Handwritten Notes

Made with
by

Gaurav Suthar

For Notes of other Chapters

Subscribe la my Yoxlube Ohannei ,y

If these notes helped in you in any way,
You can show your support by donating.
Even the smalles† donations coun†
Scon the code in any Paymen† opp
 OR
Coc†ribu†e †o UPI Id
Gaurav990823@okaxis

- It is a form of energy that enables us to see.

- Light always travels in straight line.
- Light makes shadow. Without light Shadow is not possible.
- Light has the maximum speed in this world. Its value is 3x10 8

Reflection
Coming back of light rays to the same medium when they fall on
Laws of Reflection
1) Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
2) Incident ray, normal at the point of incidence are reflected ra
same plane.

Normal
LIGHT

Types of Images
Real Image Virtual Image
1) Real images are inverted 1) Virtual images are Erect
2) A real image is formed by (Straight)
Convex lens and Concave Mirror 2) A virtual image is formed by
3) These are formed on Screen Plane Mirror and Convex Mirror
4) These are formed due to actual Concave Lens
intersection of rays 3) These are not formed on
5) Example - Screen
4) These are formed due to
imaginary intersection of rays.
5) Example -
- Object and Image are at equal distance from Plane Mirror.
- If object is real, then image will be virtual and vice versa.
- Size of image is equal to size of object.

Lateral Inversion – The right side of the object appears left sid
image and vice-versa.
Uses - Looking Glass, Periscope, Kaleidoscope etc.
 Looking Mirror Kaleidoscope

Types of Mirrors
1) Plane Mirror
- Whose reflecting surfaces are spherical.
 a) Radius of Curvature (R) - Distance between Pole and the
Curvature.
b) Centre of Curvature (C) - Centre of that imaginary sphere
mirror is part.
c) Pole (P) – It is the mid-point of its reflecting surface.
d) Principal Axis – Line joining Pole and Centre of Curvature
e) Focus (F) – Point on principal axis where all the parallel l
actually meet or appear to meet after reflection.
Effective diameter of the spherical mirror. Distance between
Focus.

f) Aperture –

g) Focal Length (f)

–
2) Spherical Mirror
Focal Length = Centre of Curvature
2

Concave Mirror Convex Mirror

RAY DIAGRAMS
Some Rules –
1) A ray parallel to principal axis, will pass through the Focus a
reflection.
Types of Spherical Mirrors -
2) A ray passing through principal focus of concave mirror will
parallel to principal axis after reflection.
 3) Ray passing through Center of Curvature of a Concave mirr
reflected back in same path.
4) The Incident and Reflected rays make equal angles with Pri

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Real, Inverted Size – Very Small

2) Object placed behind Center of Curvature

Image
Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’ Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Small
 CONCAVE MIRROR
1) Object placed at Infinity
3) Object placed at Centre of Curvature
Image
Position – At ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted Size – Same Size

4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of Curvature

Image
Position – Beyond ‘C’ Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Big Size
Image
Position – At Infinity
Nature – Real, Inverted Size – Very Big Size

6) Object placed between Focus and Pole

Image
Position – Behind Mirror Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size –Big Size
5) Object placed at Focus
not possible.
value is 3x10 m/s.
8

hen they fall on a surface.

are reflected ray all lie in the
mage
es are Erect

ge is formed by
Convex Mirror,

t formed on

rmed due to
ection of rays.
 Plane Mirror.
d vice versa.

appears left side of the

etc.
Kaleidoscope
en Pole and the Centre of

maginary sphere of which,

ng surface.
re of Curvature.
all the parallel light rays
on.
tance between Pole and the

re

onvex Mirror

ugh the Focus after

cave mirror will emerge
a Concave mirror gets

angles with Principal Axis.

urvature
 Position of Object
Position of Image Size of Image

At the focus F Very Small

At Infinity

Beyond C Between F and C Small

At C At C Same Size

Between C and F Beyond C Big

At F At Infinity Very Big

Between F and P Behind mirror Big

Uses of Concave Mirror –

1) Shaving mirror, torch, dentists, solar furnace

Dentists using Concave Mirror Solar Furnace

Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Virtual, Erect Size – Very Small Size

2) Object placed between Infinity and Pole

Image
Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’ Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Small Size

There are only two possible positions for Object

 CONVEX MIRROR
1) Object placed at Infinity
 Nature of Image

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Virtual and Erect

Solar Furnace
ns for Object
 Position of Object
Position of Image Size of Image

At the focus F, Behind Very Small

At Infinity the mirror

Between Infinity Between P and F, Behind

and Pole the mirror
Small

Uses of Convex Mirror -

1) Rear view mirrors in vehicles because they always give a
image and have wider field of view as they are curved outwa
2) Big convex mirrors used in front of Schools, Buildings, Sh

Convex Mirror in front of School Car Mirror

f Focal length
v Image
u distance
Object
distance
 1) Object is placed to the left of mirror.
2) All distances parallel to principal axis are measured from po
Magnification
mirror.
It is the ratio of the height of image to the height of
3) Pole is origin.
object.
4) Principal axis is x-axis.

hi
-v
m = ho =
u
- Object Distance = ‘u’ is always negative.
hi - Focal Length
height of concave mirror = Negative.
of Image
h - Focal Length
height of of convex mirror = Positive.
o Object

Sign Convention
If
m=- 1 1 1
ve Image will be Real v= u +
f and
Inverted
m = + ve Image will be Virtual and Erect(Straight)
Mirror Formula
 Nature of Image

Virtual and Erect

Virtual and Erect

hey always give an erect

re curved outward.
ols, Buildings, Shops.

Car Mirror
measured from pole of the
of

ight)
 Change in path of a light ray as it passes from one medium to
another medium is called Refraction of Light.

1) When light ray goes from

denser to rarer medium it bends
away
from normal.

Cause of Refraction?
As we know speed of light is different in different media, i.e. more in ra
and comparatively less in denser medium. So, when light enters a den
its speed reduces and it bends towards the normal and when it enters
medium, its speed increases and it bends away from the normal
 REFRACTION
Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab :-
y as it passes from one medium to
efraction of Light.

2) When light rays go from rarer to

denser medium it bends towards the
normal.

rent in different media, i.e. more in rarer medium

medium. So, when light enters a denser medium,
wards the normal and when it enters rarer
it bends away from the normal
RACTION
gular Glass Slab :-
 i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of Refraction e = Angle of Emergence


Angle of incidence = Angle of Emergence, ∠i = ∠e

If the incident ray falls normally to the surface of glass slab, t
no bending of ray of light ; i.e. it goes straight.

Laws of Refraction
1) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the in
two transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the sa
2) Snell’s Law - The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the si
refraction is constant, for a light of given color and for a given
- It is expressed as :

sin i = μ = constant [ “μ” is refractive index ]

sin r

Refractive Index
- The extent of change in direction that takes place in a given pa
expressed in terms of refractive index.
- μ2 represents refractive index of medium 2 with respect
1
medium 1, when light is going from medium 1 to medium

aμw = velocity of light in air = c

velocity of light in water v
w

μ2
1μ 2 = =
Sin i
 μ2
1μ 2 = =
Sin i

 The refractive index of a medium with respect to

vacuum is called Absolute refractive index of medium.

For Glass/ Water pair

–

 If question is related to
speed:
Speed of light in vaccum/air
μ = Speed of light in
c Medium
For =
e.g.,

velocity of light in air

aμ g =velocity of light in
c glass
=
.

A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which both

surfaces are spherical, forms a lens.

Concave Lens
Convex Lens
 a) Centre of Curvature (C) – A lens has two spherical surfac
surface forms a part a part of a sphere. The center of these s
called Centre of curvature. [ ऊपर C1 & C2 ] [ or 2F1 & 2F2 ]
b) Principal Axis – An imaginary straight line passing throug
centers of curvature of a lens is called its Principal Axis.
c) Optical Centre (O) – Central Point of a lens is called optic

d) Aperture
Effective -diameter of the circular outline of a
spherical lens is called its aperture.
 Spherical Lens
e)ThePrincipal Focusthe
point where (F)rays parallel to principal axis after refrac
- called principal focus. A lens has two principal foci.
f) Focal Length (f) - The distance of principal focus from op

Focal
Point
Focal
Point
Focal
Length
Focal Length

RAY DIAGRAMS
Some Rules –
1) Rays which are parallel to principal axis, after refraction wi
through principal focus in case of convex lens and will
appear to be coming from principal axis in case of concave lens
 2) Ray passing through the focus will emerge parallel to princ

3) Ray directed to Optical Centre will emerge out undeviated.

CONVEX LENS
1) Object placed at Infinity
Image
Position – At ‘F’
Nature – Real, Inverted Size – Very Small
 िजनक� पास क� नज़र कमजोर है �सफर् उन्हkं के
चश्मे से होगा ये क्य�fक उनके चश्मे म� हk
Convex Lens होता है

Burning Paper using Convex Lens

2) Object placed behind Center of Curvature
Image
Position – Between ‘F’ and ‘C’ Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Small

3) Object placed at Centre of Curvature

Image
Position – At ‘C’ Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Same Size
Image
Position – Beyond ‘C’
Nature – Real, Inverted Size – Big Size

5) Object placed at Focus

Image
Position – At Infinity Nature – Real, Inverted
Size – Very Big Size

4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of

Curvature
4) Object placed between Focus and Centre of
Curvature
 e = Angle of Emergence

= Angle of Emergence, ∠i = ∠e
lls normally to the surface of glass slab, then there is
ght ; i.e. it goes straight.

the refracted ray and the normal to the interface of

a at the point of incidence, all lie in the same plane.
atio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
for a light of given color and for a given pair of media.

onstant [ “μ” is refractive index ]

n direction that takes place in a given pair of media is

fractive index.
efractive index of medium 2 with respect to
light is going from medium 1 to medium 2.

w = velocity of light in air = c

elocity of light in water v
w

μ2
1μ 2 = =
Sin i
 μ2
1μ 2 = =Sin r
Sin i μ
1

dex of a medium with respect to

bsolute refractive index of medium.

wμ g =
aμ
aμg w

ated to

Speed of light in vaccum/air

Speed of light in v
Medium

velocity of light in air

=velocity of light in
v
c glass
.
g
or
bound by two surfaces, of which both
orms a lens.
ture (C) – A lens has two spherical surfaces. Each
t a part of a sphere. The center of these spheres are
vature. [ ऊपर C1 & C2 ] [ or 2F1 & 2F2 ]
An imaginary straight line passing through the two
e of a lens is called its Principal Axis.
O) – Central Point of a lens is called optical center.

er of the circular outline of a

called its aperture.
 rays parallel to principal axis after refraction meet is
s. A lens has two principal foci.
- The distance of principal focus from optical center.
h

RAY DIAGRAMS

rallel to principal axis, after refraction will pass

in case of convex lens and will
om principal axis in case of concave lens.
gh the focus will emerge parallel to principal axis.

ptical Centre will emerge out undeviated.

CONVEX LENS
nity

y Small
onvex Lens
d Center of Curvature

ure – Real, Inverted

ntre of Curvature

verted
 Size

cus

al, Inverted

ween Focus and Centre of

ween Focus and Centre of
Image
Position – Behind Mirror
Nature – Virtual, Erect Size –Big Size

6) Object placed between Focus and

Pole of Object
Position
Position of Image Size of Image

At F
2 Very Small
At Infinity

Beyond 2F1 Between 2F

2 and F2 Small

Between 2F1 and F1 Beyond 2F

2 Big

At F1 At Infinity Very Big

At 2F1 At 2F
2 Same Size

On Same side of the

Between F1 and O Object Big
Nature of Image

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Real and Inverted

Virtual and Erect

 1) Used for making Microscopes, Magnifying glasses
Microscopes

Magnifying Glass
2) Used for making Specs and Cameras

िजनक� पास क� नज़र कमजोर होती है

उनक� चश्मा(Specs) म� Convex Lens होता है

Uses of Convex Lens –

1) Object placed at Infinity
Image
Position – At ‘F’ Nature – Virtual, Erect Size – Very Small Size

2) Object placed between Infinity and Pole

Image
Position – Between ‘P’ and ‘F’ Nature – Virtual, Erect
Size – Small Size

There are only two possible positions for Object

CONCAVE LENS
s, Magnifying glasses

Used in making Camera Lens

Very Small Size

and Pole

al, Erect

ossible positions for Object

LENS
 Position of Object
Position of Image Size of Image

At the focus (F )
1 Very Small
At Infinity

Between Infinity Between Focus (F ) and

1 Optical
and Optical Center Center (O)
Small

Uses of Concave Lens -

1) Used for making Specs, Lasers, Cameras
ि� दूर क� नज़र कमजोर होती है Laser Light
उनक� चश्मा(Specs) म� Concave Lens होता है
 1) Sign conventions are same like mirrors, now the measurem
are taken from Optical Center instead of Pole.

hi 2) height of Image
Focal Length of Convex Lens = Positive
ho 3) height
(+) of Object
Focal Length of Concave Lens =
Sign Convention
Negative (-)
If
m = - ve Image will be Real and Inverted
m = + ve Image will Lens
be Virtual and Erect(Straight)
Formula
1 1 OF LENS (P)
POWER
= -
f1 v
Ability of a lens to converge or diverge light rays is called power (
u
f Focal length
P = 1v Image
f u distance
Focal length in meter f
Object
distance
- SI Unit D (called Dioptre = m-1)
- Power of Convex Lens is (+ve) because focal length of Convex Len
Magnificatio
- Power of Concave Lens is (-ve) because focal length of Concave Le
n - Power of a lens combination
P =hP
i 1 + P2 + P3
m= =
v ho
u
 Search “Gaurav Suthar” on YouTube for more Notes.
Love You 3000
♡

Follow me on Instagram @iamgauravsuthar

I have created all Subjects and all Chapters Notes �
 Gaurav990823@okaxis

Mode with
Made with
bg
 Nature of Image

Virtual and Erect

Virtual and Erect

s
Laser Light
ow the measurements

aight)

is called power (P) of the lens.

= m-1)
th of Convex Lens is also +ve
th of Concave Lens is also -ve
tion
or more Notes.

uravsuthar
pters Notes �k