Scribd
Upload
2 views

CHAPTER-1ComputerOverview

ComputerOverview

Uploaded by

Vimal Vijayakumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

CHAPTER-1ComputerOverview

ComputerOverview

Uploaded by

Vimal Vijayakumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

CHAPTER-12

COMPUTER SYSTEM OVERVIEW


Hardware Vs. software
• Hardware- The physical parts of a
computer.
• Software- The set of instructions and
programs that the make the computer run.
Basic Computer Organization
Input Unit
• An input unit takes the input and converts into
binary form so that it can be understood by the
computer.
• Input comprises of data and instruction.
• Eg: keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.
Output Unit
• An output unit converts the output in
binary form to human understandable
form.
• Eg: monitor, printer, speaker, etc.
The CPU
• CPU or Central Processing Unit is known as the
Brain of the computer.
• It controls the performance of a computer.
• The CPU has the following sub-components
• ALU
• CU
• Registers
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• The ALU performs arithmetic(+, -, *, / ) and
logical (<, >, <=, >=, !=) operations.
• The result of a logical operation is either
TRUE or FALSE.
CU(Control Unit)
• The CU controls the overall operations of a
computer system.
• It sends control signals until the required
operations are done properly by ALU and
memory.
• It does program execution by carrying out all the
instructions stored in a program.
Registers
• Registers or CPU registers are temporary
memory locations to store data and instructions
during the program execution.
• CPU directly access the registers as they can
match up the speed of the CPU.
• Eg: MDR, MAR, PC, CIR, etc.
The Memory
• The memory of a computer is often called main
memory or primary memory.
• A bit is an elementary unit of the memory.
8 bits 1 byte
1024 bytes 1Kilo Byte
1024 KB 1 Mega Byte
1024 MB 1 Giga Byte
1024 GB 1 Terra Byte
1024 TB 1 Peta Byte
1024 PB 1 Exta Byte
1024 EB 1 Zetta Byte
Parts of Main Memory
The main memory can be divided into two parts
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• ROM (Read Only Memory)
Random Access Memory(RAM)
• In RAM, the memory cells can be accessed for
information transfer from any desired random location.
• It is a volatile memory, when the power goes off, the
contents of RAM get erased.
• Two types of RAM- DRAM and SRAM
Dynamic RAM Static RAM
It is made up of transistors and It is made up of flip-flops(binary cell
capacitors capable of storing 1 bit)
It is volatile memory It is also volatile memory
It has to be refreshed frequently No need of refreshing as the stored
because DRAM starts losing the charge information remains valid till power is
over access and it wastes CPU time. applied.
Slower access time compared to Faster access time compared to
SRAM. DRAM.
Used in primary storage sections of It is used for specialized applications.
most of the computers.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• It is a memory unit that performs the read operation
only; it does not have a write capability.
• It is non-volatile.
• It is slower than ROM
• Various types of ROM – PROM, EPROM and EEPROM
PROM- Programmable Read Only Memory is a ROM that can be
programmed to record data. Once it is programmed it cannot be
changed
EPROM- Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a ROM that can
be erased using UV rays and can be reprogrammed.
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory is a
type of ROM that can be erased using electrical signals and can be
reprogrammed.
Secondary Storage Devices
• It enables permanent data storage.
• It is non-volatile
• Also known as auxiliary storage or external
storage.
• Different types – Magnetic, Optical, SSD(Solid
State Drives)
Mobile System Organization

Audio Subsystem

Mic Speaker
Mobile Processor or CPU
• The CPU of a mobile system has mainly two sub-
processor types:
• Communications Processing Unit
• Responsible for making and receiving calls.
• It has a digital signal processor that works with
• Radio Signal Management Unit- Connects SIM to mobile networks
• Audio Subsystem- Convert analog voice signals to digital and vice-
versa.
• Application Processing Unit
• Responsible for carrying out different applications .
• It has a separate sub-component called GPU(Graphics
Processing Unit) which assists the APU the visuals and
graphically-rich applications.
SoC(System on a Chip) is a microchip with all the major components of a mobile
system integrated on a single chip.
Display Subsystem
• It is responsible for providing display facilities and touch
sensitive interface.
• It supports:
• Display screen
• Touch sensitive interface
• Touch sensitive keyboards
Camera Subsystem
• Responsible for capturing pictures and videos.
• It has an integrated Image Signal Processor
ensures things like instant image capture, high-
resolution support, image stabilization etc.
Mobile System Memory
• A mobile system’s memory is of two types:
• RAM- Work memory of the mobile system
from where the CPU accesses data.
• ROM- It is the place where the OS and some
preinstalled apps.
Storage
• It refers to the external storage of a mobile
system.
• It is also called expandable storage.
• It comes in the form of SD cards, micro SD cards
etc.
Power Management Subsystem
• It is responsible for providing power to a mobile
system.
• Power is provided commonly through an
attached battery unit.
Types of Software
Software can be classified into two categories:
• System Software
• Application Software
System Software
The software that controls the internal operations of a computer
is called System software. It is classified into 2 types:
• Operating System
• It is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the
hardware. It governs the overall working of a computer system.
• Language Processor
• It is a special type of software that can translate the source
code(program written in High Level programming language) into
an object code(code in binary language).
• Mainly 3 types of language processors
• Assembler – Translates the program written in assembly language to
machine code.
• Interpreter- Translates the HLL program to machine code line by line.
• Compiler- Translates the HLL program to machine code in one go.
Application software
• Application software is a type of software necessary to
carry out a specific application.
• It is subdivided into 3 categories:
• Packages- They are general purpose software.
Eg: Word processors, spreadsheets etc.
• Utilities- They are meant to assist the computer.
Eg: Anti-virus, Disk defragmentator etc.
• Customized software- They are specially created
software according to a business requirement.
Eg: Hotel management, Airway management etc.

You might also like