepts Overview: Understand the key concepts such as entry, output, loaders,
plugins, and mode settings to effectively use Webpack in different environments
(development, production).
 Webpack 5 Enhancements: Version 5 introduces features like Persistent Caching,
improved Tree Shaking, and removal of automatic Node.js polyfills, enhancing
performance and reducing bundle sizes.
Getting Started with Webpack: Initiate a project with Webpack by setting up a basic
configuration file, understanding default settings, and utilizing plugins like `html-
webpack-plugin` for dynamic HTML generation.
Advanced Usage: Learn to handle CSS with style and css-loaders, manage assets with
built-in modules replacing older loaders, and optimize your development process with
Webpack’s dev server for live reloading.
Best Practices for Production: Utilize Webpack’s capabilities to transpile modern
JavaScript, manage styles and assets, and speed up development with tools like
webpack-dev-server and optimizations for production builds.

What Is Webpack?
As its core, webpack is a static module bundler. In a particular project, webpack treats all
files and assets as modules. Under the hood, it relies on a dependency graph. A dependency
graph describes how modules relate to each other using the references (require and import
statements) between files. In this way, webpack statically traverses all modules to build the
graph, and uses it to generate a single bundle (or several bundles) — a JavaScript file
containing the code from all modules combined in the correct order. “Statically” means that,
when webpack builds its dependency graph, it doesn’t execute the source code but stitches
modules and their dependencies together into a bundle. This can then be included in your
HTML files.
Now, to expand the above cursory overview, let’s explore the main concepts webpack uses.

Webpack Main Concepts

Webpack has some main concepts which we need to understand clearly before digging in its
practical implementation. Let’s examine them one by one:
Entry: the entry point is the module that webpack uses to start building its internal
dependency graph. From there, it determines which other modules and libraries that
entry point depends on (directly and indirectly) and includes them in the graph until no
 dependency is left. By default, the entry property is set to ./src/index.js , but we can
specify a different module (or even multiple modules) in the webpack configuration file.
Output: the output property instructs webpack where to emit the bundle(s) and what
name to use for the file(s). The default value for this property is ./dist/main.js for
the main bundle and ./dist for other generated files — such as images, for example.
Of course, we can specify different values in the configuration depending on our needs.
Loaders: by default, webpack only understands JavaScript and JSON files. To process
other types of files and convert them into valid modules, webpack uses loaders. Loaders
transform the source code of non-JavaScript modules, allowing us to preprocess those
files before they’re added to the dependency graph. For example, a loader can transform
files from a CoffeeScript language to JavaScript or inline images to data URLs. With
loaders we can even import CSS files directly from our JavaScript modules.
Plugins: plugins are used for any other task that loaders can’t do. They provide us with a
wide range of solutions about asset management, bundle minimization and optimization,
and so on.
Mode: typically, when we develop our application we work with two types of source code
— one for the development build and one for the production build. Webpack allows us to
set which one we want to be produced by changing the mode parameter to
development, production or none. This allows webpack to use built-in optimizations
corresponding to each environment. The default value is production. The none mode
means that no default optimization options will be used. To learn more about the options
webpack uses in development and production mode, visit the mode configuration page.

How Webpack Works

In this section, we’ll examine how webpack works. Even a simple project contains HTML,
CSS and JavaScript files. Also, it can contains assets such as fonts, images, and so on. So, a
typical webpack workflow would include setting up an index.html file with the appropriate
CSS and JS links, and the necessary assets. Also, if you have many CSS and JS modules
which depend on each other, they need to be optimized and properly combined in one unit
ready for production.
To do all this, webpack relies on configuration. Starting from version 4 and above, webpack
provides reasonable defaults out of the box, so creating a configuration file is not required.
However, for any non-trivial project you’ll need to provide a special webpack.config.js
file, which describes how the files and assets should be transformed and what kind of
output should be generated. This file can quickly become monolithic, which makes it hard to
understand how webpack does its job unless you know the main concepts behind its
working.
Based on the provided configuration, webpack starts from the entry points and resolves
each module it encounters while constructing the dependency graph. If a module contains
dependencies, the process is performed recursively against each dependency until the
traversal has completed. Then webpack bundles all the project’s modules into a small
number of bundles — usually, just one — to be loaded by the browser.

What’s New in Webpack 5

A webpack 5 release was announced in October 2020. The post is quite long and explores
all the changes made to webpack. It’s impossible to mention all changes and it’s unnecessary
for a beginner’s guide like this. Instead, I’ll try to put a small list with some general highlights:
The build performance is improved with Persistent Caching. Developers can now enable
a file-system–based cache, which will speed up the development builds.
The Long Term Caching is also improved. In webpack 5, changes made to the code that
don’t affect the minimized bundle version (comments, variable names) won’t result in
cache invalidation. Also, new algorithms were added which assign short numeric IDs to
modules and chunks and short names to exports in a deterministic way. In webpack 5,
they’re enabled by default in production mode.
Improved bundle size, thanks to better Tree Shaking and Code Generation. Thanks to the
new Nested Tree-Shaking feature, webpack is now able to track access to nested
properties of exports. The CommonJs Tree Shaking allows us to eliminate unused
CommonJs exports.
The minimum supported Node.js version has increased from 6 to 10.13.0 (LTS).
The codebase is cleaned up. All items marked as deprecated in webpack 4 are removed.
Automatic Node.js polyfills are removed. Previous versions of webpack have included
polyfills for native Node.js libraries like crypto . In many cases they are unnecessary and
increase the bundle size drastically. That’s why webpack 5 stops automatically polyfilling
these core modules and focuses on front-end–compatible modules.
As an improvement of development, webpack 5 allows us to pass a list of targets and
also support versions of target. It provides automatic determination of the public path.
 And also, it offers automatic, unique naming, which prevents conflicts between multiple
webpack runtimes that use the same global variable for chunk loading.
The webpack-dev-server command is now webpack serve .
Asset modules are introduced, which replace the uses of file-loader , raw-loader ,
and url-loader .
Please open the announcement link above to find more complete and detailed information
about all the updates.
Finally, if you’re coming from webpack 4, here’s the migration guide.

Getting Started
Note: you can find the files for our project in the GitHub repo.
Now that we have a solid theoretical foundation, let’s implement it in practice.
To start, we’ll create a new directory and switch to it. Then we’ll initialize a new project:

mkdir learn-webpack
cd learn-webpack
npm init -y

Next, we need to install webpack and webpack CLI (command line interface) locally:

npm install webpack webpack-cli --save-dev

Now, the content of the generated package.json should be similar to the following:

{
"name": "learn-webpack",
 "version": "1.0.0",
"description": "",
"main": "index.js",
"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},
"keywords": [],
"author": "",
"license": "ISC",
"devDependencies": {
"webpack": "^5.9.0",
"webpack-cli": "^4.2.0"
}
}

Besides being a package manager, npm can be used as a simple task runner. We can create
webpack tasks by including the name of our task followed by its instructions in the
scripts section of the package.json file. Let’s try this now. Open package.json and
change the scripts object to the following:

"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1",
"dev": "webpack --mode development",
"build": "webpack --mode production"
},

Within the scripts property, npm allows us to reference locally installed Node.js packages
by their names. We use that and the --mode flag to define dev and build tasks, which
will run webpack in development ( npm run dev ) and production ( npm run build ) mode
respectively.
Before we test the tasks we’ve just created, let’s create a src directory and put an
index.js file in it so that it contains console.log("Hello, Webpack!"); . Now we can
already run the dev task to start webpack in development mode:
 $ npm run dev

> [email protected] dev C:\WEBDEV\learn-webpack

> webpack --mode development

[webpack-cli] Compilation finished

asset main.js 874 bytes [emitted] (name: main)
./src/index.js 31 bytes [built]
webpack 5.9.0 compiled successfully in 122 ms

As I mentioned before, webpack sets the default entry point to ./src/index.js and the
default output to ./dist/main.js . So what webpack does when we run the dev task is
to get the source code from index.js file and bundle the final code in a main.js file.
Great! It works as expected. But to verify that we get the correct output, we need to display
the result in the browser. To do that, let’s create an index.html file in the dist directory:

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Getting Started With Webpack</title>
</head>
<body>
<script src="main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Now, if we open the file in the browser, we should see the Hello, Webpack! message in the
console.
 Webpack Console Message Displayed

So far, so good. But writing our index.html file manually can be problematic in some
cases. For example, if we change the name of our entry point, the generated bundle will be
renamed, but our index.html file will still reference the old name. So, we’ll need to update
our HTML file manually every time we rename an entry point or add new one. Fortunately,
we can easily fix that with the html-webpack-plugin . Let’s install it now:

npm install html-webpack-plugin@next --save-dev

Note: notice that I have typed html-webpack-plugin@next instead of just html-

webpack-plugin . At the time of writing, the former is the proper version for webpack 5,
and the latter is the version for webpack 4. This could change in future, so for the actual
version check the html-webpack-plugin repo.
At this point, to activate the plugin, we need to create a webpack.config.js file in the
root directory with the following content:
 const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require("html-webpack-plugin");
const path = require('path');

module.exports = {
plugins: [
new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
title: "Webpack Output",
}),
],
};

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As you can see, to activate a webpack plugin, we need to include it in the file and then add it
to the plugins array. If needed, we also pass options to the plugin. See the html-
webpack-plugin repo for all available options and the ability to write and use your own
templates.
Let’s run webpack now to see what will happen:

$ npm run dev

> [email protected] dev C:\WEBDEV\learn-webpack

> webpack --mode development
 [webpack-cli] Compilation finished
asset main.js 874 bytes [compared for emit] (name: main)
asset index.html 234 bytes [emitted]
./src/index.js 31 bytes [built]
webpack 5.9.0 compiled successfully in 151 ms

Let’s open the index.html . As we can see, the plugin automatically creates an updated
index.html file for us, which uses the title option from the configuration:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Webpack Output</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"
<script defer src="main.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Let’s now expand our project and specify custom names for the entry and output
properties. In webpack.config.js we add the following before the plugins property:

entry: {
main: path.resolve(__dirname, './src/app.js'),
},
output: {
filename: '[name].bundle.js',
path: path.resolve(__dirname, 'deploy')
},
Here, we change the entry file to app.js and the output folder to deploy . We also tweak
the name of the generated bundle file slightly. Now it will start with the name of the entry
(“main”) followed by the word “bundle” and the .js file extension.
Now, we’ll create an src/component.js file:

export default (text = "Hello, Webpack!") => {

const element = document.createElement("h1");

element.innerHTML = text;

return element;
};

Next, we rename index.js to app.js to reflect our changes, and replace its content with
the following:

import component from './component';

document.body.appendChild(component());

Now, let’s run webpack again:

$ npm run dev

> [email protected] dev C:\WEBDEV\learn-webpack

> webpack --mode development

[webpack-cli] Compilation finished

asset main.bundle.js 4.67 KiB [emitted] (name: main)
asset index.html 241 bytes [emitted]
runtime modules 668 bytes 3 modules
cacheable modules 230 bytes
./src/app.js 79 bytes [built]
 ./src/component.js 151 bytes [built]
webpack 5.9.0 compiled successfully in 194 ms

Let’s examine and clarify the information from the webpack output. After the “Compilation
finished” message you can see the files generated in the deploy directory
( main.bundle.js and index.html ). Below them, you can see the source files: the entry
module ( app.js ) and its dependency ( component.js ).
So now, in the deploy folder, we have the newly generated bundle file main.bundle.js .
If we open the index.html file in the browser, we should see Hello, Webpack! displayed on
the page.
Webpack Browser Message Displayed

Also, if we check the source of index.html , we’ll see that the value of the src property in
the script tag is updated to main.bundle.js .
At this point, we can delete the dist folder, which webpack generated initially, because we
won’t need it anymore.

Transpiling Modern JavaScript to ES5

In this section, we’ll discover how ES6 can be transpiled to ES5-compliant code that works in
all browsers. Let’s start by running the following command:

npm run dev -- --devtool inline-source-map

Here, I run webpack with devtool option set to inline-source-map in order to render
the code more readable. This way I can demonstrate the code transpilation from ES6 to ES5
more clearly.
Next, let’s open main.bundle.js :

/***/ "./src/component.js":
/*!**************************!*\
!*** ./src/component.js ***!
\**************************/
/*! namespace exports */
/*! export default [provided] [no usage info] [missing usage info preve
/*! other exports [not provided] [no usage info] */
/*! runtime requirements: __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__.r, _
/***/ ((__unused_webpack_module, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require

__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);
/* harmony export */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, {
/* harmony export */ "default": () => __WEBPACK_DEFAULT_EXPORT__
/* harmony export */ });
/* harmony default export */ const __WEBPACK_DEFAULT_EXPORT__ = ((text
const element = document.createElement("h1");

element.innerHTML = text;

return element;
});

/***/ })
As you can see, the modern ES6 features (the arrow function and the const declaration)
from component.js module are not transformed to ES5-compliant code by default. To
make our code work in older browsers, we must add the Babel loader:

npm install babel-loader @babel/core @babel/preset-env --save-dev

Then, in webpack.config.js add module after the output property:

module: {
rules: [
{
test: /\.js$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: 'babel-loader',
options: {
presets: ['@babel/preset-env']
}
}
},
]
},

When we define rules for a webpack loader, there are usually three main properties we need
to define:
test , which describes what kind of files should be transformed.
exclude , which defines the files that shouldn’t be processed from the loader(s), if we
have such.
use , which tells which loader(s) should be used against the matched modules. Here, we
can also set the loader options, as we’ve just done with the presets option.
Run the following command again:
 npm run dev -- --devtool inline-source-map

This time, the code in main.bundle.js is compiled:

/***/ "./src/component.js":
/*!**************************!*\
!*** ./src/component.js ***!
\**************************/
/*! namespace exports */
/*! export default [provided] [no usage info] [missing usage info preve
/*! other exports [not provided] [no usage info] */
/*! runtime requirements: __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require__.r, _
/***/ ((__unused_webpack_module, __webpack_exports__, __webpack_require

__webpack_require__.r(__webpack_exports__);
/* harmony export */ __webpack_require__.d(__webpack_exports__, {
/* harmony export */ "default": () => __WEBPACK_DEFAULT_EXPORT__
/* harmony export */ });
/* harmony default export */ const __WEBPACK_DEFAULT_EXPORT__ = (functi
var text = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? argum
var element = document.createElement("h1");
element.innerHTML = text;
return element;
});

/***/ })

Perfect. Now we can use the modern JS features, and webpack will transform our code so it
can be executed by older browsers.

Working with Styles

In this section, we’ll see how we can add some styles to our project. To do this, we need to
install two loaders:

npm install css-loader style-loader --save-dev

css-loader parses the CSS into JavaScript and resolves any dependencies
style-loader outputs our CSS into a <style> tag in the HTML document.

Let’s add the necessary configuration in webpack.config.js :

module: {
rules: [
...
{
test: /\.css$/,
use: ["style-loader", "css-loader"]
},
]
},

Here, the order of loaders is important. They’re evaluated in reverse order — that is, from
right to left and from bottom to top. In our case, the css-loader is evaluated first, followed
by the style-loader .
Now, let’s create a file src/style.css :
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 h1 {
color: red;
}

Then we import it into app.js :

import './style.css';

When we run webpack ( npm run dev ) and then open the index.html , we should see the
Hello, Webpack! message in red color.
Webpack Browser Message With Style Applied

Asset Management
Most often your project will contain assets such as images, fonts, and so on. In webpack 4,
to work with assets, we had to install one or more of the following loaders: file-loader ,
raw-loader , and url-loader . In webpack 5, as we saw earlier, this is not needed
anymore, because the new version comes with the built-in asset modules.
Here, we’ll explore an example with images. Let’s add new rule in the webpack.config.js :

module: {
rules: [
...
{
test: /\.(?:ico|gif|png|jpg|jpeg)$/i,
type: 'asset/resource',
},
]
},

Here, the type asset/resource is used instead of file-loader .

Now, to test the loader we’ll create an image-component.js file, in the src directory,
with the following content:

import image from "./image.png";

const img = document.createElement("img");

img.src = image;
document.body.appendChild(img);

Here, we import our image as a module and use it to create an <img/> tag. To make the
above code work, you need to download the image and then rename it to image.png and
put it in the src directory.
The next thing is to import our image component in app.js :
 import './image-component';

And voila. Now, when we run webpack ( npm run dev ) and open the page, we should see
the image above the Hello, Webpack! message.
 Webpack Image Component Displayed

If you take a look at the deploy folder right now, you’ll find three files generated in it:
a1af828b4e65d37668e1.png , main.bundle.js , and index.js . Here’s what webpack
does behind the scenes: the image is added to the deploy folder and assigned a unique
hash, followed by the image extension. The image is then included in the newly generated
main.bundle.js file as a module. Finally, an index.html file is generated with reference
to the main.bundle.js file.

Speed Up the Development Process

with webpack-dev-server
Currently, we need to rebuild our code every time we make a change. Fortunately, webpack
offers a live-reloading web server which automatically builds and refreshes the page. To
install it, run the following:

npm install webpack-dev-server --save-dev

We need to update our dev script, in package.json , to use the server:

"dev": "webpack serve --mode development"

Now let’s configure the server in webpack.config.js by adding the following property
after the output :

devServer: {
contentBase: './deploy',
open: true
},

This tells webpack-dev-server to serve the files from the deploy directory and to open
the entry page automatically.
Now, if we run webpack ( npm run dev ), we should see how the page is automatically
opened in the browser on http://localhost:8080.
Note: After running the webpack-dev-server you won’t find any files in the deploy folder (it
will be empty) because the server doesn’t write any output files after compiling. Instead, it
keeps bundle files in memory and serves them as if they were real files mounted at the
server’s root path. See the webpack development guide for more information. However,
when you run the build command, the deploy folder will be populated with the
generated files as expected.
If we now change any of the source files and save them, the web server will automatically
reload the page after the code has been compiled. Try to change the color property in our
CSS file to green, for example, and you should see how the color is updated appropriately in
the page.
Webpack Development Server In Action

Clean Up the Output

As our project progresses, the deploy folder might become quite cluttered. On every build,
webpack will generate the bundles and put them in the deploy folder, but it doesn’t keep
track of which files are actually in use by your project. So it’s a good practice to clean the
deploy folder before each build, so that only the files in use will be generated. To do this,
we need to install and configure the clean-webpack-plugin :

npm install clean-webpack-plugin --save-dev

In webpack.config.js :

const { CleanWebpackPlugin } = require('clean-webpack-plugin');

...

plugins: [
...
new CleanWebpackPlugin()
],

Now, run webpack ( npm run build ) and inspect the deploy folder. You should now only
see the files generated from the build without old and unused files. To test it, create a simple
text file which is not used in the project and run the build script again. After the
compilation the file will be deleted.

Conclusion
Webpack is a useful and powerful tool. This tutorial introduces only the core concepts, but
webpack offers many more features, plugins, and different techniques to apply them, which
you can adopt as your knowledge grows. Here’s a list of resources I suggest for further
exploration of webpack’s capabilities:
Official webpack Documentation. The documentation offers you structured information
about webpack’s main concepts and configuration, as well as plugins and loaders you can
 use in your project, and basic guides and API references.
Webpack 5: From Apprentice to Master. A complete manual which dives deeply into each
webpack aspect. Written by Juho Vepsäläinen, a core developer of webpack.
Webpack: The Core Concepts. A great introductory video course by Sean Larkin, one of
webpack’s maintainers.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

about Webpack
What is the difference between Webpack and other module
bundlers?
Webpack is a powerful module bundler that bundles JavaScript files for usage in a browser.
Unlike other module bundlers, Webpack has a rich plugin system that allows you to
customize its functionality. It also supports a variety of file types, not just JavaScript,
including CSS, images, and fonts. This means you can manage all your assets in one place.
Additionally, Webpack has a feature called “code splitting” that allows you to split your code
into various bundles which can then be loaded on demand or in parallel.
How can I configure Webpack for multiple environments?
Webpack allows you to have separate configuration files for different environments like
development, testing, and production. This can be achieved by creating separate
configuration files for each environment and using the ‘webpack-merge’ utility to merge the
common configuration with the environment-specific configuration. This way, you can have
specific settings for each environment without duplicating code.
How does Webpack handle CSS?
Webpack can handle CSS files using loaders. Loaders are transformations that are applied to
the source code of a module. To process CSS files, you can use the ‘style-loader’ and ‘css-
loader’. The ‘css-loader’ interprets ‘@import’ and ‘url()’ like ‘import/require()’ and will resolve
them, while the ‘style-loader’ injects CSS into the DOM.
What is Hot Module Replacement in Webpack?
Hot Module Replacement (HMR) is a feature in Webpack that allows modules to be updated
at runtime without the need for a full refresh. This can significantly speed up development as
it allows you to see changes without losing the state of the application.
How can I optimize my Webpack build for production?
Webpack provides several ways to optimize your build for production. This includes minifying
your code using plugins like ‘UglifyJsPlugin’, eliminating unused code with ‘tree shaking’, and
splitting your code into chunks using the ‘SplitChunksPlugin’. You can also use the
‘DefinePlugin’ to create global constants which can reduce code size and improve
performance.
How can I use Webpack with Babel?
Babel is a popular JavaScript compiler that allows you to use next-generation JavaScript
today. To use Babel with Webpack, you need to install the ‘babel-loader’ and configure it in
your Webpack configuration file. This will allow Webpack to process your JavaScript files
with Babel before bundling them.
Can I use Webpack with TypeScript?
Yes, you can use Webpack with TypeScript. To do this, you need to install the ‘ts-loader’ or
‘awesome-typescript-loader’. Then, you can configure Webpack to process your TypeScript
files with these loaders before bundling them.
How can I handle images with Webpack?
Webpack can handle images using the ‘file-loader’ or ‘url-loader’. These loaders allow you to
import images in your JavaScript files, and Webpack will process them and include them in
your bundle.
Can I use Webpack with React?
Yes, you can use Webpack with React. Webpack can handle JSX syntax (used in React) with
the help of ‘babel-loader’. You can also use the ‘react-hot-loader’ for hot module
replacement in your React components.
How can I debug my Webpack configuration?
Webpack provides a variety of options for debugging. You can use the ‘debug’ option in your
configuration file to enable debug mode. You can also use the ‘devtool’ option to control how
source maps are generated. Additionally, Webpack provides detailed error messages and
stack traces to help you debug your configuration.

Ivaylo Gerchev View Author

I am a web developer/designer from Bulgaria. My favorite web technologies include SVG,
HTML, CSS, Tailwind, JavaScript, Node, Vue, and React. When I'm not programming the
Web, I love to program my own reality ;)

bundler static module bundler webpack

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