CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

1. A scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, presentation, analysis and

interpretation of facts that links man’s speculation with reality.
a. Research b.Dissertation c. Thesis d. Essay
2. It is a type of research paper based on original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of
a master’s program or a capstone to a bachelor’s degree.
a. Research b. Dissertation c. Thesis d. Essay
3. A long essay on particular subject, especially one written as a requirement for the Doctor of
Philosophy degree.
a. Research b. Dissertation c. Thesis d. Essay
4. It focuses on issues related to the causes and consequences of crime, delinquency, and
victimization, as well as the operation of the criminal justice system, with an emphasis on police,
courts and corrections.
a. Criminological Research b. Phenomenological Research
c. Investigative Research d. Criminalistics Research
5. A type of research methodologies which refers to a systematic investigation of phenomena by
gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. It
deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance.
a. Quantitative Research b. Qualitative Research
c. Descriptive Research d. Analytical Research
6. A type of Quantitative Research which aims to accurately and systematically describe a population,
situation or phenomenon. It can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more
variable.
a. Descriptive Research b. Correlational Research
c. Casual-Comparative Researh d. Experimental Research
7. A type of Quantitative Research which refers to a study conducted with scientific approach using
two sets of variables. Its goal is to provide more definitive conclusions about the causal relationships
among variable in a research hypothesis than what is available from correlational research.
a. Descriptive Research b. Correlational Research
c. Casual-Comparative Researh d. Experimental Research
8. A type of Quantitative Research which refers to a research design that investigates relationships
between two variables or more without the researcher controlling or manipulating any of them.
a. Descriptive Research b. Correlational Research
c. Casual-Comparative Researh d. Experimental Research
9. A type of Quantitative Research which is also known as Quasi-Experimental is a methology used
to identify cause-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables.
a. Descriptive Research b. Correlational Research
c. Casual-Comparative Research d. Experimental Research
10. A type of research methodologies which is defined as a market research method that focuses on
obtaining data through open-ended and conversational communication. This method is about “what”
people think and “why” they think so.
a. Quantitative Research b. Qualitative Research
c. Descriptive Research d. Analytical Research
11. A type of research methodologies which involves collecting data to povide an accurate portryal or
detailed account of a phenomenon without influencing it in any way. It aims to observe, document,
and create a thorough profile of the subject under study, often exploring patterns, behaviors, or
attributes. It can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
a. Quantitative Research b. Qualitative Research
c. Descriptive Research d. Analytical Research

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12. It is a type of descriptive research that involves collecting data through self-adminsitered
questionnaires. It means collecting information about a group of people by asking them questions and
analyzing the results.
a. Survey Research b. Observational Research
c. Case Study Research d. Focus Group Research
13. It is a research technique where you perceive participants and phenomena in their most natural
settings. This enables researchers to see their subjects make choices and react to situations in their
natural settings, as opposed to structured settings like research labs or focus groups.
a. Survey Research b. Observational Research
c. Case Study Research d. Focus Group Research
14. A type of descripetive research which refers to the study of people in their own environment
through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing. It provides
an in-depth insight into the user’s views and actions along with the sights and sounds they encounter
during their day.
a. Ethnographic Research b. Observational Research
c. Case Study Research d. Focus Group Research
15. A type of research methodologies where the researcher has to use facts or information already
available, and analyze them to make a critical evaluation of the material. It involves the in-depth study
and evaluation of available information in an attempt to explain complex phenomenom.
a. Quantitative Research b. Qualitative Research
c. Descriptive Research d. Analytical Research
16. A type of research methodologies which means to provide information that is useful in reaching
conclusions or decision-making. It tends to be quantitative in nature that is to say in the form of
numbers that can be quantified and summarized.
a. Applied Research b. Fundamental Research
c. Exploratory Research d. Conclusive Research
17. It is a type of examination looking to find practical solutions for existing problems. These can
include challenges in the workplace, education and society.
a. Applied Research b. Fundamental Research
c. Exploratory Research d. Conclusive Research
18. A type of research methodologies which is defined as research in science, engineering, or
mathematics, the results of which ordinarily are published and shared boradly within the research
community, and for which the researchers have not accepted restrictions for propriety or national
security reasons.
a. Applied Research b. Fundamental Research
c. Exploratory Research d. Conclusive Research
19. It is a methodology approach that investigates research questions that have not previously been
studied in depth. The preliminary results often lay the groundwork for future analysis. The questions
tend to start with “why” or “how”, and the goal is to explain why or how a previously studied
phenomenom takes place.
a. Applied Research b. Fundamental Research
c. Exploratory Research d. Conclusive Research
20. A classification of research which has the purpose of determining the future operation of the
variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or redirecting such for the better. It is also
known as Prognostic Research.
a. Predictive Research b. Directive Research
c. Illuminative Research d. Nominal Research
21. A classification of research according to purpose which determines what should be done based
on the findings this is to remedy an unsatisfactory condition, if there is any.
a. Predictive Research b. Directive Research
c. Illuminative Research d. Nominal Research

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22. A classification of research according to goal which is done for the development of theories and
principles. It is also known as Pure Research.
a. Basic Research b. Applied Research c. Advance Research d. Practical Research
23. A classification of research according to goal which is the application of the results of pure search.
This is testing the efficacy of theories and principles and aims to test theories and concepts
developed for verification, application, development and support and their relationship to the existing
fund of knowledge.
a. Basic Research b. Applied Research c. Advance Research d. Practical Research
24. A classification of research according to the Level of Investigation which the researcher studies
the variables pertinent to a specific situation.
a. Exploratory Research b. Descriptive Research
c. Experimental Research d. Objective Research
25. A classification of research according to the Type of Analysis which the researcher attempts to
identify and is isolate the components of the research situation.
a. Exploratory Research b. Descriptive Research
c. Analytical Research d. Holistic Research
26. A classification of research according to the Type of Analysis which begins with the total situation.
Focusing attention on the system first and then on its internal relationships.
a. Exploratory Research b. Descriptive Research
c. Analytical Research d. Holistic Research
27. A classification of research according to the Level of Investigation which the researcher studies
the relationships of the variables.
a. Exploratory Research b. Descriptive Research
c. Experimental Research d. Objective Research
28. A classification of research according to Scope where this type of research is done on a very
limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost problem solving.
a. Exploratory Research b. Action Research
c. Analytical Research d. Holistic Research
29. A classification of research according to Choice of Answers to Problems where the focus is on
finding or developing a more suitable instrument or process than has been available.
a. Evaluation Research b. Developmental Research
c. Analytical Research d. Holistic Research
30. A classification of research according to Statistical Content which refers to one in which inferential
statistics are utilized to determine the results of the study. The inferential statistics such as
correlation, chi-square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis.
a. Evaluation Research b. Developmental Research
c. Quantitative Research d. Non-quantitative Research
31. A classification of research according to Statistical Content in which the use of the quantity or
statistics is practically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies where description is
usually used. Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative data.
a. Evaluation Research b. Developmental Research
c. Quantitative or statistical research d. Non-quantitative research
32. A classification of research according to Choice of Answers to Problems which refers to all
possible courses of action are specified and identified and the researcher tries to find the most
advantageous.
a. Evaluation Research b. Developmental Research
c. Analytical Research d. Holistic Research
33. It refers to the overall strategy chosen to integrate the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring effectively address the research problem. It constitutes
the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
a. Research Design b. Research Instrument

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 c. Research Device d. Research Plan
34. A type of research design which involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is to
provide accurate description of problems without attempting to treat or employ sophisticated statistical
tools or describe problems.
a. Qualitative Research Design b. Quantitative Research Design
c. Quantifiable Research Design d. Numerical Research Design
35. A type of research design which focused is to describe problems descriptively and numerically. It
utilizes more statistical tests to explain the nature, characteristics, relationships and differences of
variables.
a. Qualitative Research Design b. Quantitative Research Design
c. Quantifiable Research Design d. Numerical Research Design
36. It is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to the research interests. . It can be
a tests, surveys, scales, questionnaires, or even checklists.
a. Research Design b. Research Instrument
c. Research Device d. Research Plan
37. A classification of research instrument in which the information is collected directly from the
respondents.
a. Researcher Instrument b. Subject Instrument
c. Informant Instrument d. Informer Instrument
38. A type of research instrument which is used to obtain information about research issues. It can be
standardized which is structured and formal or un-standardized which is informal and non-directive.
a. Interviews b. Surveys c. Observations d. Questionnaires
39. A type of research instrument which are the most frequently used instrument to collect data. It
helps to gather data concerning knowledge, attitudes, opinions, facts, etc.
a. Interviews b. Surveys c. Observations d. Questionnaires
40. A type of research instrument which refers to the questionnaire or response item posed to a
respondent.
a. Interviews b. Surveys c. Observations d. Questionnaires
41. A type of research instrument which is a way of gathering data by watching behavior, events, or
noting physical characteristics in their natural setting. It can be overt or covert.
a. Interviews b. Surveys c. Observations d. Questionnaires
42. This type of Questionnaires is also referred as guided response type, closed form or restricted.
Respondents are guided in answering questions. Options may be provided like in multiple choice
tests while answers are based on the rating scales provided.
a. Open-Ended b. Closed-Ended c. Closed Open d. Dead End
43. In this type of Questionnaires, respondents are forced to answer the questions asked in the
questionnaire. It is best suited to a qualitative research study.
a. Open-Ended b. Closed-Ended c. Closed Open d. Dead End
44. There is a set of carefully prepared questions and their expected answers are provided in this
type of interview.
a. Structured Interview b. Personal Interview
c. Unstructured Interview d. Live Interview
45. This type of interview is also termed as Non-Directive or Informal where the respondents are free
to express their opinions.
a. Structured Interview b. Personal Interview
c. Unstructured Interview d. Live Interview
46. A commonly used instrument which may be defined as perceiving data through the senses: sight,
hearing, taste, touch and smell. Sense of sight is the most important and most used.
a. Questionnaire b. Interview c. Observation d. Survey
47. This quality of good research instrument has a degree to which a measuring instrument measures
what it intends to measure.

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 a. Validity b. Reliability c. Usability d. Credibility
48. This quality of good research instrument is otherwise known as Practicability. It is the degree to
which the research instrument can be satisfactorily used.
a. Validity b. Reliability c. Usability d. Credibility
49. This quality of good research instrument has an extent to which the instrument is dependable,
self-consistent and stable. Consistency of responses from moment to moment even a person takes
the same test twice, the test yields the same results reliable test may not always be valid.
a. Validity b. Reliability c. Usability d. Credibility
50. In this Sampling Design, each member of the population is given the chance of being included in
the sample.
a. Scientific Sampling b. Non-Scientific Sampling
c. Restricted Random d. Unrestricted Random
51. This type of Scientifi Sampling refers to specific aggregation of the elements. It is also known as
universe.
a. Population b. Sample c. Survey d. Data
52. This type of Scientifi Sampling refers to representative portion of a whole. It is a subset of a
population.
a. Population b. Sample c. Survey d. Data
53. What type of Scientific Sampling which is applicable only when the population being investigated
is homogenous?
a. Restricted Random b. Unrestricted Random
c. Stratified Random d. Systematic
54. What type of Scientific Sampling which divides first the population into two or more strata and for
each stratum, the sample items were drawn at random?
a. Restricted Random b. Unrestricted Random
c. Stratified Random d. Systematic
55. What type of Scientific Sampling which all individual in the population are arranged in a
methodical manner, i.e. alphabetical or chronological (age, experience) and the name may be
selected in the construction of the sample?
a. Restricted Random b. Unrestricted Random
c. Stratified Random d. Systematic
56. What type of Scientific Sampling which is the best random sampling design because no restriction
is imposed and every member of the population has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample?
a. Restricted Random b. Unrestricted Random
c. Stratified Random d. Systematic
57. What type of Scientific Sampling which the population is group into clusters or small units, for
instance, block or districts, and are selected by random sampling or systematic sampling?
a. Multi-stage b. Cluster Sampling c. Stratified Random d. Systematic
58. In this Sampling Design, there is subjectivity on the on the part of the researcher because not all
the individual in a population are given an equal chance of being included in the sample.
a. Scientific Sampling b. Non-Scientific Sampling
c. Restricted Random d. Unrestricted Random
59. What type of Non-Scientific Sampling which is popular in the field of opinion research due to the
fact that it is done by merely looking for individuals with requisite characteristics?
a. Purposive b. Incidental c. Quota Sampling d. Instructive
60. What type of Non-Scientific Sampling which is based on choosing individuals as sample
according to the purposes of the researcher?
a. Purposive b. Incidental c. Quota Sampling d. Instructive
61. This type of Non-Scientific Sampling which refers to a design applied to those samples which are
taken because they are most valuable. The researcher simply takes the nearest individual as subjects
of the study until the sample reaches the desired size.

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 a. Purposive b. Incidental c. Quota Sampling d. Instructive
62. It is used to describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries
about the sample and the measures. Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of
virtually every quantitative analysis of data.
a. Descriptive Statistical Tools b. Expressive Statistical Tools
c. Sampling Techniques d. Bar Chart
63. What type of descriptive statistical tools which refers to the data set is found by adding all
numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set?
a. Mean b. Median c. Standard Deviation d. Bar Chart
64. This type of descriptive statistical tools is a way of showing the distribution of data with discrete
data set. It can be represented horizontally or vertically, they can also represent more than one set of
data.
a. Mean b. Median c. Standard Deviation d. Bar Chart
65. What type of descriptive statistical tools which is the middle value when a data set is ordered from
least to greatest?
a. Mean b. Median c. Standard Deviation d. Bar Chart
66. What type of descriptive statistical tools which is a measure of how dispered the data is in relation
to the mean?
a. Mean b. Median c. Standard Deviation d. Bar Chart
67. This type of descriptive statistical tools is a graph that shows the frequency of numerical data
using rectangles. The height of a rectangle (vertical axis) represents the distribution frequency of a
variable.
a. Mean b. Histogram c. Standard Deviation d. Bar Chart
68. It refers to self-evident truth which is based upon known fact or phenomenon. It is not usually
answered or proven because it is assumed true or correct which are beyond the control of the
researcher.
a. Assumption b. Hypothesis c. Presumption d. Hypothetical
69. It refers to tentative conclusion or answer to specific question raised at the beginning of the
investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific question.
a. Assumption b. Hypothesis c. Presumption d. Hypothetical
70. It is an act of incorporating into one’s work the work of another without indicating the source. The
unacknowledged used of somebody else’s words or ideas. An act wherein the writer uses passages,
ideas, writings, and statements of others without giving due credit.
a. Plagiarism b. Recording c. Copying d. Copyright
71. Is a science which deals with the systematic process of collecting, organizing, classifying,
presenting, interpreting and analyzing data.
a. Statistics b. Measurements c. Numbers d. Data
72. It is an examination of data or facts in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait, pattern, trend,
relationship among others so as to answer research questions which involve statistical techniques
and procedures.
a. Data Analysis b. Data Evaluation c. Data Interpretation d. Data Examination
73. It is an act or instance of interpreting an explanation. This is done to give meaning to data
generated from the instrument to answer the problems raised in the study.
a. Data Analysis b. Data Evaluation c. Data Interpretation d. Data Examination
74. This content in Chapter-1 of research presents the general and specific statement of the problem
determined in the study.
a. Introduction b. Setting of the Study
c. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework d. Statement of the Problem
75. This content in Chapter-1 of research presents the problem, what the problem is all about and the
rational or reasons for conducting the study.
a. Introduction b. Setting of the Study

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 c. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework d. Statement of the Problem
76. This content in Chapter-1 of research refers to the locality of the study and the place where the
study is to be conducted.
a. Introduction b. Setting of the Study
c. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework d. Statement of the Problem
77. This content in Chapter-1 of research presents the foundation of the study.
a. Introduction b. Setting of the Study
c. Theoretical / Conceptual Framework d. Statement of the Problem
78. This content in Chapter-1 of research presents the self-evident truth based upon known fact or
phenomenon and tentative conclusion or answer to specific questions.
a. Assumption or Hypothesis b. Significance of the Study
c. Scope and Limitation of the Study d. Definition of Terms
79. This content in Chapter-1 of research presents the boundaries in terms of time, sample, location
and weakness of the study beyond the control of the researcher.
a. Assumption or Hypothesis b. Significance of the Study
c. Scope and Limitation of the Study d. Definition of Terms
80. This content in Chapter-1 of research can be lexical or operational definition or a combination
thereof of different terms used in the study which are arranged alphabetically.
a. Assumption or Hypothesis b. Important Terminologies
c. Characterization of Terms d. Definition of Terms
81. This content in Chapter-1 of research presents the contribution of the result of the study to
individuals, institutions, administrators, society, etc.
a. Assumption or Hypothesis b. Significance of the Study
c. Scope and Limitation of the Study d. Definition of Terms
82. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis consists of a brief presentation of the entire population of the
study and the type of sampling techniques used in selecting sample respondents.
a. Research Method b. Population and Sampling Scheme
c. Description of the Respondents d. Research Instrument
83. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis contains detailed description of the respondents as to age, sex,
marital status, nature of employment, etc.
a. Research Method b. Population and Sampling Scheme
c. Description of the Respondents d. Research Instrument
84. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis consists of explanation on how the instrument used in
gathering data was develop as well as its detailed description.
a. Research Method b. Population and Sampling Scheme
c. Description of the Respondents d. Research Instrument
85. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis consists of a brief description and justification of the research
method used in the study.
a. Research Method b. Population and Sampling Scheme
c. Description of the Respondents d. Research Instrument
86. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis states brief discussion on how the instrument was validated.
Instrument is tested on individuals who are knowledgeable of the subject matter but are not part of
the respondents of the study.
a. Validation of Instrument b. Procedures in Gathering Data
c. Statistical Treatment d. Research Instrument
87. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis contains the step by step procedures used by the researcher in
reaching the respondents in order to gather data.
a. Validation of Instrument b. Procedures in Gathering Data
c. Statistical Treatment d. Research Instrument
88. This Chapter 3 content of a thesis contains discussion on the statistics used in consonance with
the specific problem and hypothesis to be tested.

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 a. Validation of Instrument b. Procedures in Gathering Data
c. Statistical Treatment d. Research Instrument
89. This content in Chapter-5 of a research contains the specific findings/results of the study and
presented as they were organized and categorized in the sub-problems of the study and written in
past tense.
a. Summary of Findings b. Conclusions c. Recommendations d. References
90. This content in Chapter-5 of a research was written in present tense and should be based on the
findings of the study with logical and valid outgrowth of the findings.
a. Summary of Findings b. Conclusions c. Recommendations d. References
91. This content in Chapter-5 of a research presents an appeal to people or institutions concerned to
solve the problems discovered in the study and it will be limited to the problems that were discovered
in the study and it must be practical and attainable.
a. Summary of Findings b. Conclusions c. Recommendations d. References
92. It is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and
books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences. It is
called APA which means __________.
a. American Psychological Association b. American Psysiological Association
c. American Physical Association d. American Psychosomatic Association
93. A type of Qualitative Research which is an inductive approach in which a theory is developed
based on data. This is the opposite of the traditional hypothesis-deductive research approaches
where hypotheses are formulated and are thentried to be proved or disproved.
a. Historical Study b. Phenomenology c. Grounded Theory d. Ethnography
94. A type of Qualitative Research which involves immersing yourself in a particular community or
organization to observe their behavior and interactions up close. It also refers to the written report of
the research that ethnographer produces afterwards.
a. Historical Study b. Phenomenology c. Grounded Theory d. Ethnography
95. A type of Qualitative Research which an in-depth research designs that primarily uses a
qualitative methodology but sometimes includes quantitative methodology. It used to examine an
identifiable problem confirmed through research. It also used to investigate an individual, group of
people, organization, or event.
a. Case Study b. Phenomenology c. Grounded Theory d. Ethnography
96. What type of Data Analysis which tests a single variable to determine whether the sample is
similar to the population from which it has been drawn?
a. Univariate b. Bivariate c. Multivariate d. Normative
97. What type of Data Analysis which tests three or more independent variables at a time on the
degree of relationship with dependent variables?
a. Univariate b. Bivariate c. Multivariate d. Normative
98. What type of Data Analysis which is the results of the study is compared with the norm?
a. Univariate b. Bivariate c. Multivariate d. Normative
99. What type of Data Analysis which tests two variables on how they differ from each other?
a. Univariate b. Bivariate c. Multivariate d. Normative
100. The APA 7th Edition does not require it, but the instructor may specifically require the student to
include it. It is like a roadmap of the paper. It should contain all the headings in the body, worded
exactly as they appear within.
a. Table of Contents b. Introduction c. Bibliography d. References

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 CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
01 – A 21 –B 41 –C 61 –B 81 – B
02 – C 22 – A 42 – B 62 – A 82 – B
03 – B 23 – B 43 – A 63 – A 83 – C
04 – A 24 – A 44 – A 64 – D 84 – D
05 – A 25 – C 45 – C 65 – B 85 – A
06 – A 26 – D 46 – C 66 – C 86 – A
07 – D 27 –B 47 – A 67 – B 87 – B
08 – B 28 – B 48 – C 68 – A 88 – C
09 – C 29 – B 49 – B 69 – B 89 – A
10 – B 30 – C 50 – A 70 – A 90 – B
11 – C 31 – D 51 – A 71 – A 91 – C
12 – A 32 – A 52 – B 72 – A 92 – A
13 – B 33 – A 53 – A 73 – C 93 – C
14 – A 34 – A 54 – C 74 – D 94 – D
15 – D 35 – B 55 – D 75 – A 95 – A
16 – D 36 – B 56 – B 76 – B 96 – A
17 – A 37 – B 57 – B 77 – C 97 – C
18 – B 38 – A 58 – B 78 – A 98 – D
19 – C 39 – D 59 – C 79 – C 99 – B
20 – A 40 – B 60 – A 80 – D 100 –A