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VISION:

To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of

Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social

concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization.

MISSION:

To: provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to the

industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the challenging technological &

environmental challenges.

QUALITY POLICY:
:
We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes to
:
enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in

management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation,

evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes.

CORE VALUES:
:
MSBTE believes in the following:
:
 Skill development in line with industry requirements
 Industry readiness and improved employability of Diploma holders
 Synergistic relationship with industry
 Collective and Cooperative development of all stake holders
 Technological interventions in societal development
 Access to uniform quality technical education.
A Laboratory Manual
for

Engineering Mechanics

(312312)

SEMESER-II

“K-SCHEME”

(AE/AL/CE/CH/CR/CS/LE/ME/MK/PG)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.
(Autonomous) (ISO:9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO: 9001: 2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi,
Bandra (East), Mumbai – 400051,
(Printed On _____, 2024)
Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. ……………………………………………

Roll No………………………of Second semester of Diploma in

……………….………………………………………………………....of
Institute,…………………………………………………………………..………
……………………………………………(Code:………………) has completed
the term work satisfactorily in course Engineering Mechanics (312312) for the
academic year 20…… to 20…… as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: …………… Enrollment No: ………………..

Date: ……………. Exam. Seat No: …………………

Subject teacher Head of the Department Principal

Seal of
Institution
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

PREFACE
The development of the critically important industry-relevant abilities and skills is the main goal of any
engineering laboratory or field work in the technical education system. In light of this, MSBTE developed
the most recent "K" Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programs, emphasizing outcome-based
learning. As a result, a sizable portion of the program is dedicated to practical work. This demonstrates
how crucial laboratory work is in helping teachers, instructors, and students understand that every minute
of lab time must be used efficiently to create these outcomes rather than wasting it on unnecessary
activities. Every practical has thus been created to operate as a "vehicle" to help each student acquire this
industry-identified capability in order to ensure the effective implementation of this outcome-based
curriculum. The "chalk and duster" practice in the classroom is a challenging way to build practical skills.
As a result, the development team of the "K" scheme laboratory manual focused on the intended results
when creating the practical, as opposed to the customary approach of performing practical’s to "verify the
theory".
This lab manual is intended to support all parties involved, particularly the students, instructors, and
teachers, in helping the students achieve the pre-established goals. It is required of every student to read
through the relevant practical process in its entirety and comprehend the bare minimum of theoretical
background related to the practical at least one day in advance of the practical. As a crucial starting point
for carrying out the practical, each exercise in this handbook starts with establishing the competency,
industry-relevant skills, course outcomes, and practical results. After that, the students will learn about the
abilities they will acquire through the process outlined there and the safety measures that must be
followed, which will enable them to use in addressing real-world situations in their professional life. This
manual also offers guidance to educators on how to manage resources so that students follow protocols
and safety measures methodically and meet learning objectives. This allows teachers and instructors to
effectively support student-centered lab activities through each practical exercise.
Machines plays an important role in many aspects of our lives, making many tasks easier and more
efficient. For example, machines are used in lift, crane. In same way globally we come across different
types of structure created for different purpose and function. While designing the machine or structure
analysis of forces and stresses is an important and prerequisite step. Correct analysis is possible only
when one knows the types and effect of force acting on the structure. This course provides the scope to
understand fundamental concepts of law of machines and their application to different engineering
problems. This course is designed to provide basic understanding about different types of forces,
moments and their effects on structural elements, which will analyses different structural systems.
Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory manual,
perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and suggestions for
improvement are solicited and highly welcome.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) I

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Program Outcome (POs) to be achieved through Practical

PO 1.Basic & Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences and
engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.

PO 2.Problem Analysis: Identify and analyze well defined engineering problems using codified standard
methods.

PO 3.Design /Development Solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist
with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs.

PO 4.Engineering tools experimentation and testing: Apply modern engineering tools and appropriate
technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

PO 5.Engineering practices for society sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate technology
in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.

PO 6.Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a

leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering activities.

PO 7.Lifelong learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in context of
technological changes.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) II

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

List of Relevant Skills

On the successful completion of the course the students will acquire the required industry relevant skills
and they will be able to:

1. Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.

2. Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to find resultant of concurrent, parallel forces
acting on structure.
3. Apply the principles of Lami’s theorem to find tension in string in three coplanar, concurrent
forces.
4. Find support reactions of beam which further use for analysis of beam.
5. Apply the principles of friction in various conditions for useful purpose.
6. Find the centroid and centre of gravity of various components in engineering systems

Guidelines to teachers
1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with all
features.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each practical.
3. Involve students in performance of each practical.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the students
after the completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands on experience after the demonstration.
6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not covered in
the manual but are expected the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task assigned to
check whether it is as per the instructions.

Instructions to Students
1. Organize the work in the group and make record all programs.
2. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
3. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
4. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those included in
scope of manual
5. Student shall refer technical magazines.
6. Student should develop habit to submit the practicals on date and time.
7. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.
8. Attach /paste separate papers wherever necessary.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) III

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (Cos)
 CO1 - Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
 CO2 - Analyze the given force system to calculate resultant force.
 CO3 - Determine unknown force(s) of given load combinations in the given situation.
 CO4 - Apply the laws of friction in the given situation.
 CO5 –Determine the centroid/centre of gravity of the given structural elements of having specific
shape and size.

Mapped Course Outcome

Pr.
Title of the Practical CO CO CO CO CO
No.
01 02 03 04 05
Collect the photographic information of Indian
01 √ √ -- -- √
Knowledge System (IKS) given in various units
*Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
√ -- -- -- --
02 differential axle and wheel for different load and efforts.
Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
√ -- -- -- --
03 worm and worm wheel for different load and efforts.
04-
Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
A √ -- -- -- --
single purchase crab winch for different load and effort.
OR
04- Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
B √ -- -- -- --
double purchase crab winch for different load and effort.
*Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
05 √ -- -- -- --
simple screw jack for different load and effort.
Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
06 √ -- -- -- --
Weston’s differential pulley block for different load and
efforts.
Determine mechanical advantage and velocity
07 ratio of geared pulley block for different load and √ -- -- -- --
efforts.
08- Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
A two sheave pulley block for different load and efforts. √ -- -- -- --
OR
08- Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of
√ -- -- -- --
B three sheave pulley block for different load and efforts.
*Verify law of polygon of forces using Universal force
-- √ -- -- --
09 table for given forces.
*Verify law of moment of forces using law of moment
-- √ -- -- --
10 apparatus for given forces.
*Verify the Lamis theorem using Universal force table
11 -- -- √ -- --
apparatus for given forces.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) IV

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

*Determine support reactions of simply supported

12 beam using parallel force or beam reaction apparatus -- -- √ -- --
for given vertical forces.
*Determine coefficient of friction using friction
13 apparatus for given block on horizontal plane. -- -- -- √ --
Determine coefficient of friction using friction apparatus
14 for given block on inclined plane. -- -- -- √ --
*Verify centroid of plane figure of given dimensions by
15 making simple paper model. -- -- -- -- √

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) V

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Content page
List of Practical’s and Formative Assessment sheet.
Date of Date of Assess Dated
Pr. Page Remarks
Title of the Practical perfor Submis ment sign of
No No. (if any)
mance sion marks teacher
Collect the photographic
01 information of Indian Knowledge 8
System (IKS) given in various units
*Determine mechanical advantage
02 and velocity ratio of differential
13
axle and wheel for different load
and efforts.
Determine mechanical advantage
03 and velocity ratio of worm and
21
worm wheel for different load and
efforts.
Determine mechanical advantage
04- and velocity ratio of single
29
A purchase crab winch for different
OR load and effort.
Determine mechanical advantage
04- and velocity ratio of double
B purchase crab winch for different 37
load and effort.
*Determine mechanical advantage
05 and velocity ratio of simple screw 45
jack for different load and effort.
Determine mechanical advantage
06 and velocity ratio of Weston’s
53
differential pulley block for
different load and efforts.
Determine mechanical
07 advantage and velocity ratio
61
of geared pulley block for
different load and efforts.
08- Determine mechanical
A advantage and velocity ratio of
69
OR two sheave pulley block for
different load and efforts.
Determine mechanical advantage
08- and velocity ratio of three sheave
77
B pulley block for different load and
efforts.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) VI

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Date of Date of Assess Dated

Pr. Page Remarks
Title of the Practical perfor Submis ment sign of
No No. (if any)
mance sion marks teacher
*Verify law of polygon of forces
09 using Universal force table for 85
given forces.
*Verify law of moment of forces
10 using law of moment apparatus for 92
given forces.
*Verify the Lamis theorem using
11 Universal force table apparatus for 98
given forces.
*Determine support reactions of
12 simply supported beam using
103
parallel force or beam reaction
apparatus for given vertical forces.
*Determine coefficient of friction
13 using friction apparatus for given 109
block on horizontal plane.
Determine coefficient of friction
14 using friction apparatus for given
115
block on inclined plane.

*Verify centroid of plane figure of

15 given dimensions by making simple 122
paper model.
Total marks :
These marks are to transferred in preform published by MSBTE
*Marked Practical (LLOs) are mandatory.
Minimum 80% of above list of lab experiment are to be performed.
Judicial mix of LLOs are to be performed to achieve desired outcome.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) VII

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 1: Collect the photographic information of Indian Knowledge

System (IKS) given in various units
I. Practical Significance
Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) will actively engage for spreading the traditional knowledge in
the field of Engineering & Technology.

II. Industry / Employer Expected outcomes

Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the
prototypes and equipment's of various industries.

III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
CO2-Analyze the given force system to calculate resultant force.
CO5-Determine the centroid/center of gravity of gravity of the given structural elements of
having specific shape and size.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO 1.1 Verify law of machine under the given condition.
LLO 1.2 Verify law of moment of forces.
LLO 1.3 Understand the centroid of structural component.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome (s)
Follow safety practices.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
The Indian Knowledge Systems comprise of Jnan, Vignan, and Jeevan Darshan that have evolved
out of experience, observation, experimentation, and rigorous analysis. This tradition of validating
and putting into practice has impacted our education, arts, administration, law, justice, health,
manufacturing, and commerce.
VII. Required Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with specifications

Sr. Remarks
Particulars Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
1
2
3
4

VIII. Precautions to be followed

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 8

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

IX. Procedure
1. Study the IKS system.
2. Identify various IKS given in various units
3. Student will collect the photographic information of given IKS.
X. Observations and Calculations
Identify different IKS in the various units and collect its photographic information.
XI. Observations Table
Sr.
Unit Name/Instrument Name Related Photographic Information
No.

Unit - I Simple Lifting Machine

1 Hand axe as wedge

Unit - I Simple Lifting Machine

Lever in battle,
2
Inclined Plane for loading

Unit - I Simple Lifting Machine

Pulleys to lift water in
3
irrigation

Unit - II Analysis of Forces

Weighing scale in Mohenjodaro,
4
Harappa

Unit - V Centroid and Centre of

Gravity
5
Archery arrowheads in Ramayana

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 9

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Unit - V Centroid and Centre of

Gravity
6
Arch in archaeological structures such
as Mahal, GolGumbaz

XII. Results
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XIII. Interpretation of results
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum three
questions.
1. What is IKS?
2. Explain Hand axe as wedge.
3. Discuss about Pulleys to lift water in irrigation.
4. Explain weighing scale in Mohenjodaro, Harappa.
5. Describe arch in archaeological structures such as Mahal, GolGumbaz
Space for answers
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 10
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 11

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading

Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction to engineering
1 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
mechanics
Law of machine and types of
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM
machines useful in industry.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6u_rjLjv-
Introduction of force system with
3 MY&list=PLOSWwFV98r
examples
fKXq2KBphJz95rao7q8PpwT&index=3
Centroid of plane/composite
4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfjLNSfPXAI figures, C.G. of plane/composite
solids
XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Weightage
Performance Indicators
(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Collect the basic information of Indian knowledge system. 20 %
2 Identify the IKS in Engineering Mechanics 20 %
3 Working in team. 20 %
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Collect the photographic information regarding IKS. 20 %
2 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
3 Submission of report in time. 10 %
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 12

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 2: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

differential axle and wheel for different load and efforts.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the
type of load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. Differential axle and wheel
machines are used to lift smaller loads in confined spaces. After conducting this
experiment, a graduate engineer will be able to assess the suitability of the differential axle
and wheel based on the given load lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the
prototypes and equipment's of various industries.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Differential axle and wheel: It is different from simple axle and wheel machine because of
its axle configuration. Instead of prismatic single axle in simple wheel and axle, step down
axles is used in differential axle and wheel. This machine has a better mechanical advantage
as compared to single axle and wheel. Two axles of different diameters are coaxially fitted
with the spindle with which a wheel is also coaxially attached. The effort is applied through
a wrapped string wound around this wheel. Another string is wound over two axles and
carries load with the help of movable pulley. The rope on the wheel and smaller axle are
wound in the same direction, whereas that on the larger axle is in opposite direction. When
an effort is applied through the wheel, the rope on the wheel and smaller axle get sun
wound but gets wound on the larger axle, thus lifting the load.
Distance Travalled by Effort
Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) =
Distance Travalled by Load
πD
= π (d1−d2)
2
2𝐷
V. R. = 𝑑1 −𝑑2
Where,

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 13

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

D =Diameter of effort wheel.

d1 =Diameter of larger axel.
d2 =Diameter of smaller axle.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 2.1 Differential Axle and Wheel

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Broad Quantity Remarks (If Any)

No. Specifications
Differential Differential Axel and wheel(wall mounted 01for Group
1 Axle and unit)with wheel of 40 cm diameter of 4 to 5students.
Wheel andaxelsareinstepsof20cmand10cm reducing
diameter
IX. Precautions to be followed
1. The reading must be taken and noted down carefully.
2. The load and effort should move slowly.
3. Effort must be applied gradually.
4. Any overlapping of the string must be avoided.
5. There should be no knot in the string.
6. Only light weights must be used during the course of experiment.
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of machine.
3. Calculate friction in the machine at zero load.
4. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
5. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
6. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 14

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

7. Take at least five readings.

8. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction,
9. Plot graphs viz. load against effort and load against efficiency.
Observations and Calculations

2𝐷
V. R. = =
𝑑1 − 𝑑2
1. D = ………………mm
2. d1 = ……………...mm
3. d2 = ……………...mm
XI. Observations Table
Effort Lost
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency in Friction
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Pf (N)
Pi(N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 15

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %

XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is…………….
Friction loss is (i.e.Y– intercept =…………) reduced by the machine.
The graph between Load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XV. Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Is Differential Axle and wheel reversible? Why?

2. Identify the effort required for zero load?
3. Whether the given machine is reversible or not? Give reason.
4. Why the graph of load versus ideal effort passes through the origin?
5. Determine the effort required to lift the load of 400kN from law of machine.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 16
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 17

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading

Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
lifting machine
Law of machine and types
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM of machines use ful in
industry.
https://cpimg.tistatic.com/03720838/b/4/WHEEL- Differential axel and
3
DIFFERENTIAL-AXLE.jpg wheel image
Introduction to
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
engineering mechanics
XVII. Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Handling of the machine. 5%
2 Determination of V. R. of machine. 10 %
3 Applying load and determine effort of machine. 20 %
4 Identify the type of machine i.e. reversible or self-locking. 10 %
5 Calculation of parameters concerned. 10 %
6 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 18

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 19

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 20

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 3: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of worm

and worm wheel for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. Worm and worm wheel machines are used for
lifting heavy loads in confined spaces. After carrying out this experiment, a qualified engineer can
assess the suitability of worms and worm wheels depending on the given lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Worm and Worm Wheel: A worm is square-threaded screw and worm wheel is a toothed wheel.
In this machine, a worm and worm wheel are geared together maintaining their axes at right angles
to each other. An effort wheel or pulley is attached tothe worm coaxially so that effort can be
applied through a rope wound over the pulley. A load is securely mounted coaxially on worm
wheel and load is connected with a separate rope wound around the load drum. For single rotation
of effort wheel, effort traverses a distance= πD. For an n- threaded worm, worm pushes the worm
wheel through one tooth during single rotation of effort wheel. If the total number of teeth in a
worm wheel is T push of one tooth means the load drum traverses through (n/T) rotations.
Thus, when the radius of load drum is r, distance moved by the load= 2 π r X (n/T).
Therefore, the velocity ratio,
Distance Travalled by Effort
Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) =
Distance Travalled by Load
πD
= 2πr (Tn)

DT
=
2nr
Where,
D = Diameter of effort wheel

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 21

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

r = Radius of pulley
T = No. of teeth on the worm wheel
n = No. of thread on worm wheel.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig.3.1 Differential Axle and Wheel

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications
Sr. Broad Quantity Remarks (If Any)
No. Specifications
Worm and worm wheel (wall Mounted Unit
Worm and 01 for Group of 4 to 5
1 threaded spindle, load drum, effort wheel; with
Worm Wheel students.
necessary slotted weights, hanger and thread).

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. The reading must be taken and noted down carefully.
2. The load and effort should move slowly.
3. Effort must be applied gradually.
4. Any overlapping of the string must be avoided.
5. There should be no knot in the string.
6. Only light weights must be used during the course of experiment.
7. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of machine.
3. Apply the load-on-load drum starting with smaller magnitude.
4. Apply the effort to the effort wheel for each corresponding load.
5. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
6. Measure the radius of the load drum and the radius of effort wheel.
7. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction,
8. Plot graphs viz. load against effort and load against efficiency.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 22

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Observations and Calculations

DT
V. R. =
2nr
1. D = ……………….. mm
2. R = ………………… mm
3. T = ……………….. No.
4. n = ……………….. No.
XI. Observations Table
Effort Lost
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency in Friction
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Pf (N)
Pi(N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 23

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.

The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...........................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum three
questions.
1. Write four field application of worm and worm wheel.
2. Can this machine be used to lift heavy loads?
3. State the given machine is reversible or not, give reason.
Space for answers
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Engineering Mechanics (312312)

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple lifting
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
machine
Law of machine and types of
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM machines
Use ful in industry.
3 https://sunlabtech.com/worm-and-wheel-apparatus/ Worm and Worm Wheel image
Introduction to engineering
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
mechanics

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 25

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 26

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 27

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 28

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 4-A: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of single
purchase crab winch for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. The single purchase crab machine is used for
lifting heavy loads in confined spaces. After carrying out this experiment, a qualified engineer can
decide on the suitability of a single purchase crab based on the given lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Single Purchase Crab: Crab and winch are machines used for hoisting heavy loads applying
smaller amount of effort. These machines use gear systems in order to augment velocity ratio.
Depending on the number of gear assemblies, crab and winch systems can be classified into two
types single and double purchase crab.
In single purchase crab, one set of gears, one pinion of teeth T1 and one spur wheel of teeth T2
are deployed. The pinion is fixed coaxially with the effort axle and effort pulley. Generally, a rope
is wound around the effort wheel of diameter D through effort is applied. Effort then moves the
pinion and thereby the spur wheel gets rotated. As the spur wheel is mounted coaxially with the
load drum of diameter d, the load drum will get rotated. A strong rope is attached with load drum,
at the end of which load is connected. Thus, the load is lifted by the rotation of the effort wheel.
For a single rotation of effort wheel, distance travelled by effort= π D. For single rotation of
pinion, spur wheel and thereby the load drum rotate= T1/T2 times. So, displacement of
load = πd x (T1 /T2)
𝐷 X 𝑇2
Hence, Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) =
d X 𝑇1
Where,
D = Diameter of effort wheel
d = Diameter of load drum
T1 = No. of teeth on the pinion wheel
T2 = No. of thread on spur wheel.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 29

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig.4A.1 Single Purchase Crab

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Broad
Quantity Remarks (If Any)
No. Specifications
Single Purchase Crab winch (Table mounted
heavy Cast iron body. The effort wheel is of
Single 01 for Group of 4 to 5
1 C.I. material of 25 cm diameter mounted on a
Purchase Crab students.
shaft of about 40 mm dia. On the same shaft a
geared wheel of 15 cm diameter.

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Effort should not be pulled suddenly.
2. Friction in pulley should be less.
3. String should not be extensible and weightless.
4. Any overlapping of the string should be avoided.
5. Lubricate the screw before starting the experiment.
6. Trapping should be done after adding the weight in the effort hanger.
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of machine. Also calculate friction in machine at
zero load
3. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
4. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
5. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
6. Measure the radius of effort wheel and load drum. Count number of teeth on pinion-gear and
spur wheel.
7. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given Single
Purchase Crab.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 30

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

8. Plot graphs load against effort and load against efficiency.

Observations and Calculations
𝐷 X 𝑇2
V. R. = =
d X 𝑇1

1. D = ……………….. mm
2. d = ……………….. mm
3. T1 = ……………….. No.
4. T2 = ……………….. No.

XI. Observations Table

Effort Lost
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) FrictionPf
Pi(N)
(N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 31

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Why pinion wheel is smaller than spur wheel. Give reason.

2. Write two field applications of single purchase crab.
3. Weather the given machine is reversible or not? Give reason.
4. State any two field conditions where this machine can be used.
5. Name the types of gear teeth used for the machine in your laboratory.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 33

Engineering Mechanics (312312)
XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple lifting
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
machine
Law of machine and types of
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM
machines useful in industry.
https://www.google.co.in/imgre Winch-Crab-Single- Single purchase crab winch
3
Purchase.jpg image
Introduction to engineering
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
mechanics
XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 34

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 35

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 36

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 4-B: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

Double purchase crab winch for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. The Double Purchase Crab machine is used
for lifting heavy loads in confined spaces. According to per. Through this experiment, a qualified
engineer can decide on the suitability of a double purchase crab based on the given lifting
situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Double Purchase Crab: Crab and winch are machines used for hoisting heavy loads applying
smaller amount of effort. These machines use gear systems in order to augment velocity ratio.
Depending on the number of gear assemblies, crab and winch systems can be classified into two
types single and double purchase crab.
In double purchase crab machine, two sets of gear assemblies are used. One additional axle, called
an intermediate axle, is deployed. The pinion of teeth T1, mounted on effort wheel axle meshes
with spur wheel of teeth T2, mounted on the intermediate axel.
Similarly, the pinion of teeth T3, on intermediate axle meshes with spur wheel of teeth T4,
mounted on the load drum. A rope is wound around the effort wheel of diameter D through effort
is applied and load is attached to another rope wound around the load drum. Effort then moves the
pinion and thereby the spur wheel gets rotated. As the spur wheel is mounted intermediate axle it
gets rotated. As intermediate axle rotates the load drum of diameter d, will get rotated. A strong
rope is attached with load drum, at the end of which load is connected. Thus, the load is lifted by
the rotation of the effort wheel.
For a single rotation of the effort wheel, distance travelled by effort= π D. For single rotation of
pinion, on effort axle, spur wheel on intermediate axle rotates= T1/T2 times. Now the pinion on
the intermediate axle also rotates= T1/T2 times. So, the spur wheel of the load drum rotates=
(T1/T2) x (T3/T4) times. Thus, the displacement of load = πd X (T1/T2) x (T3/T4)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 37

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

πD D x 𝑇2 x 𝑇4
Hence, Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) = T1 T3 =
πd (T2)(T4) d x 𝑇1 x 𝑇3
Where,
D = Diameter of effort wheel
d = Diameter of load drum
T1 and T3 = No. of teeth on the pinion wheel
T2 and T4 = No. of thread on spur wheel.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 4B.1 Double Purchase Crab

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications
Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Double Purchase Crab winch
(Having assembly same as single 01 for Group of
1 Double Purchase Crab
purchase crab but with double set 4 to 5 students.
gearing arrangement)

IX. Precautions to be followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 38

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of machine.

3. Calculate friction in the machine based on zero load.
4. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
5. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
6. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
7. Measure the radius of effort wheel and load drum. Count number of teeth on pinion gear and
spur wheels.
8. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given Double
Purchase Crab.
9. Plot graphs viz. load against effort and load against efficiency

Observations and Calculations

D x 𝑇2 x 𝑇4
Velocity Ratio =
d x 𝑇1 x 𝑇3
1. D = ……………….. mm
2. d = ……………….. mm
3. T1 = ……………….. No.
4. T2 = ……………….. No.
5. T3 = ……………….. No
6. T4 = ……………….. No
XI. Observations Table
Effort
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency Lost in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Friction
Pi (N)
Pf (N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P

M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 39

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Calculate the effort required to lift a load of 50 kn from the graph of load against effort.
2. State any two field conditions where this machine can be used.
3. State the difference between single purchase crab and double purchase crab.
4. Describe the law of double purchase crab machine.
5. State, single or double purchase crab machine is preferred at construction site. Give
reason.
Space for answers
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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
lifting machine
Law of machine and
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM types of machines
useful in industry.
https://www.google.co.in/www.indiamart.com%2Fproddetail%2Fwinch- Double purchase crab
3
crab-machine-model winch image
Introduction to
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
engineering mechanics

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 41

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 42

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 43

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 44

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 5: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

Simple screw jack for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. A simple screw jack is used to lift heavy loads
in confined spaces. After carrying out this experiment, a qualified engineer is able to assess the
suitability of a screw jack based on the given load lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Simple Screw Jack: A screw jack is a simple device which is used to lift heavy loads such as
large vehicles. It mainly consists of three parts. A nut attached to a pedestal or stand, a large screw
fitted within the nut and lever attached to the head of the screw.
The weight which is to be lifted is placed on either on the head of the screw or on the platform
attached to the screw. Sometimes a wheel is fixed at top and effort is applied tangentially to the
circumference of the wheel. A screw thread is cut just like an inclined plane. The distance which
the screw advances in one tum is called lead distance and distance measured between two
consecutive threads is called pitch distance. The screw jack works on the principle similar to that
of an inclined plane.

2πR
Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) =
p
Where,
R = Length of arm or Radius of wheel
p = Pitch of the screw

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 45

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 5.1 Simple Screw Jack

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications
Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Table mounted Metallic body,
screw with a pitch of 5 mm 01 for Group of
1 Simple Screw Jack
carrying a double flanged tum 4 to 5 students.
table of20 cm diameter.
IX. Precautions to be followed
1. Effort must be applied gradually
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of machine
3. Calculate friction in the machine at zero load.
4. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
5. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
6. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
7. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given screw jack.
8. Plot graphs load against effort and load against efficiency.
Observations and Calculations

2πR
V. R. =
p
1. R = ……………….. mm
2. p = ……………….. mm

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 46

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XI. Observations Table

Effort
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency Lost in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Friction
Pi (N)
Pf (N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
……………………………………………………………………………………
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 47
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XV. Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Define is pitch?
2. On which principle screw jack is works?
3. Write four field applications of screw jack.
4. Differentiate between the jack used in actual practice and in the lab.
5. Explain self-locking condition is achieved? Is it advantageous?
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 48

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading

Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
lifting machine
Law of machine and
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM types of machines
useful in industry.
3 https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/screw-jack-7184285530.html Simple Screw Jack
Introduction to
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
engineering mechanics

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 49

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 50

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 51

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 52

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 6: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

Weston's differential pulley for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. Weston's differential pulley block is used for
lifting heavy loads in confined spaces. After conducting this experiment, a graduate engineer can
evaluate the suitability of the Weston differential pulley block based on the given load lifting
situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Weston's Differential Pulley Block: This differential pulley block was invented by Thomas
Aldridge Weston from king's Norton, England, in 1854. Hence, this simple machine is also called
as Weston's differential pulley block. This is a special type of pulley system, which is normally
used to hoist very large masses to small distance, for example, the pulley system is used for
manually lifting car engines. This system consists of two fixed pulleys of unequal radii, which are
coaxially attached to each other and can rotate together and are fixed to the support, a single
pulley hanging at the bottom and holding load and an endless rope wrapped around the pulleys. In
order to avoid slipping, generally rope is substituted by a chain and connected to pulleys by
sprockets (i.e. tooth or cogs on pulleys). The displacement of the effort in one revolution of upper
pulley block = πD. This is also equal to length of the chain pulled over the large pulley. Since the
smaller pulley also turns with the larger one, therefore length of the chain released by the smaller
pulley = πd. Net shortening of the chain = πD- πd = π (D-d). This shortening of chain will be
equally divided between the portion of the chain, supporting the load. Therefore, the distance the
load moves up by a distance π (D-d)/2.
2D
Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) =
D−d
2𝑇1
=
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 53
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Where,
1. D = Diameter of pulley P1
2. d = Diameter of pulley P2
3. T1 = No. of teeth or cogs of pulley P1
4. T2 = No. of teeth or cogs on pulley P2

VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 6.1 Weston’s Differential Pulley Block

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Weston's Differential pulley
Weston’s Differential 01 for Group of
1 block (consisting of two pulleys;
Pulley Block 4 to 5 students.
one bigger and other smaller)

IX. Precautions to be followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 54

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

7. Measure the radius or number of cogs of larger and smaller pulley.

8. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given Weston's
Differential pulley block.
9. Plot graphs viz. load against effort and load against efficiency.
Observations and Calculations
2D 2𝑇1
V. R. = =
D−d 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
1. T1 = ……………….. No.
2. T2 = ……………….. No.
XI. Observations Table
Effort
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency Lost in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Friction
Pi (N)
Pf (N)
1
2
3
4
5
Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 55

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %

XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
……………………………………………………………………………………
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.
1. Calculate the maximum MA and maximum efficiency.
2. State the given machine is reversible or not. Give reason.
3. Why effort is required for zero load?
4. Write use of snatch block in working of machine.
5. State the two situations in field where differential pulley block is used.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 56
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Introduction of simple lifting

1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
machine
Law of machine and types of
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM
machines useful in industry.
https://www.tradeindia.com/products/heavy-duty-chain- Weston’s Differential Pulley Block
3
pulley-block-c420791.html image
Introduction to engineering
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
mechanics

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 57

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 58

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 59

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 60

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 7: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

geared pulley block for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. The gear pulley is used for lifting heavy loads
in confined spaces. After conducting this experiment, a graduate engineer can assess the
suitability of the Geard pulley based on the given load lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Worm Gear Pulley Block: In a gear pulley block, an axle is coaxially attached to an effort wheel
having T1 number teeth. A pinion having teeth T2 and a ratchet and clutch are attached coaxially
on the axle. A pawl presses against this ratchet and clutch with the help of a spring. The pinion is
geared with a spur wheel having teeth T3. On the same axle as spur wheel a load drum having
teeth T4 is keyed on its circumference. An endless rope or chain is wound over effort wheel with
which the effort is applied. The motion is transmitted from effort wheel to load drum through
pinion and spur wheel. A separate rope is wound around half the perimeter of load drum. One end
of it is fixed to the frame and other end holds the load. When the load is hoisted, the ratchet passes
under the pawl. On the removal of effort, the pawl prevents the load from falling down. Hence, it
is self-locking arrangement. In single rotation of effort wheel, effort moves through a distance
proportional to Ti. At the same time, the spur wheel and the load drum rotate by (T2/Ti) of a
rotation. In single rotation of load drum, the load is lifted through distance proportional to 4. So
far, a single rotation of effort wheel, the load is lifted by a distance (T2/T3) x T4.
Hence,
𝑇1 𝑇1 X 𝑇3
Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) = T2 =
− T4 𝑇2 X 𝑇4
T3

Where,
T1 = No. of teeth or cogs on effort wheel
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 61
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

T2 = No. of teeth or cogs on pinion wheel

T3 = No. of teeth or cogs on spur wheel
T4 = No. of teeth or cogs on load drum

VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 7.1 Worm Gear Pulley Block

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications
Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Worm gear pulley block consists of a
metallic (preferably steel) cogged
Worm Gear wheel of about 20 cm along with a 01 for Group of
1
Pulley Block. protruded load drum of 10 cm 4 to 5 students.
diameter to suspend the weights of 10
kg, 20 kg and 50 kg weights.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 62

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Effort must be applied gradually
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of it.
3. Calculate friction in the given machine at zero load.
4. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
5. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
6. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
7. Measure the radius or number of cogs of larger and smaller pulley.
8. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given Weston's
differential pulley block.
9. Plot graphs load against effort and load against efficiency.
Observations and Calculations
𝑇1 𝑇1 X 𝑇3
V. R. = T2 =
− T4 𝑇2 X 𝑇4
T3

1. T1 = ……………….. No.
2. T2 = ……………….. No.
3. T3 = ……………….. No.
4. T4 = ……………….. No.

XI. Observations Table

Effort
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency Lost in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Friction
Pi (N)
Pf (N)
1
2
3
4
5

Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 63

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =
C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N
XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Determine the effort required to lift a load of 200 kn from law of machine.
2. State the two situations in field where worm gear pulley block is used
3. Differentiate between differential and worm gear pulley block.
4. State is the capacity of chain block you have used?
5. State no. of chain used in differential pulley block and worm geared pulley block.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 64

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
lifting machine
Law of machine and
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM types of machines
useful in industry.
https://4.imimg.com/data4/LQ/SG/MY-27606486/7-5-ton-automatic- Worm geared Pulley
3
chain-pulley 500x500.jpg Block image
Introduction to
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
engineering mechanics

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 65

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 66

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 67

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 68

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 08-A: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

two sheave pulley block for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. Two sheave pulley blocks are used for lifting
heavy loads in confined spaces. After conducting this experiment, a graduate engineer will be able
to assess the suitability of a two-sheave pulley based on the given load lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Two Sheave pully block: It also consists of upper block and lower block each having the pulleys
in their sheave; therefore, total number of pulley are four. Upper block is fixed that of lower block
is moveable. As the load W is equally shared by the four parts of the rope; tension (T) in each
rope is W/P for an ideal machine M.A. = V.R.
Hence,
(W)
Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) = W = 4 ⸫ V. R. = 2 X Number of sheaves W= Load
( )
4
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 8A.1 Two Sheaves Pulley Block

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 69

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VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Two sheave pulley block
consists of a metallic (preferably
steel) cogged wheel of about 20
Two sheaves 01 for Group of
1 cm along with a protruded load
pulley block 4 to 5 students.
drum of 10 cm diameter to
suspend the weights of 10 kg, 20
kg and 50 kg weights.

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Effort must be applied gradually.
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of it.
3. Calculate friction in the given machine at zero load.
4. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
5. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
6. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
7. Measure the radius or number of cogs of larger and smaller pulley.
8. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given pulley
block.
9. Plot graphs load against effort and load against efficiency.
Observations and Calculations

(W)
V. R. = W = 4
(4)

XI. Observations Table

Effort
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency Lost in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Friction
Pi (N)
Pf (N)
1
2
3
4
5

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 70

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Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P
M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
……………………………………………………………………………………
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Differentiate between single sheave and two sheave pulley block.

2. Write use of two sheave in working of machine.
3. State the two situations in field where two sheave pulley block is used.
4. Give reason. Chain is not slipping from the pulley when the load is being lifted.
5. State velocity ratio of two sheave block.

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
No. Link Description

Introduction of simple
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
lifting machine
Law of machine and
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM types of machines
useful in industry.
Two sheave Pulley
3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle
Block image
http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html Introduction to
4
engineering mechanics
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 73
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XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 74

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 75

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 76

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Practical No. 08-B: Determine mechanical advantage and velocity ratio of

three sheave pulley block for different load and effort.
I. Practical Significance
There is often a need to lift loads and different lifting machines are used depending on the type of
load, intensity of the load and other site conditions. Three sheave pulley blocks are used for lifting
heavy loads in confined spaces. After conducting this experiment, a graduate engineer will be able
to assess the suitability of a three-sheave pulley based on the given load lifting situation.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to analyze, design and automation the prototypes
and equipment’s of various industries.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO1-Select the suitable machine under given loading condition.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify law of machine under the given condition.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Two Sheave pully block: It also consists of upper block and lower block each having the pulleys
in their sheave; therefore, total number of pulley are four. Upper block is fixed that of lower block
is moveable. As the load W is equally shared by the four parts of the rope; tension (T) in each
rope is W/P for an ideal machine M.A. = V.R.
(W)
Hence, Velocity Ratio (V. R. ) = W = 6 ⸫ V. R. = 2 X Number of sheaves W= Load
( )
6

VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 8B.1 Three Sheaves Pulley Block

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 77

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VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Three sheave pulley block consists
of a metallic (preferably steel)
Three sheaves cogged wheel of about 20 cm along 01 for Group of
1
pulley block with a protruded load drum of 10 cm 4 to 5 students.
diameter to suspend the weights of
10 kg, 20 kg and 50 kg weights.

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Effort must be applied gradually
X. Procedure
1. Observe the machine carefully and identify the various components of machine.
2. Set the machine and check the reversibility of it.
3. Calculate friction in the given machine at zero load.
4. Apply the load starting with smaller magnitude.
5. Apply the effort for each corresponding load.
6. Record the observations of load and effort in observation table. Take at least five readings.
7. Measure the radius or number of cogs of larger and smaller pulley.
8. Determine M.A., V.R., Efficiency, Ideal effort and Effort lost in friction for given pulley block.
9. Plot graphs load against effort and load against efficiency.
Observations and Calculations

(W)
V. R. = W = 6
(6)
XI. Observations Table

Effort
Ideal
Sr. Load Effort Velocity Efficiency Lost in
M.A. Effort
No. W (N) P (N) Ratio η (%) Friction
Pi (N)
Pf (N)

1
2
3
4
5

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Sample Calculations

Load W
M. A. = = =
Effort P

M. A.
Efficiency (η) = X 100% =
V. R.
W
Pi = =
V.R.

Pf = P - Pi =

Law of Machine is P = mW + C

Where,
𝑃2−𝑃1
M = Slope = 𝑊2−𝑊1 =

C = Y intercept (i.e. Machine Friction) = _________N

XII. Results
1. The law of machine is P = (………….) W + (………….) N
2. The average efficiency of machine is = …………. %
XIII. Interpretation of results
Machine is …………….
Friction loss is (i.e. Y – intercept = …………) reduced by ………… the machine.
The graph between load and effort is a straight line which indicates……………
The graph between load and efficiency is a curve which indicates……………...
…………………………………………………………………………………...
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. State the given machine is reversible or not. Give reason.

2. State the capacity of three, sheave pulley block.
3. State the two situations in field where two sheave pulley block is used.
4. Write use of three sheave in working of machine.
5. State velocity ratio of three sheave block.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 79
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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Link Description
No.
Introduction of simple
1 https://www.engineersrail.com/simple-lifting-machine/
lifting machine
Law of machine and
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNypk8GReqM types of machines
useful in industry.
Three sheave Pulley
3 https://sciencestruck.com/list-of-examples-of-pulleys-in-our-daily-life
Block image
Introduction to
4 http://nitttrc.edu.in/nptel/courses/video/112106286/L01.html
engineering mechanics

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XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 82

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 83

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Practical No. 09: Verify law of polygon of forces using Universal force table for
given forces.
I. Practical Significance
Many times there is a need to determine the resultant force. Depending upon the type of force
system resultant can be determined by applying law of polygon of forces. After performing this
experiment students will able to find the resultant of three or more forces by graphically using law
of polygon.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to find resultant of concurrent forces acting on
structure (analytically and graphically).
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO2 - Analyze the given force system to calculate resultant force.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Analyze the resultant force of given force system.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
The law states that “If a number of forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be represented in
magnitude and direction, by sides of a polygon taken in order, then the resultant of all these forces
is represented in magnitude and direction by closing side of polygon taken in opposite direction.”
This experiment is use to study the forces acting on a particle with the help of Universal force
table as shown in figure.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 9.1 Universal Force table

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 85

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Fig. 9.2 Polygon

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications
Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
Universal It Consists of circular 40cm dai. Aluminium 01 for Group
Force Table disc, graduated into 360degrees with all of 4 to 5
1
accessories students
Slotted 50gms and 100gms 3 sets of 5
2
weights weight each
Cotton String
3
IX. Precautions to be followed
1. All the pulleys should be free from friction.
2. Pivot and ring must be concentric with each other.
3. Angles should be measured carefully.
X. Procedure
1. Place the universal force table on plane surface. Make the circular disc in horizontal position
with the help of foot screws and also check position with spirit level.
2. Attach five pulleys at such position that angle between any two is not very acute angle.
3. Pass the thread on these pulleys as shown in fig & attach the pan to each thread.
4. Put some weights on each pan (or hang slotted weights with each thread) and adjust the weights
such that the ring is exactly in the centre under the effect of all this forces.
5. Note the sum of slotted weights in each hanger and weight of hanger and consider it as one
force F1 and next forces F2, F3, F4, F5 in order. Also note down angle between them.
6. Repeat the step 5 by changing any one or two pulleys position and take three set of observation
and Select a suitable scale & draw a polygon taking the forces in order.
7. Since all forces are in equilibrium the polygon shall be closed one.
8. If the polygon is not closed one calculate the closing error by analytical and graphical method.

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XI. Observations Table

Magnitude of Forces in (N) (Weight in Angles between two forces in(degree)

hanger +Weight of hanger)

F5 θ5
Obs.
F1 F2 F3 F4 (From θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ5 From
No.
graph) graph

XII. Results
1. The force polygon is closed/not closed.
XIII. Interpretation of results
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
1. If the force polygon is closed………………………………………………………………
2. If the force polygon is not closed…………………………………………………………..

XV. Practical Related Questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. State & explain law of polygon of forces.

2. What can be the sources of error in this experiment?
3. Distinguish the following system of forces with a suitable sketch. a) Coplanar b) concurrent c)
Parallel d) Collinear.
4. If the force polygon is not a closed figure, what does it indicates.
Space for answers
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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading

Sr.
No. Link Description

Force System
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fudcc0JoXdo
Equilibrium of
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljDIIMvx-eg Rigid bodies

https://5.imimg.com/data5/OW/MR/ET/SELLER-10457901/force-table- Universal Force

3
250x250.jpg Table Image
XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)
Process related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the machine. 5%
2 Calculation of force. 10 %
3 Measurement of angle. 10 %
4 Proper Reading 10 %
5 Calculation of parameters concerned. 10 %
6 Drawing force polygon 10%
7 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 90

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Practical No. 10: Verify law of moment of forces using law of moment apparatus
for given forces.
I. Practical Significance
The Principle of Moments states that when a body is balanced, the total clockwise moment about
a point equals the total anticlockwise moment about the same point. The real examples on
moment of force in real life are the opening and closing of a door along a fixed hinge, a seesaw,
and unscrewing a nut with a spanner.

Fig.10.1
When an object is balanced on a pivot the turning effect of the forces on one side of the pivot
must balance the turning effect of the forces on the other side of the pivot - if they didn't it would
not balance. In the picture (Fig.10.1) two girls are sitting on a see saw. They have moved until it is
balanced. They are the same weight and so to balance the see saw they must sit the same distance
from the pivot.

Fig.10.2
In the picture (Fig.10.2) one of the girls gets off and a man sits on instead. They move until the
see saw is balanced. The girl is much lighter than the man and so she has to sit further away from
the pivot then he does so that she can balance his extra weight.
You should remember that the turning effect of a force is called the moment of the force and is
found by multiplying the force by its distance from the pivot. When the see saw is balanced we
say that the anticlockwise moments (those trying to turn the object anticlockwise) equal the
Clockwise moments (those trying to turn the object clockwise). In our example the man's weight
tries to turn the see saw clockwise and the girl's weight tries to turn it anticlockwise.

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II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes

Moment of force has numerous applications in various fields of science and engineering,
including in automobiles (torque is used to measure the power output of an engine), in robotics,
torque is used to control the movement of robot arms and joints. Industrial machinery, torque is
Used to measure the effectiveness of machines. Moment of force is used in sports such as
gymnastics, diving, and ice skating to perform complex rotational movements. Moment of force is
used in biology to understand the mechanics of biological systems, such as the motion of joints in
the human body.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO2 - Analyze the given force system to calculate resultant force
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Analyze the resultant force of given force system.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
The Principle of Moments states that when a body is balanced, the total clockwise moment about
a point equals the total anticlockwise moment about the same point. Clockwise and Anticlockwise
moment example as shown below.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 10.3 Law of moment apparatus.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 93
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The Above diagram (Figure 3) shows the effect of having more than one force on each side of the pivot.
The Law of Moment is given byF1d1+F2d2=F3d3+F4d4.

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Remarks
Particulars Broad Specifications Quantity
No. (If Any)
1 Meter rule With small hole drilled at 50cm 01 for Group of
mark. 4 to 5 students
2 Smooth optical pin At least 5cm Long 01
50gms and 100gms Three sets of 5
3 Slotted weights
weight each
4 Split cork 01
IX. Precautions to be followed
1. Meter rule should be perfectly horizontal.
2.Pivot should be at the center.
3.Weight should be place properly at required distance.
X. Procedure
1. Place unequal weights on each side of the pivot.
2. Move the weight until the meter rule balances.
3. When this occurs take note of the anti-clockwise and clockwise moments.
4. Repeat several times by changing distance on each side. And take more sets of observations.
XI. Observations Table
Anti-clockwise Clockwise
Sr. Force Force Distance Distance
Moment Moment
No. F1(N) F2(N) d1(cm) d2(cm)
F1 d1(N-cm) F2 d2 (N-cm)

1
2
3
4
5

XII. Results
1. Anticlockwise moment and Clockwise moment are..........................................................................
(Equal/Nearly eual/Not equal).
1. The difference in anticlockwise moment and Clockwise moment is because
of................................. ...........................(Error of manipulation/Instrument error/observation error)

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XIII. Interpretation of results

If the body is in equilibrium, than anticlockwise and clock wise moments are nearly same.
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
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XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. State the Field Situations where this law can be applied.

2. State the Law of moment.
3. Explain Clockwise and Anticlockwise moment.
4. State how the load is shifted from one point to another point using couple.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 95
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1 https://www.homesciencetools.com/product/demonstration-balance- Law of moment App.

with-weights/ Image

2 https://www.ijraset.com/fileserve.php?FID=14750 Law of moment App.

Image

3 https://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11- See saw example of

14/Mechanics/Statics/text/Balancing_/index.html law of moment

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XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Handling of the machine. 5%
2 Application of different weights at different locations. 15 %
3 Observation of weights and distances. 10 %
4 Measuring of weights and distances. 10 %
5 Calculation of clockwise and anticlockwise moments. 15 %
6 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

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Practical No. 11: Verify the Lamis theorem using Universal force table
apparatus for given forces.
I. Practical Significance
Lami's theorem relates the magnitudes of coplanar, concurrent and non-collinear forces that
maintain an object in static equilibrium. The theorem is very useful in analyzing most of the
mechanical as well as structural systems.
Lami’s theorem has been obtained from the Sine Rule for triangles. By representing the forces as
lines as in a free-body diagram and translating them in such a way that one head touches the tail
of another, then it will be noticed that when there are three forces, if they are supposed to cancel
each other, they resultantly form a triangle. If they are not supposed to cancel each other, they
form an open curve. The Sine Rule is only applicable for triangles only and hence Lami's
Theorem is only applicable to three forces, but not for the 'n' number of forces.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
After Studying this Practical Students will be able to find tension in string in three coplanar,
concurrent forces.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO3 - Determine unknown force(s) of given load combinations in the given situation.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Analyse the resultant force of given force system.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
If three coplanar forces acting at a point are in equilibrium then each force is directly proportional
to the Sin of the angle included between the other two forces. By using simple weights, pulleys &
strings placed around a circular table, several forces can be applied to an object located in the
centre of the table in such a way that the forces exactly cancel each other, leaving the objects in
equilibrium (the object will appear to be at rest). Force table and Newton‘s First Law is used to
study the components at the force vector.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig.11.1 Lamis Theorem

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 98

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Fig.11.2 Universal Force table

The Above diagram (Figure 3) shows the effect of having more than one force on each side of the pivot.
The Law of Moment is given byF1d1+F2d2=F3d3+F4d4.

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark
No.
Universal Force table Circular graduated disc supported on rd 01 for Group
1
and the assembly supported on three of 4to5
adjustable screws students
Circular ring of metal One ring Three
2
tied to the three strings. strings.
Load Hanger 50gms and 100gms 3Nos each
3
Slotted weights 50gms and 100gms Three sets of 5
4
weight each
Spirit level 10cm Long One
5

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Hangers should sit in pulleys properly.
2. All the pulleys should be free from friction.
3. Force table should be perfectly horizontal.
4. Pivot and ring must be concentric with each other.
X. Procedure
1. Place the Universal Force Table on firm platform.
2. Make the circular disc in horizontal position with the help of boot screws.
3. Check the horizontal position of circular disc by spirit level
4. Clamp the three detachable pulleys to the circular disc at three different positions.
5. Keep the ring at the centre of disc and pass the other ends of each string over the three pulleys.
6. Hang three hangers to these ends of strings passing over the pulleys.

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7. Put slotted weights to each hanger so as to make pivot and ring concentric with each other.
8. Note the sum of slotted weights in each hanger and weight of hanger as three forces F1, F2,
F3.
9. Measure the angles included between the two adjacent pulleys and note them as θ1, θ2, θ3.
10. Record these observations in table.
11. Repeat step (7) by changing one or two pulleys position and take two sets of observation.
XI. Observations Table

Sr. Force(N) Angle(Degree) Ratio

No.
P Q R α Β γ P/sin α Q/sin β R/sin γ
1
2
3
4

XII. Results
1. Ratios P/sin α, Q/sin β, R/sin γ are…........................................(Equal/Nearly equal/Not equal).
XIII. Interpretation of results
If the ratio of force to the sin of opposite angle remains constant then the third observed
equilibrant force is correct.
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
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XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.

1. Define Lamis theorem.

2. Give the Practical Example where Lamis theorem is used.
3. State limitations of Lamis theorem.
Space for answers
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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr. Link Description
No.
Application of Lamis
1 https://youtu.be/qYhhWHIIkLY?si=OvTv02X9NYIV1xOd
theorem
2 https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=rzZklUgVzq4GvA Lamis Theorem Image
Universal Force Table
3 https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=rzUEHZE3W64GdQ
Image

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 101

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Handling of force table. 5%
2 Application of different weight at different location. 15 %
3 Observation of weight in hanger and included angles. 5%
4 Measuring of weights in hangers and included angles. 15 %
5 Calculation of third equilibrant force 15 %
6 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 102

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 12: Determine support reaction of simply supported beam using
parallel forces of beam reaction apparatus for given vertical
forces.
I. Practical Significance
A simply supported beam is one whose ends are resting freely on two supports that provide only
vertical reaction. Typical practical applications of simply supported beams with point loadings
include bridges, beams and beds of machine tools.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
After Studying this Practical Students will be able to find support reactions of beam which further
use for analysis of beam.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO3 - Determine unknown force(s) of given load combinations in the given situation.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Analyse the given force system acting on structural element.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
The beam is said to be simply supported beam when only vertical reaction, at supports exist. In
this experiment this condition is achieved by applying only vertical forces. The test is based on
the ‘Principle of Moments.’ It states that if a system of coplanar forces acts on a rigid body, and
the body remains in equilibrium despite the forces being acted upon, the summation of all the
vertical forces acting on the body is zero, the summation of all the horizontal forces is zero and
the algebraic sum of their moments at any point inside the plane is also zero.
Mathematically:
The body will be in equilibrium, if
ΣH =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all horizontal forces is zero.
ΣV =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all Vertical forces is zero.
ΣM =0 i.e. the algebraic sum of all moments about a point is zero.
Parallel force apparatus to find support reaction of a simply supported beam meter scale, weights
etc.
The apparatus consists of a graduated wooden beam supported at its ends on spring balance OR
Dial type balance. The balance facilitates to read the reaction due to applied loads directly. The
detachable hangers hold the desired load resting in the grooves.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 103

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VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig. 12.1 Beam apparatus.

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark

1 Beam apparatus 1000mm long beam with 01 for Group
Scale fitted along length. of 4 to5
student
2 Force measuring Dials Laest count:100gm 2Nos
Max:10kg
3 Measuring weights 500gms 3Nos. 3Nos
4 Load Hangers 1000gms 3Nos.

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. Dials to be set to zero before loading the beam.
2. Measure the Distance accurately.
3. Hangers should be sit in the grooves properly.
X. Procedure
1. Keep the Beam Reaction Apparatus on the table.
2. Note down the initial reading of parallel force apparatus both left &right.
3. For one point load put one weight hanger and attach some weight to the weight hanger.
4. Note down the weight attach and its distance from left support and reading of compression
balance both left and right.
5. For two point load attach two weight hanger at any point and note down the weight its
distance from left support and reading of compression balance both left and right.
6. For three point load attach three weight hanger at any point and note down the weight its
distance from left support and reading of compression balance both left and right.
7. Find the experimental value of reaction of the support by subtracting the initial reading of
compression balance from the final reading.

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8. Also find reaction by applying condition of equilibrium. Summation of Fy=0, summation of

M=0.
9. Compare the experimental and theoretical value of support reaction.
XI. Observations Table

Observed Reactions Analytical

Reactions
Sr. No. Load Load Distance Distance
W1(N) W2(N) X1(mm) X2(mm) RA (N) RB(N) RA (N) RB(N)
1
2
3
4
5

XII. Results
1. Observed Reaction RA and Analytical Reaction RA .......................................................
(Equal/Nearly equal/Not equal)
2. Observed Reaction RB and Analytical Reaction RB .......................................................
(Equal/Nearly equal/Not equal)
XIII. Interpretation of results
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XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
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XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.
1. State different types of supports.
2. Explain types of beam with diagram.
3. Define the term Support reaction.
4. State the two situations in field where simply supported beams are used.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 105

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
No. Link Description
Calculation of beam
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tM5hsUiNpGA reactions for various
types of beams
2 https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=r7ILpQf.Na4G9Q Beam App. Image

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 107

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Handling of Beam Apparatus. 5%
2 Application of different weight at different location. 15 %
3 Observation of weight and distance. 5%
4 Measuring of weight and distance. 15 %
5 Reading Dialed gauge reading 15 %
6 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 108

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 13: Determine coefficient of friction using friction apparatus for
given block on horizontal plane
I. Practical Significance
Friction is defined as resistive force offered by the surfaces that are in contact. When we kick a
football it rolls for some distance and after that it stops after rolling for some time. This is because
of the friction force between the ground and the ball. In this case force that is acting opposite to
the motion of the ball and stops the ball is called the friction. Due to friction human can easily
walk on surface without slipping. When a body is dragged along the rough plane friction force is
more as compare to smooth surface because there is less interlocking between smooth surfaces
Friction is very helpful in our daily activities like walking, running. Hence life would be very
difficult without friction.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Student will be able to apply the knowledge of frictional forces in automobile industries (braking
system brings the vehicle to a stop). In construction industries (While making roads, runways and
highways) etc.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4-Apply the laws of friction in the given situation.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify laws of forces related to forces.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
When there is a motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact the Friction exists.
The frictional force is opposite to the motion. It some practical situations the friction is required to
reduce using lubrication. When the force causes the motion increases, the frictional force is also
increased proportionately. Hence when the both are at the point of motion the frictional force is
Maximum. This friction is known as Limiting Friction. Normal Reaction(R): The reaction which
is right angle to the plane of motion is called as normal reaction. Coefficient of friction (µ):Is
defined as ratio of limiting friction to normal reaction.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig.13.1 Friction Apparatus

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 109

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Fig.13.2 Study of force for sliding

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark

No.
1 Adjustable Wooden make with protractor fitted to it One for
inclined plane for measurement of angle of inclination. Group of 4to5
A frictionless pulley fitted at its free end students

2 Block Hollow wooden block with bottom fitted One each

with different material sheets such
aluminum, brass, copper, plywood etc.

3 Standard weight Measuring 100,500and 1000gms a Two each

fractional weight box

4 Inextensible 1m long tied to the block at one end and One for each
string with pan pan at the other block

IX. Precautions to be followed

1. The plane should be clean and smooth
2. The load and effort should move slowly.
3. The thread should be free from knots.
4. Pulley should be frictionless.
5. Efforts must be applied gradually.
6. String should be knot free.
X. Procedure
1. Keeps the plane horizontal using sprit level.
2. Weight the box place the box on the surface of the frictional apparatus.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 110
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3. Attach a piece of string to the box and pass it over the pulley. At the other end of the string
attach a pan.
4. Put some weight in the pan gently till the box is just at the point of motion. Note down the
total weight in the pan.
5. Total hanging mass and its weight (P) and total mass of block with weight (w).
6. Add some weight in the box and repeat the above steps.
7. Take at least 6 readings of weight in box and the weights in pan.
8. Repeat the process with different set of surface in contact.
XI. Observations Table

Sr. Surface Load Effort P (N) Force of Normal Coefficient of Average

No. in W (N) Friction Friction µ
Reaction
contact F=P(N) µ=F/R
R=W(N)
1
2
3
4
5
6

XII. Results
1. The average value of coefficient of static friction for surface in contact.
a)………………………….and………………………….(µ)=…………………………………..
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XIII. Interpretation of results
Coefficient of friction for a pair of surfaces in contact……………… and …………… is more/less
than that for………………and……………………………………………………………………..
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Write any four field application of friction on horizontal surface.

2. Give laws of friction.
3. Give the difference between static friction and dynamic friction.
4. Weather the coefficient of friction will remain same for motion in reverse direction.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 111

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 112

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading

Sr. Link Description

No.
Calculation of
coefficient of friction
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGT1g_lu440
for horizontal and
inclined plane
Friction.
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQRcChR9IkU&t=42s
3 https://www.bing.com/images/blob?bcid=rzd1aXmJOq4G6Q Friction. Image

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 113

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XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Handling and setting of the apparatus. 5%
2 Proper determination and applying of effort. 15 %
3 Observation of motion. 10 %
4 Calculation of parameters concerned. 10 %
5 Determination of coefficient of friction. 15 %
6 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 114

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 14: Determine coefficient of friction using friction apparatus for
given block on horizontal plane
I. Practical Significance
Friction is defined as resistive force offered by the surfaces that are in contact. When we kick a
football it rolls for some distance and after that it stops after rolling for some time. This is because
of the friction force between the ground and the ball. In this case force that is acting opposite to
the motion of the ball and stops the ball is called the friction. Due to friction human can easily
walk on surface without slipping. When a body is dragged along the rough plane friction force is
more as compare to smooth surface because there is less interlocking between smooth surfaces
Friction is very helpful in our daily activities like walking, running. Hence life would be very
difficult without friction.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Student will be able to apply the knowledge of frictional forces in automobile industries (braking
system brings the vehicle to a stop). In construction industries (While making roads, runways and
highways) etc.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO4-Apply the laws of friction in the given situation.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Verify laws of forces related to forces.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
When there is a motion or tendency of motion between two surfaces in contact the Friction exists.
The frictional force is opposite to the motion. It some practical situations the friction is required to
reduce using lubrication. When the force causes the motion increases, the frictional force is also
increased proportionately. Hence when the both are at the point of motion the frictional force is
Maximum.
This friction is known as Limiting Friction. Normal Reaction(R): The reaction which is right
angle to the plane of motion is called as normal reaction. Coefficient of friction (µ): Is defined as
ratio of limiting friction to normal reaction. The frictional force also depends on the type of
relative motion between the two surfaces in contact. The motion can be either sliding or rolling.
On the basis of motion, the friction is referred as either a sliding or rolling friction.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 115

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig.14.1 Study of Motion on Inclined Plane

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark

No.

1 Adjustable Wooden make with protractor fitted to it One for Group

inclined plane for measurement of angle of inclination. A of 4to5
frictionless pulley fitted at its free end students

2 Block Hollow wooden block with bottom fitted One each

with different material sheets such
aluminum, brass, copper ,plywood etc

3 Standard weight Measuring 100,500and 1000gms a Two each

fractional weight box

4 Inextensible string 1m long tied to the block at one end and One for each
with pan pan at the other block

IX. Precautions to be followed

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 116

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

X. Procedure
1. Place the Apparatus on table and make sure that base of the inclined plane is at horizontal
surface.
2. Bring the inclined plane to the horizontal position so that the angle of inclination is zero.
After that set the apparatus at desired angle.
3. Put a block on surface whose co-efficient of friction is required to be found, at the lower end
of inclined plane connect the block with a string which will pass over the frictionless pulley
connect the pan to it.
4. Put a limiting value of weight which will cause a uniform upward sliding of the surface block.
Record angle, weight of pan as (P) weight of box ad weight in box (W).
5. Increase the inclination angle, fixed value of weight pan and vary the weight in box place on
surface so that the minimum value of weight in the box may cause uniform motion of the box
down the plane Record angle, Total weight of pan as (P) weight of box and weight in box
(W).
6. Repeat the above steps for box with different surface.
XI. Observations Table

Sr. Surface Inclination Load Effort P (N) Sin Ө Cos Ө Coefficient Average
No. in of plane W (N) of Friction µ
contact µ
1
2
3
4
5
6
Draw FBD
a) Body just sliding down the inclined plane.

b) Body just sliding up the inclined plane.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 117

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Sample Calculation.

a) Body just sliding down the inclined plane.

µ=W SinӨ-P/WCosӨ

b) Body just sliding up the inclined plane.

µ= -P-W SinӨ/WCosӨ

XII. Results
1. The average value of coefficient of static friction for surface in contact.
a)………………………….and………………………….(µ)=…………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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XIII. Interpretation of results
Friction depends on the nature of surface in contact and independent on area of contact
XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Define Coefficient of friction. Give laws of friction.

2. What is limiting friction?
3. List out the factors affecting friction.
4. State relation between coefficient of friction and angle of friction.
5. Give reason. In rainy season the moving vehicles skid on the road.
6. State advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 118

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 119

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XVI. References/Suggestions for further Reading

Sr. Link Description

No.
Calculation of coefficient of
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGT1g_lu440 friction for horizontal and
inclined plane
https://encrypted-
2 tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSZrVA_WH- Practical Image
EY7dHmxwPGbBgEZ912l88cXx3RQ&usqp=CAU

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 120

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 121

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

Practical No. 15: Verify centroid of plane figure of given dimensions by

making simple paper model
I. Practical Significance
We use various types of shapes, lamina, and composite bars/wires in the constructions, in
machines and mechanisms for different purposes. Specific shape is chosen for cross section of a
beam, column and other structural member. One of the most important geometric property of the
shapes is center of gravity or centroid. The plane figure like circle triangle square has only area,
but no mass. The centre of area of plane figure is known as centroid.
II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcomes
Apply the principles of engineering mechanics to find out centroid of different structural cross-
section such as Beam, Column, Dam and Retaining wall etc.
III. Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
CO5- Determine the centroid/centre of gravity of the structural elements of having specific shape
and size.
IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
Apply the concept of centroid for given objects.
V. Relevant Affective Domain related Outcome(s)
a. Follow safety practices and precautions.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
c. Maintain tools and equipment.
VI. Relevant Theoretical Background
Centre of gravity: The centre of gravity of a body is that point through which the resultant of the
system of parallel forces formed by the weights of all the particles of the body passes. for all
positions of the body.
Centre of Mass: The point at which the whole mass of a body is supposed to be concentrated is
known as centre of mass.
Centroid:Is is the point at which whole area of the body is supposed to be concentrated.
VII. Actual diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications.

Fig.15.1 Step wise location of centroid with the help of centre of mass

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 122

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

VIII. Requires Recourses/Apparatus/Equipment with Specifications

Sr. No. Particulars Specification Quantity Remark

1 Sheet of paper / Hardboard 01 for each shape
2 Scissor/cutter 01 for batch of 3
to4 students
3 Plumb bob with string 01 for batch of 3
to4 students
4 Marker pen 01 for batch of 3
to4 students
IX. Precautions to be followed
1 Line should be connected to each other accurately.
2 Drawing errors should be reduced to minimum so as to get correct results
X. Procedure
1. Draw any shape on sheet of hard board. And mark holes on a Shape.
2. Hang that shape on a peg through the desire hole.
3. Hang a plumb bob and mark plumb line with marker.
4. Repeat same procedure for other holes.
5. Mark the point of intersection of these lines this point gives the centroid of that lamina by
experimentally.
6. Also calculate the center of gravity of that plane lamina by analytically.
XI. Observations Table

Sr. Shape Dimensions (mm) X- Y-

No. Coordinate(mm) Coordinate(mm)

1 Square

2 Rectangle

3 Triangle

4 Circle

5 Semicircle

6 Trapezium

XII. Results
1. Centroid of Square =
2. Centroid of Rectangle =
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 123
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

3. Centroid of Triangle =
4. Centroid of Circle =
5. Centroid of Semicircle =
6. Centroid of Trapezium =
XIII. Interpretation of results
Centroids of plane figures calculated by using formula are nearly equal to measured value of
centroid with plumb line.
.............................................................................................................................................................
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XIV. Conclusions and Recommendations
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
XV. Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum
three questions.

1. Define Centroid and Centre of gravity.

2. Find the position of centroid of a quarter circle having 100cm as diameter.
3. Find centre of gravity of solid cylinder diameter 100mm and height 150mm.
4. Show the C.G of cone with diagram.
5. Locate the centroid of T section 100mm×100mm×10mm having total depth of 100mm
Space for answers
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 124
Engineering Mechanics (312312)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 125

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

https://www.optikascience.com/optikascience/product/1195-bodies-
2 Practical Image
center-of-gravity/?lang=en
https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.GFp3_N2g1O9e07-
3 Practical Image
VaIFbqQAAAA?rs=1&pid=ImgDetMain
https://tech-story.pro/difference-between-centre-of-gravity-and-centroid/ Cover page image
4
(C.G)
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/wheel-and-axle-vector-illustration-
labeled-load-towing-simple-mechanics-scheme-gm1215963589- Cover page image
5
354379534 (Machine)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 126

Engineering Mechanics (312312)

XVII. Suggested Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

(%)

Process related: 15 Marks 60 %

1 Handling of different geometrical shapes. 5%
2 Keeping the plumb line vertical. 10%
3 Marking of line on plane lamina. 10 %
4 Determination of centroid of geometrical shapes. 10 %
5 Analytical calculation of centroid. 20 %
6 Working in team. 5%
Product related: 10 Marks 40 %
1 Error estimation. 5%
2 Interpretation of result and graph. 10 %
3 Conclusion and Recommendation. 10 %
4 Answer to the practical related questions. 10 %
5 Submission of report in time. 5%
Total: 25 Marks 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated sign of Teacher

Process Product Total(25)
Related(15) Related(10)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K-scheme) 127

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