NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)

MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES PATIENT’S RIGHTS

The ethical principles involved in the practice are: o Are those basic rules of conduct between
1. Autonomy patients and medical caregivers as well as the
2. Confidentiality institutions and people that support them.
3. Veracity o In capsule, the patient’s rights are as follows:
4. Fidelity
5. Justice P = Privacy
6. Beneficence A = Autonomy
7. Non-maleficence T = Treatment Refusal
I = Information
E = Education
AUTONOMY
N = Not to be Restrained
o Self-rule
T = To be treated with Confidentiality
o Freedom from external control
S = Services
o A “commitment to respect the autonomy of others
is a fundamental principle of ethical practice”
o Refers to one’s moral power or right to self- PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS OR
governance and determination to make PATIENT CARE PARTNERSHIP
decisions in directing one’s own life.
o The right to make one’s decisions as long as your o Is a document that provide patients with
decision does not infringe other’s decisions or information on how they can reasonably
rights. expect to be treated during the course of their
treatment or hospital stay.
IMPLICATIONS THAT WE NEED TO KNOW AND o Simply provide goals and expectations for patient
CONSIDER IN THE PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY treatment
a. To respect Autonomy means that nurses
recognize the person’s uniqueness PATIENT’S BILL OF RIGHTS IN THE
b. To respect – means treating the person with PHILIPPINES
consideration
c. Autonomy means that people SHOULD NOT be 1. Right to considerate and respectful care
treated as a means to an end. 2. Right to obtain from his doctor complete current
information
3. Right to receive from his doctor information
WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF A HEALTH necessary to give informed consent
PROFESSIONAL (NURSE) IN DEALING WITH o Informed consent – must be given prior to
AUTONOMY AS A PRINCIPLE? the performance of the procedure. Benefits,
risks, and medications to be taken after the
a. Provide client with information to weigh procedure must be explained.
benefits and risks 4. Right to refuse treatment to the extent permitted
- you must choose carefully what you’re saying to by law
your patient. o For patient refusal - sign the waiver
- weigh the benefits and the risks 5. Right to every consideration of his privacy
- remain professional 6. Right to expect that his care should be treated
as confidential
b. Stating his own convictions but explain 7. Right to expect for a reasonable response to
clearly the reason for his opinion the request for services
8. Right to obtain information as to any relationship
c. Do not exercise coercion, manipulation or of his hospital to other healthcare and
undue influence or irrational persuasion. educational institution.
9. Right to be advised if hospital perform human
d. Respect patient’s autonomous decision experimentation
10. Right to examine and receive explanation of
e. Withdraw from the case and help the patient his bill
to have another professional who might be 11. Right to know what hospital rules and
moral successful in that particular situation regulations apply to his conduct
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

INFORMED CONSENT TWO TYPES OF PATERNALISM

o is the willingness and uncoerced
acceptance of the medical intervention by STRONG PATERNALISM
the patient after adequate disclosure by the (EXTENDED PATERNALISM)
nurse of the nature, risks, benefits and • Attempts to overrule or override the wishes of
alternatives available. a competent person.
o it’s a free and voluntary act to accept or not • Ex. Forcing a patient to a mental institution even
any intervention if he is lucid.
o FOR MINORS OR ADOLESCENTS – if they • Ex. Giving blood transfusion against the patient’s
are not willing or cannot be persuaded to get will even when they refused due to religious
through with the treatment, we can now call matters.
and ask for help from the physician or other
health care professionals. WEAK PATERNALISM
(LIMITED OR RESTRICTED PATERNALISM)
PRINCIPLE OF INFORMED CONSENT • In which consent is missing or the health care
o advocates that it is the right and responsibility of provider overrule or overrides the wishes of an
every competent individual to advance his/her incompetent or a doubtfully competent patient.
right. • It is also called COOPERATIVE
o Primary Function – is the protection of the PATERNALISM.
patient’s right of self determination to accept
the proposed treatment.
PROXY CONSENT
Four Principles or Requirements of (LEGALLY ACCEPTABLE REPRESENTATIVE)
Informed Consent o This is done when the patient is not capable of
1. Decision making capacity giving informed consent and is legitimately
2. Documentation of consent represented by a competent surrogate who
3. Disclosure of information acts on his behalf.
4. Comprehension of information
Three Fundamental Constraints
Elements of Informed Consent 1. The person making the delegation must have the
✓ Capacity / Competence right to consent.
✓ Disclosure of Information 2. The person must be legally and medically
✓ Voluntariness competent to delegate the right to consent.
3. The right to consent must be delegated to a
o For emergency cases without informed legally and medically competent adult.
consent, THREE CONDITIONS must be
present: TWO TYPES OF PROXY CONSENT
1. The patient must be incapable of giving consent
and no lawful surrogate is available to give POWER OF ATTORNEY (DURABLE POWER OF
consent. ATTORNEY OR HEALTHCARE PROXY)
2. There is a danger to life or danger of a serious • An authority on the individual’s behalf under
impairment of health the specific circumstances,
3. Immediate treatment is necessary to avert these • e.g. end of life situation
dangers
LIVING WILL
PATERNALISM
• A written legal document prepared by a
o Allows one person to make decision for another
competent adult.
o Assist person to make decisions when they do not
• It is an expression of the person’s wishes
have sufficient data or expertise.
regarding end-of-life care
o TWO ELEMENTS:
CONFIDENTIALITY
1. The absence of consent or event
o From the Latin word confidene which means “to
overriding of consent
trust”.
2. The beneficent motive
o the medical or professional secrecy in which
certain information is committed to a physician
in an official capacity for the sake of medical
assistance
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

o obligation of professional who have access to

patient records PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
o protects the client from unauthorized o The Philippines’ 1987 Constitution, the Filipino
disclosures of any sort by the professional Patient’s Rights to Privacy and Confidentiality,
Article 3 Section 3
ETHICAL DILEMMA: CONFIDENTIALITY
The privacy of the patients must be assured at all stages of
HOW MUCH ONE SHOULD REVEAL REGARDING his treatment. The patient has the right to be free from
WHAT ONE KNOWS ABOUT THE PATIENT AND TO unwarranted public exposure, except in the following cases:
WHOM ONE SHOULD REVEAL IT?
The patient has the right to demand that all information,
These are the following that should be considered: communication and records pertaining to his care be treated
as confidential. Any health care provider or practitioner
involved in the treatment of a patient and all those who have
1. Foundation of confidentiality
legitimate access to the patient's record is not authorized to
2. To whom should the medical information be
divulge any information to a third party who has no concern
disclosed
with the care and welfare of the patient without his consent,
3. How much should be told
except:
4. Situation when confidentiality may be broken –
when the risks or danger of maintaining a. When such disclosure will benefit public health and
confidentiality is greater than breaking it to the safety.
patient. – patient with suicidal tendencies b. When it is in the interest of justice and upon the
order of a competent court; and
c. When the patients waives in writing the confidential
PRIVACY nature of such information;
o a state when an individual is free from public d. When it is needed for continued medical treatment
interruption and intrusion. or advancement medical science subject to de-
o Derived from the word “private” which means identification of patient and shared medical
the role of the public is limited. confidentiality for those who have access to the
o Refers to a condition where a person is apart information.
from public attention and observation.
Informing the spouse or the family to the first degree of the
o Why is privacy a necessary condition? Or should
patient’s medical condition may be allowed; provided, that the
have this “necessary atmosphere”? – You are
patient of legal age shall have the right to choose on whom to
maintaining respect, love, trust, cooperation with inform. In case the patient is not of legal age or is mentally
the patient. incapacitated, such information shall be given to the parents,
legal guardian or his next of kin.
MAJOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PRIVACY & CONFIDENTIALITY
PRIVACY CONFIDENTIALITY
• a situation when a • a situation when VERACITY
person is free from information is kept o Pertains to the ethic of telling the truth
public interference secret from the reach o Other terms for veracity:
• talks about person of any other person ✓ Truthfulness
• restricts the public • is about information ✓ Accuracy
from accessing the • protects information
✓ Truth
personal details from range of
about a person unauthorized persons
✓ Honesty
• is disallowed from • some specified and ✓ Verity
interfering in the trustworthy people are ✓ Correctness
personal matters of allowed
a person • is compulsory o Truthfulness summed up in two commands:
• voluntary • is an agreement 1. DO NOT LIE
• it is a right • refers to the situation 2. You must communicate with those who
• the state of being when it is expected have a right to truth.
secluded from someone that he
will not divulge Veracity in the Health Care Setting
• The comprehensive, accurate and subjective
transmission of information, as well as the way
the professional fosters the patient’s or subject’s
understanding
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

TWO APPROACHES TO TRUTH TELLING 2. DISTRIBUTIVE

• Relates to determining what is fair when
1. PERSON-CENTERED makers are determining how to divide burdens
• Patient as a person and benefits
• Refers to fair, equitable and appropriate
2. PROBLEM-CENTERED distribution/ allocation of responsibilities or
• The nature of the problem or the degree and share of rights and roles.
severity of the patient’s illness
BENEFICENCE
VERACITY IN NURSING: WHERE DO WE STAND? o Bene is the Latin term for “well” or “good”
• Truth telling is important – shows respect for o Refers to action done for the good of others
people and allows them the right to autonomy. o Associated with acts of mercy, kindness and
• Veracity is one of the basic moral and ethical charity
principles in society. o humanity, altruism and love
o refers to character trait or virtue of being
Three Reasons Why Veracity is Necessary in PPR inclined to do good and act for the benefit of
1. The obligation of veracity is based on respect others.
owed to others o The duty to “do good” and “promote good”
2. Veracity has a strong association with obligation o Good must be done either to oneself or to others
of fidelity and promise keeping o Binds and urges everyone to do what is good
3. Relationship of trust between persons are and perform for good as a moral obligation
necessary for successful intervention and
cooperation. NON-MALEFICENCE
o One should not inflict evil or harm
FIDELITY o The duty to do no harm
o Keeping of promises o Harm here means:
o The model of fidelity is keeping one’s word of ✓ Deliberate harm
honor, loyalty to commitments and oaths and ✓ Risk of harm
reliability ✓ Unintentional harm
o Remaining faithful to the professional
promises made to provide quality, competent o SANCTITY OF LIFE – individual regardless of
care to their patient. his state of health is valuable and not to be used
o Implies the obligation to act in good faith and and must be treated with dignity.
to keep vows and promises, fulfill agreements,
maintain relationships and judiciary o Maxim of non-maleficence is to do no harm.
responsibilities.

The Importance of Fidelity in Nursing Ethics Violations in the Principle of Non-Maleficence

✓ Governs the other six principles • Physically harming a person as in suicide,
✓ Most common source of ethical conflict abortion, infanticide, mutilation, torture and
✓ Requires all nurses to treat all patients with violence.
respect • Exposing a person to physical harm as in
subjecting a person to unnecessary treatment or
JUSTICE to a dangerous procedure without a
o means fairness commensurate important goal.
o Principle that governs social fairness • Harming a person’s reputation, honor,
o Involves determining whether someone should property or interest as by revealing confidential
receive or is entitles to receive as resources information.
o Connotes giving each one his/her due
entitlement, benefits OTHER RELEVANT PRINCIPLES
TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES
PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT
o Act done with two effects, one is GOOD and the
1. PROCEDURAL
other is EVIL.
• Define as due process
• Legal sense, receive the same treatment as
everyone else
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

Four Conditions: Principle of Double Effect PRINCIPLE OF COMMON GOOD AND SUBSIDIARITY
1. The action must in itself be morally good or at
least morally indifferent. COMMON GOOD
2. The good effect of the action must not come from o ex. good governance
the action itself directly. o Standard of moral values that is the most ideal
3. The good must be willed, and the evil merely o We follow this principle to know what is the best
allowed option in making decisions.
4. The good effect must be at least equivalent in o Helps us analyze problems with an optimistic
importance to the evil effect. In other words, there point of view since we are actually looking for a
must be sufficient reason to permit the evil effect. common goal that will benefit each one of us.

PRINCIPLES OF LEGITIMATE COOPERATION SUBSIDIARITY

o Cooperating with an evil act in order to prevent o Giving power to the minority
a greater evil from cooperating. o Means that what an individual, lower or
smaller group can achieve within his or her or
TYPES/ CLASSIFICATIONS its capacity should not be taken away and
transmitted to the custody and performance of a
1. FORMAL COOPERATION higher or bigger group.
• Considered morally illicit takes place when one o Guarantees independence for lower authority
concurs with the evil intention of the wrong doer. which is in the relation to a higher authority.

2. MATERIAL COOPERATION BIOETHICS AND ITS APPLICATION

• Considered morally illicit consists in an
involvement where one does not intend the evil IN VARIOUS HEALTH CARE
intention. SITUATIONS
a. Indirect Material Cooperation
b. Direct Material Cooperation SEXUALITY AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Indirect Material Direct Material SEXUALITY

Cooperation Cooperation o Is one of the fundamental drives behind
• Is when the • Occurs when everyone's feelings, thoughts and behaviors.
cooperator’s the cooperator o the totality of experiences, systems, attributes
involvement is assists in or and behavior that characterize the sexual
only contributes to sensation, reproduction, and intimacy of Hoo
accidental to the essential sapiens (Grebe and Drea, 2018)
the wrong circumstances
doing. In other of the immoral HUMAN SEXUALITY AND ITS MORAL EVALUATION
words, the act.
cooperation • A case where DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUALITY
does not someone is
contribute to cooperating, 1. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
the they don’t • the body is contained in an essentially uniformed
perpetuation explicitly or structure that exhibits a series of
of the evil. implicitly agree differentiating factors imprinted on the entire
with the principal basic personality.
• Occurs when moral or • masculinity and feminity
the cooperator immoral agent • sexuality marks the entire person.
assists in or but their actions
contributes to are 2. CATHOLIC MORALITY ON SEXUAL ETHICS
the non- indistinguishable • Sexuality must be kept with its human
essential overall. teleology.
circumstances • Assistance in • The conjugal act has inseparable and
of the immoral slightly less integrated unitive, and procreative
act. direct way dimensions.
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

• Sexuality according to Leo Screggia (1992): MORAL, SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS

The sexual inclination of the human person is o Religious and spiritual beliefs influence
connected with love and cannot be reduced to
a biological, psychological or physiological
impulse. ETHICAL AND LEGAL DIMENSION
o The ethics of sexuality involves questioning the
• Sexuality according to Sigmund Freud: A way we treat ourselves and other people.
dimension of the whole person and its importance
in the individual’s process of maturation and EVALUATION OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN RELATION
socialization. TO CONSENT, SEXUAL ORIENTATION
AND SEXUAL RIGHTS
3. PHENOMENOLOGY OF SEXUAL LIFE A. Religious
• A phenomenology of the sexual inclinations and b. Philosophical
a correct interpretation of its significance are c. Cultural
requisites for the metaphysical analysis of love
which affirm the value of a person and the CONSENT
communion of persons. o a fundamental principle in any sexual interaction.
o It must be:
4. FREEDOM, RESPONSIBILITY AND SEX ✓ Informed: All parties should understand what
• Enriched sexuality, expressing it in an they are consenting to.
interpersonal relationship, consequently in the ✓ Freely Given: Consent must be provided
overall process of personal growth. without coercion or manipulation.
• All sexual life as accompanied by ✓ Revocable: Individuals can withdraw consent at
responsibility. any time.

5. THE SEXUAL EVOLUTION SEXUAL ORIENTATION

• Libertinism – posits that sexuality is one o the o Refers to an individual's emotional, romantic,
fundamental instincts that govern life hence be or sexual attraction to others.
exempted from moral control. o It encompasses a spectrum that includes
• Post-Freudian Interpretation – asserts it is heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality,
necessary to satisfy every impulse since and more.
sexuality is the fundamental driving force and all
of its expression SEXUAL RIGHTS
o defined as human rights related to sexuality
• Feminism of Simone Beauvior – posits that a
that include the right to:
woman must be made capable of planning her
✓ Equality: Freedom from discrimination based on
own life autonomously and freeing one-self from
sex, gender identity, or sexual orientation.
the trappings of motherhood.
✓ Participation: The ability to engage meaningfully
in societal aspects without discrimination.
DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
✓ Bodily Integrity: Control over one’s own body
and decisions regarding sexuality
BIOLOGICAL DIMENSION
o the basis of understanding sexuality is
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
physiological knowledge about how our bodies
o Ethical dilemmas in sexuality often arise from
work
conflicts between personal desires, societal
expectations, and moral principles.
PSYCHOLOGICAL, AFFECTIVE AND
RELATIONAL DIMENSION
1. Consent and Autonomy:
o A positive body image lends itself to a feeling of
• Coercion and Manipulation
overall wellness.
• Age of Consent
o A negative self-image can lead to drug abuse or
• Vulnerable Populations
even psychological disorders
2. Sexual Orientation and Identity:
SOCIOCULTURAL DIMENSION
• Discrimination and Prejudice:
o The sum of the cultural influences that affect our
• Religious and Cultural Conflicts:
thoughts and actions, both historical and
• LGBTQ+ Rights:
contemporary.
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

3. Sexual Practices and Morality • Article 35.4 those bigamous or polygamous

• Contraception and Abortion marriages (polgyny,polyandry)
• Pornography and Sex Work
• Polyamory and Open Relationships Polygyny – man marries more than one woman
Polyandry – woman marries more than one
4. Technology and Sexuality man
• Online Predation and Sextortion
• Sex Robots and AI • Article 45 of the Family Code, marriage be
annulled as indicated below:
FUNDAMENTALS OF MARRIAGE ✓ Marriage of a party 18 years of age or over but
below 21 solemnize without the consent of the
MARRIAGE parents or guardians.
o It is a special contract of permanent union ✓ Unsound mind.
between a man and a woman entered into in ✓ Consent was obtained by force, intimidation or
accordance with law for the establishment of undue influence.
conjugal and family life. (Family Code of the ✓ Consent was obtained by fraud.
Philippines) ✓ Impotency- inability to consummate marriage.
o A permanent union implies indissoluble; a ✓ Serious and incurable sexually transmitted
special contract governed by laws. disease (STD)
o Union between a man and a woman.
o Establishment of conjugal and family life.
• Article 55 of the Family Code (petition in
o It is the foundation of family.
legal separation)
o The nature, consequences and incidents of
✓ Repeated physical violence.
violations towards marriage as an inviolable
✓ Moral pressure.
institution is governed by the law
✓ Corruption or inducement.
✓ Imprisonment of more than six years.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MARITAL LOVE
✓ Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism.
(Pope Paul IV, Humanae vitae, 9)
✓ Homosexuality
✓ Human- act of will
✓ Bigamous marriage (within the Philippines or
✓ Total- receives all and gives all
abroad)
✓ Faithful- will not abandon
✓ Sexual infidelity- having sexual relationship other
✓ Exclusive- exclusively to one person
than one’s husband or wife.
✓ Fruitful- children supreme gift of marriage.
✓ Attempt against the life of the petitioner.
✓ Abandonment without justifiable cause for more
SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE AND HOMOSEXUALITY
than one year.
SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE OR EXTRAMARITAL SEX
HOMOSEXUALITY
o encompasses various forms of sexual activity
o Same sex affection men or women who are
between two individuals who are not married.
attracted to individuals of the same sex
ADULTERY
LGBTQIA
o Refers to sexual relations involving a married
● Lesbian - women attracted to women
person and someone who is not their spouse.
● Gay - men attracted to men
● Bisexual - attracted both men and women
FORNICATION
● Transgender - someone gender identity differs
o Refers to consensual sexual intercourse
from the sex they were assigned at birth.
between two unmarried individuals.
● Queer - describes sexual and gender identity
other than straight/cis gender.
ISSUES ON SEX OUTSIDE MARRIAGE AND
● Intersex - gender whose does not fit into
HOMOSEXUALITY
male/female binary structure.
● Asexual - no sexual attraction to others.
• Chapter 3 in Family Code of the Philippines
(Effect of Parental Authority Upon the o In 2021, LGBT Community exhibited higher rates
Persons of Children) stipulates the reasons that of mental health problems, substance abuse,
marriage is void from the beginning as if did self-harm and suicide.
not take place.
o Healthcare practitioners guided by ethical
principles of respect of persons without the
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

judgement of the case-and age-appropriate o The lack of accurate information will impact
interventions to address health. and limit people’s choices around pregnancy
prevention.
o A supportive, non-judgmental and respectful o Every person will have different needs and
dealings with people going those issues in preferences for contraception.
Homosexuality and be given their inherent right to
human dignity and respect. ETHICO-MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES IN
USING CONTRACEPTION
o As much as the society protects the integrity of • Nurses must navigate a landscape that balances
marriage as the foundation of the family. patient autonomy, informed consent, and their
own personal beliefs while adhering to
CONTRACEPTION, MORALITY AND ETHICO-MORAL professional ethical standards.
RESPONSIBILITY OF NURSES
• PATIENT AUTONOMY:
CONTRACEPTIVE - Nurses are obligated to respect the autonomy of
o known as birth control their patients.
o defined as the intentional prevention of - includes supporting a woman's right to make
conception through various methods. informed decisions about her reproductive
o can include devices, medications, surgical health, including the use of contraception.
procedures, or specific behaviors aimed at - right to access contraception, abortion, and
avoiding pregnancy. other reproductive health services without
coercion or undue influence.
An IDEAL CONTRACEPTIVE is….
✓ Safe • INFORMED CONSENT:
✓ Effective - involves explaining the reliability of different
✓ Acceptable contraceptive methods
✓ Reversible - helping patients weigh the advantages and
✓ Inexpensive disadvantages
✓ Long lasting
✓ Requires little of no medical supervision
• ADVOCACY: requires nurses to navigate
ethical dilemmas where the needs of the mother
o Use of contraception advances the human right may conflict with those of the fetus
of people to determine the number and
spacing of their children. • CONFIDENTIALITY: Maintaining patient
confidentiality is paramount, especially when
TWO KINDS OF METHODS dealing with sensitive issues like contraception.

NATURAL METHODS (TRADITIONAL) • NON-MALEFICENCE: Healthcare providers

• lactational amenorrhea, cervical mucus method, must carefully consider the risks associated
rhythm method, coitus interruptus, fertility with reproductive health procedures and prioritize
awareness, abstinence, basal body temperature patient safety.
method, ovulation method, standard days method
• JUSTICE: fair distribution of resources and
ARTIFICIAL (MODERN) services, ensuring that marginalized populations
• female condom, spermicides, vaginal ring, receive adequate care
cervical cap, diaphragm, IUD, implant,
contraceptive injection, male condom, pill, INFERTILITY/FERTILITY
contraceptive patch, hormonal contraception, oral o Infertility is a problem for both men and
contraceptives, vasectomy women, but women are often the ones who are
blamed.
BASIC INFORMATION AND CHOICES o environmental and lifestyle factors also play a
o Beliefs and misconceptions associated with role
contraceptives methods. o contraceptives do not cause infertility
o For example: problems.
- Contraceptive methods can cause infertility
- Women lose libido with hormonal contraception
- Contraceptive methods can cause birth defects
NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

KEY FAMILY PLANNING AND CONTRACEPTIVE SURROGATE MOTHERHOOD

SERVICES o Facilitating conception through a third-party
1. Accurate information on a wide range of reproduction.
methods
2. Counselling about the desire to have children TWO FORMS OF SURROGACY
3. Availability of condoms, lubricants and other
contraceptive methods TRADITIONAL GESTATIONAL
4. Encouraging shared responsibility between SURROGACY SURROGACY
partners uses the surrogate’s Performed by
5. Addressing infertility issues and their social mother’s egg for transferring embryos
consequences conception made through IVF with
eggs from the intended
Counselling skills mother or donor.
- Importance of providing accurate information
- Non-judgmental attitudes o The advent of In-vitro fertilization has assisted
- Active listening gestational surrogacy.
- Clear communication without technical words o However, pregnancy and gestation involved
(use simple language) psychological burden and health risks for the
- Respect people’s rights to confidentiality, privacy surrogate mother.
and informed choice
- Non-discrimination MORALITY OF AI, IVF AND SURROGACY

ARTIFICIAL REPRODUCTION, MORALITY AND • Healthcare practitioners, especially nurses, have

ETHICO-MORAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF NURSES a crucial role in assisting individuals facing issues
with artificial reproduction in a non-judgmental
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION (AI) manner.
o Less radical and sophisticated procedure to • This involves providing necessary information
facilitate conception in unnatural way. and facilitating patient decision making through
o Introduction of sperm from a man into a woman the dissemination of relevant information.
by laboratory methods in an attempt to bring
about conception in the woman’s womb thus MORALITY OF ABORTION, RAPE, AND OTHER
making the marital act of husband and wife PROBLEMS RELATED TO DESTRUCTION OF
insignificant causally in the bringing about of LIFE
conception.
ABORTION
IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF) o Termination of pregnancy by removal or
o In vitro – “in glass” expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
o Facilitating conception of a human person
outside the body of a woman. TYPES OF ABORTION
o This conception takes place in a laboratory Complete Abortion all of the products (tissue) of conception
container. leave the body.
o All techniques in IVF proceed as if the human Habitual Abortion the spontaneous sequential loss of three
or more pre-viable pregnancies.
embryo were a mass of cells to be used,
Incomplete Abortion only some of the products of conception
secreted and discharged. leave the body.
Induced Abortion the termination of a pregnancy before the
fetus is viable
Inevitable Abortion symptoms cannot be stopped and a
miscarriage will happen.
Ineffective Abortion pregnancy remnants were not
successfully removed or expelled from
your uterus
Missed Abortion pregnancy has failed and the products of
conception do not leave the body.
Septic Abortion lining of the uterus and any remaining
products of conception become infected.
Spontaneous Abortion An unexpected loss of pregnancy before
the 20th week of pregnancy.
Therapeutic Abortion the termination of pregnancy for medical
indications
 NCM 108N: HEALTH ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
MIDTERMS LECTURE │1st Semester │BS NURSING S.Y. 2024 - 2025

Threatened Abortion vaginal bleeding that occurs in the first 20 RAPE

weeks of pregnancy and is sometimes o Unlawful activity with sexual intercourse
accompanied by abdominal cramps
carried out forcibly or under threat of injury
against a person’s will or with a person who
LEGAL, MORAL AND ETHICAL
is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid
CONSIDERATIONS IN ABORTION
consent because of mental illness, mental
deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or
• Article II Section 12 of the 1986 Constitution
deception.
“The state recognizes the sanctity of life and shall
protect and strengthen the family as the basic
EUGENIC
autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect
o the belief and practice aimed at improving
the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from
the genetic quality of a population.
conception”
1. Abortion
• AUTONOMY: Respecting a woman’s right to 2. Genocide
make decisions about her own health and body. 3. Euthanasia
• BENEFICENCE: Acting in the best interest of the 4. Sterilization
woman and considering her health and well- 5. Anti-miscegenation – interracial marriage
being. 6. Negative eugenicists on evolution
• NON-MALEFICENCE: Avoiding harm for both
the mother and unborn child.
• JUSTICE: Ensuring fair access to healthcare and
support for women facing unplanned
pregnancies. REVIEWER DONE!
GOOD LUCK!

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