SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Abstract
Summary In India, agriculture plays an important role in developing food production. In our country,
agriculture depends on the monsoon so it does not provide enough water. Therefore, irrigation is
used in agriculture .The Internet of Things (IoT) represents an important step in the evolution of
technology .IOT plays an important role in many fields, including agriculture, through which it can
feed billions of people on Earth in the future. The purpose of this article is to overcome this
challenge, the entire system is based on a microcontroller and can be operated remotely via
wireless transmission, so there is no need to worry about irrigation timing depending on the
situation depends on the type of crop or soil conditions. Sensors are used to measure soil, such as
soil moisture, temperature, air humidity, and decision making is controlled by the user (farmer)
using a microcontroller. Data received from the sensors will be sent to the server database via
wireless transmission. Irrigation will be automated when field humidity and temperature decrease.
Farmers are periodically informed about information related to field conditions through their mobile
phones. This system will be more useful in areas where water is scarce and will effectively meet its
needs.

1. Introduction

Agriculture plays an important role in the Today, groundwater is also pumped to

country's economy. More than 70% of India's irrigate land.
population depends on agriculture for their Well watering, tank watering, flood irrigation,
livelihood. furrow irrigation, pond irrigation are other
As the contribution of agriculture to gross traditional methods that have been applied in
domestic product is decreasing today, we are the past.
encouraged to increase crop productivity To improve on traditional methods, many
through efficient and economical use of systems have been developed using advanced
water. technologies that help reduce crop wastage,
In agriculture, irrigation is an important factor avoid excessive and irregular watering of
because monsoon rainfall is unpredictable crops, thereby increasing productivity Crops.
and unstable. Faced with water scarcity, To date, many modern irrigation systems have
agriculture poses a major challenge. There is a been developed. One such method is drip
huge need for technical knowledge to make irrigation, which is used to save water and
irrigation systems more efficient. fertilizer. In this method, water and fertilizer
There are many traditional irrigation systems in the form of drops are periodically applied
that have been applied in the past. For directly to the plant roots. Water application
example, in flow irrigation, water sources such design varies depending on the crop type.
as tanks or reservoirs are placed at high Compared to the traditional method, it uses
altitudes. Water starts flowing into the 30 to 50 percent less water. Another method
channel automatically when connected to a is pot irrigation, which is more suitable for
tank or reservoir. This type of irrigation is areas with low rainfall.
mainly used in lowland areas. Another type of The pots used here were fixed to the ground
irrigation is lift irrigation in areas where the up to the neck. Holes are made in the pot to
water level is higher than the water source. allow water to seep around the soil and keep
Land is irrigated by pumping water from wells, the plant moist.
reservoirs, canals, and rivers using pumps.
 This method is effective in places where flow satisfied that the plant has had
irrigation cannot be used. The other method enough water.
involves watering methods similar to natural 2.2. Crop Monitoring System
rainfall. Water is distributed through a pipe based on Raspberry Pi Pico
system, then diffused into the air by sprinklers
to break into small water droplets that fall to Raspberry Pi Pico -based crop
the ground. The power supply to the pump monitoring system Raspberry Pi Pico-
must be designed so that the amount of water based crop monitoring system can use
is distributed evenly over the ground surface. sensors and detectors to quickly
There are certain parameters to determine detect pests, allowing farmers to take
crop irrigation. action to protect crops.
Evapotranspiration (ET) is a technique in In the monitoring system, it will
which moisture from the earth is transferred check the humidity, temperature and
to the atmosphere through evaporation and dryness of the soil where the plants
plant transpiration. It depends on climate are grown.
change.
The ET controller can be used to schedule
irrigation. 3. Components
It has been proven that by using the ET 3.1. Raspberry Pi Pico
method, water savings can be up to 47%.
Soil moisture and field temperature are the Raspberry Pi Pico is the latest
most necessary parameters. Electromagnetic microcontroller board from Raspberry
sensors are used to detect soil moisture. Pi. Despite its small size, it lights up
This method saves 53% water compared to quickly and is quite flexible.
sprinkler irrigation. These sensors are used to This board is built using a new UK
create wireless sensor networks. Wireless designed microcontroller chip.
sensor networks are used to monitor crops To program Pico, you can use
and automate irrigation. MicroPython with Thonny IDE
Wireless sensor nodes continuously sense the available on Raspberry Pi, Windows,
crop field and send it to the coordinator node Linux and Mac.
where decisions are made to automate It can also be programmed in C/C++,
irrigation based on field conditions. using a GCC-based toolchain and
Visual Studio Code integration. The
Pico is ideal for Internet of Things
(IOT) projects, Neopixel projects,
2. Literature Survey small to medium scale robotics
2.1. Automated Irrigation projects and for data logging
System using Raspberry Pi purposes. This is why this model is
Pico smaller and cheaper. It cannot run an
operating system but can still be used
Automated irrigation system using in many electronics projects.
Raspberry Pi Pico Raspberry Pi Pico
runs code that continuously monitors
soil moisture measured by sensors.
When the measurement results show
that the ground is too dry, it activates
the relay to supplement water flow
from the water pump.
Another moisture reading is taken
and if the soil is still too dry, more
water is added until the sensor is
 the ground. The resistance
value helps detect soil
moisture.

3.2. Soil moisture sensor

Soil Moisture Sensor There

are two methods for
determining soil moisture:
direct method and indirect 3.3. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
method.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
The direct method, also
LCD has one interface, which
known as soil sampling, is a means the microcontroller
manual method, so is not must operate multiple
typically used manually for interface pins quickly to
irrigation and does not manage the display.
provide immediate results. The interface includes the
Another method called soil following pins: The Register
moisture detection method Select (RS) pin controls
in this soil moisture sensor where you write data to the
probe is installed at LCD's memory. You'll be able
selected points of to select either the
information register, which
agricultural land so that the
contains what's going on the
soil moisture value can be screen, or the command
obtained. Once register, where the LCD
programmed, it is placed in controller appears to receive
a box and kept in the field. instructions on what to try
The soil moisture sensor and do next. The read/write
has two probes inserted (R/W) pin selects read mode
into the soil. The probe is or write mode. The modifier
used to pass current pin allows writing to 8
through the ground. Wet knowledge pin registers (D0 -
soil has lower resistance D7) There's also a screen
contrast pin (Vo), power pins
and therefore passes more
(+5V and Gnd), and LED
current through the
backlight pins that you'll use
ground, while dry soil has to power the LCD, controlling
higher resistance and the display differential.
passes less current through
 as well as turn the LED relay contact is normally
backlight on and off open (NO), there will be
respectively. ONE open contact after the
relay is de-energized. When
a relay contact is normally
closed (NC), there will be a
closed contact when the
relay is de-energized. In
both cases, applying an
electric current to the
contacts can change their
state.

3.4. Relay

Relay A relay switch that

opens and closes an
electromechanical or
electronic circuit. The relay
controls one circuit per
space and closes contacts
in the other circuit. When a

prototyping or building
electrical circuits.
It allows placing components
and connections on the board
to create solderless circuits.
The holes on the circuit
board take care of your
connections by holding
components or wires where
you place them and
electrically connecting them
inside the board.
The ease of use and speed
are ideal for quickly learning
and prototyping simple
circuits. More complex
circuits and high frequency
circuits are less suitable for
circuit board creation. Circuits
on a circuit board are also not
3.5. Breadboard ideal for long-term use, like
circuits built on a circuit board
Breadboard A breadboard is (protoboard) or PCB (printed
simply a circuit board for circuit board), but they also
 do not have the cost of app that can retrieve sensor data from the
soldering (protoboard) or the Raspberry Pi Pico via Bluetooth.
cost of designing and For the price, the device uses Bluetooth
manufacturing (PCB). technology, which can be replaced by Wi-
Fi, the engine is turned off.

4. Flowcharts
Irrigation can be automated using
sensors, microcontrollers, Bluetooth and
Android apps.
Low-cost soil moisture sensors and
temperature humidity sensors are used.
They continuously monitor the terrain.
The sensors are connected to the
Raspberry Pi Pico board.
The collected sensor data will be
transmitted wirelessly to users so they
can control irrigation.
The mobile application can be designed
in a way that analyzes the received data
and checks the threshold values of
humidity and temperature.
The decision can be made automatically
by the application without interrupting
the user, or manually through the
application when the user is interrupted.
If the soil moisture is below the threshold
value then the motor will turn on and if
the soil moisture exceeds the threshold
value then the motor will turn off. The
hardware communicates via a wireless
Bluetooth link so users can access the
data via a mobile phone with an Android