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415059592 Chemistry Investigatory Project
class 12 chemistry project (DAV Senior Secondary Public School)
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Chemistry Investigatory Project
Submitted By :
Name - PRASHANT YADAV
Class - XII ‘A’
Roll No. - 28
Submitted To : - Ms MAMTA ARORA
Sign :- ____________
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Contents
➢ Certificate
➢ Acknowledgement
➢ Introduction
➢ Types of colligative properties
➢ Elevation in boiling point
➢ Experiment
• Aim
• Materials required
• Observation
• Result
• Discussion and sources of error
➢Bibliography
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Certificate
This is to certify that PRASHANT YADAV of
class 12‘A’ , of D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL has
successfully completed the project on the topic
“Elevation in boiling point” under guidance of
MAMTA ARORA in session 2024-2025.
Internal examiner External examiner
_____________ _____________
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Acknowledgement
I would like to thank the CBSE, for providing me the
opportunity to carry out the investigatory project. I also
take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to my
chemistry teacher Ms. MAMTA ARORA for guiding me
and improving a sound base of knowledge pertaining to this
project which ensures the successful completion of this
project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and
guidance has been helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project. Without their motivation and
help, the successful completion of this project would not
have been possible. I hope you will like this project.
Thank You !
Prashant
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INTRODUCTION
All the properties depend on the number of solute particles
irrespective of their nature relative to the number of
particles present in the solution. Such properties are called
Colligative properties.
It means that two solutions having different components
but same mole fraction of solute can have identical
colligative properties.
Types of colligative
properties
1. Relative lowering in vapour pressure
2. Elevation in boiling point
3. Depression in freezing point
4. Osmotic pressure
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Elevation in boiling
point
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid
becomes equal to the external pressure is called the Boiling
point.
The vapour pressure of the solution decreases upon addition
of non volatile solute, according to Raoult’s law. Hence
boiling point of the solution increases. The increase in
boiling point of a liquid when a non volatile solute is added
in it is called Boiling point elevation.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with of
temperature. The boiling point of a solution is always higher
than that of the pure solvent in which the solution is
prepared. Similar, to the lowering of vapour pressure,
elevation of boiling point also depend on the number of the
solute molecules rather than their nature.
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Tb, the boiling elevation, is defined as
Tb (solution) - Tb (solution).
It depends upon the number of moles of the added non-
volatile solute.
For dilute solutions the elevation of boiling point (Tb) is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute
in the solution.
Tb m
or Tb = Kb x m
‘m’ = molality of the solute (no. of moles of solute dissolved
in 1 kg of solvent)
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Kb=Ebullioscopic Constant or molal elevation constant,
which depends on the solvent.
Unit of Kb is K kg mol-1
If w2 gram of solute of molar mass M2 is dissolved in w1
gram of solvent, then molality, m of the solution is given by
the expression:
m = (w2/M2) (w1/1000) = (1000 xw2) (M2 xw1)
Tb = (Kb x1000 xw2) (M2 xw1)
M2 = (1000 xw2 xKb) ( Tb xw1)
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Experiment
AIM:
To study the effect of various solutes on the elevation of
boiling point.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Bunsen Burner
2. Tripod Stand
3. Wire Mesh
4. 250ml Flask
5. Glass Stirrer
6. Beckmann’s Thermometer
7. Solutes Under Investigation
8. Tap Water
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PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the apparatus using a 250ml beaker containing
200ml of the experimental solution.
2. Put the beaker on the tripod stand with a wire mesh
and use the Bunsen burner to heat the solution.
3. A celestial thermometer calibrated up to 110 degree
Celsius is immersed in the solution in the beaker with
the help of a clamp stand.
4. The initial temperature taken before starting the
experiment was considered as the room temperature.
5. At first find the boiling point of the tap water. This
temperature is taken as the standard boiling point of
the solution.
6. Now, prepare three different concentrations of Glucose
and boil 250ml of each one by one in the beaker.
7. Take the readings of the temperature after every 20
seconds.
8. After 90 seconds, take the readings after every 10
seconds in order to easily find out the concurrent result.
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OBSERVATION TABLE:
The boiling point of tap water as solvent is found to be
99.3oC
Least count of thermometer: 0.1oC
Table for elevation in boiling point:
Mass of Molal Measured Elevation in
solute concentration temperature b.p. from
(grams) (mole/kg) of b.p. (oC) experiment(oC)
Glucose
0.125 99.4 0.1
0.250 100.6 1.3
0.500 101.1 1.8
1.000 101.2 1.9
RESULT:
On increasing the concentration, the boiling point of glucose
increases.
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DISCUSSION AND SOURCES OF ERROR:
Due to non-availability of distilled water, tap water was
also used. Moreover, due to prolonged heating, some of the
solution evaporates bringing about a change in the actual
concentrations. So it can be suggested that increases in
boiling point is dependent only on the number of moles
solute.
The difference between theoretical predictions and
experimentally found values can be attributed to
experimental errors as experiment was not conducted in
controlled laboratory conditions.
It is proved that when a non-volatile solute is added to a
volatile solvent, the boiling point of the solvent increases.
Also, this increase in boiling point is not dependent on the
nature of the solute but depends only on the number of
moles of the solute. Thus, this elevation in boiling point is a
colligative property.
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Bibliography
➢Chemistry textbook for class XII, Part-1, NCERT
➢Chemistry Laboratory Manual for class XII, NCERT
➢www.wikipedia.org
