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Metals and nonmetals is an interesting
Notes chapter that includes information
about how metals are extracted, what are the different properties of
metals and non-metals, the reactivity series of metals, corrosion of
metals and prevention of corrosion. The experts at askIITians have
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Free Revision Notes for CBSE Class 10 Science

Chapter 3 Metals and Non-Metals

Elements are classified as metals and non-metals based on different

properties. The properties of metals and non-metals are given in the form
of the table below-

Metals Non-metals

Metals are lustrous, that is, they They are not lustrous, that is, they
have a property to shine. do not have a shining surface
except, graphite and iodine.
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All metals exist as solids except They are generally soft, except for
mercury which is liquid at room diamonds.
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They can be drawn intoAwires,

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this is known as Ductility.

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Metals can be converted into They are non-malleable
sheets, this is known as
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Malleability, except mercury

Notes
They are good conductors of They are poor conductors of
electricity and heat. Except for electricity and heat. Exception-
Lead and mercury. graphite is a good conductor of
electricity

They have high density and They have low density compared
high melting point. Exception- to metals and low melting point
sodium and potassium have except for Diamond which has a
low melting points. high melting point.

Chemical Properties of Metals

Metals react with air or oxygen to form metal oxide.

For Example, Copper reacts with oxygen to form copper oxide.

Metal + O2 → Metal oxide

2Cu + O2 → 2CuO

4Al + 3O­2 → 2Al2O3

Oxides of metals can react with both acids and bases to

produce salt and water. Such oxides are known as
Amphoteric Oxides.

Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + H2O

Metals also react with water to form metal oxide. Metal oxide
in turn can react with water to form metal hydroxide. For
Example

2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + 1H2

2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2

Metals also react with dilute acids to form salt and

hydrogen. For example, magnesium reacts with dilute
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→ Metal Salt + Hydrogen

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
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Chemical Properties of Nonmetals
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Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxide.

Forum→ Non-metal oxide

Non-metal + Oxygen

C + O2 → CO2
Notes
Non-metals do not react with water and acids to evolve
hydrogen gas.
Non-metals can react with salt solution; the more reactive
element will displace the less reactive non-metal.

2 NaBr (aq) + Cl2(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)

Non-metals can also react with hydrogen to form hydrides.

H2(g) + S(l) → H2S(g)

Reactivity Series

The series in which metals are arranged in the decreasing order of

reactivity is known as the Reactivity Series.

Fig.1. Reactivity Series

Ionic Compounds
Compounds
 formed due to the transfer of electronsfrom
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non-metal are known as Ionic Compounds.
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Notes

Covalent Bond
A bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between the two atoms.
They share their valence electrons to gain stability.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

They are generally hard and solid.
They have a high melting and boiling point.
They are soluble in water but insoluble in inorganic solvents
such as ether etc.
They are conductors of electricity in molten and solution
states.

Occurrence of Metals

Elements or compounds which occur naturally in earth crust are known

as Minerals. Minerals from which pure metals can be extracted are
known as Mineral Ores.
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Extraction of pure metals from its ores/steps for extraction of metals

from its ore

The first step is the enrichment of the ore

The second step includes extraction of metals
Third steps involve refining of metal

Gangue - Ores contain different impurities in it such as sand, soil etc.

These impurities are known as Gangue.

Extracting Metals which are low in activity series

Metals which are low in the activity series are unreactive. The oxides of
such metals can be reduced to metals by heating alone. For Example,
Cinnabar (HgS)
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Extracting Metals in the middle of the Activity Series

These metals are moderately reactive. They exist as sulphides or

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carbonates in nature. Before reduction, metal sulphides and carbonates
must be converted into metal oxides. Sulphide ores are converted into
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oxides by heating strongly in the presence of excess air, this is known as
Roasting. Carbonate ores are converted into oxides by heating in limited
Notes
air. This is known as Calcination.

Roasting

Calcination

Reduction-metal oxides can be reduced to metals using a reducing

agent such as Carbon.

Extracting metals towards the top of the activity series

The metals are highly reactive. They cannot be obtained by heating. For
Example, Sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained by the
electrolysis of their molten chlorides.

At cathode Na+ + e- → Na

At anode 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-

Refining of Metals

Refining of impure metal is done using electrolytic refining. Impure

copper is used as anode and a strip of pure copper is used as Cathode.
Acidified copper sulphate is used as an electrolyte. When an electric
current is passed through this, impure metal from the anode gets
deposited in the electrolyte solution, whereas pure metal from the
electrolyte is deposited at the cathode.

Deposition of insoluble residue formed from the dissolution of the anode

during commercial electrolysis.
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Fig.2. Electrolytic
Notes refining

Corrosion

When exposed to moist air for a long period of time, metals become
corroded. This is known as Corrosion. For Example, Silver reacts with
moist air and becomes black in colour due to silver sulphide coating.

Iron + oxygen → Iron (III) oxide

Fe + O­2 → Fe2O3

Prevention of Corrosion
Rusting of iron can be prevented by oiling, galvanising,
painting, greasing etc.
To protect steel and iron from rusting, a thin layer of zinc is
coated on them, this is known as Galvanization.

Alloy
Mixture of two or more metals or metal and non-metal is known as Alloy.
For Example,

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Solder is an alloy of lead and tin.

Online CBSE Revision Notes for Class 10

Science Chapter 3 Metals and Non-Metals
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The revision notes for CBSE Class 10 Science Metals and

Non-Metals are the best study materials for revising the
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Chapter 3 Metals and Non-Metals?

The askIITians Science experts Forum

have prepared NCERT Solutions for Metals
and Non-Metals with complete explanations. You can download these
solutions from our website forNotes
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latest CBSE exam pattern and syllabus for class 10 Science. Referring to
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3. How to study the Metals and Non-Metals chapter to get full

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Read the NCERT chapter carefully. Underline all important

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Use our revision notes as a guide for the chapter to
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Refer to our NCERT Solutions and prepare answers for every
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