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2 PhysicsProject InternalResistance

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12 views14 pages

2 PhysicsProject InternalResistance

Uploaded by

shubhamshrivastava1973
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Factors on which
E.M.F of a cell depends

Name: Shubham Shrivastava


Class: XII ‘Sci’
Roll No.:30
Session: 2023-2024

Submitted by: Shubham


Shrivastava
Submitted to: Dr. Alok Mishra
1

I want to express sincere gratitude to my physics mentor for


his vital support, guidance and encouragement, without which
this project would not have come forth. I would also like to
express my immense gratitude to the staff of the department
of physics at Kesari Devi Kanoria Vidya Mandir for
their support during the making of this project
2

This is to certify that Shubham Shrivastava from class XII Science


has completed his investigatory project entitled ‘Factors on which the
internal resistance of a cell dependins’the stipulated time in the partial
fulfillment of the physics practical examination of central board education
of secondary education (CBSE) during the year 2023-2024.

Teacher's Sign Principal's Sign


3

There is a great need for batteries in our daily use of


electronic appliances and their use is increasing every day.

thus, this project is based on a practical analysis of the factors


affecting the internal resistance of a cell

when the internal resistance of a cell is decreased, we can


increase the potential around it hence, making it more reliable

Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the


electrolyte of the cell to the flow of ions

- Its S.I unit is the ohm (Ω)


For a cell of E.M.F (E) and internal
resistance (r) connected to an external
resistance (R) such that (I) is the
current flowing through the circuit,
Caption
4

Electromotive force, also called E.M.F (denoted and measured in


volt), is the voltage developed by any source of electrical energy
such as a battery or dynamo. It is generally defined as the electrical
potential for a source in a circuit.
6

- To study the various factors on which the internal


resistance/E.M.F of a cell depends.

A Potentiometer, a battery (battery eliminator), two-way keys, a


rheostat of low resistance, a galvanometer, a high resistance,
an ammeter, a cell, a Jockey, a set square, connecting wires,
water bath, thermometer(0-100°C), burner, tripod stand, wire
gauge.

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to


the low of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
i. Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

ii. Is inversely proportional to the facing surface area of the electrodes in


the electrolyte.

iii. Decrease with an increase in temperature of the electrolyte.

iv. Is inversely proportional to the concentration of electrolytes.


7

The internal resistance of a cell is given by

l l
Where 1 and 2 are the balancing lengths without resistance and with resistance
(shunt), respectively and R is the shunt resistance in parallel with the given
cell.

1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of


connections.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sandpaper
and make tight
3. connections according to the circuit diagrams.
Tight the plugs of the resistance box.

To see the effect of the distance between the electrodes on internal resistances
while keeping the other factors constant, vary the separation between
electrodes and measure internal resistance in each case.

4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that e.m.f.
and see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that of the
given cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be
8

obtained (E' >E).

5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat


resistance small.

6. To test the corrections of the connections. (insert the plug


in the key K1 and note the ammeter reading. Take out the
2000 ohm resistance plug from the resistance box. Place
the jokey first at the end P of the wire and then at the end
Q. If the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite
direction in the two cases the connections are correct).

7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjust the


rheostat so that a null point is
obtained on the 4th wire of the potentiometer.

8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in the


resistance box and by slightly
adjusting the jockey near the previous obtained position
of the null point, obtain the null point position accurately,
using a set square.

9. Measure the balancing length l1 between the point and


the end P of the wire.

10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance
box R.B. introduce plugs in the key K1, as well as in key K2
. Take out small resistance (1-5 Ω) from the resistance box
R connected in parallel with the cell.
9

11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and obtain
the null point.

12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make further
adjustments for the sharp null point.

l
13. Measure the balancing length 2 from end P.

To see the effect of the temperature of electrolytes on internal resistance by


keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in a water bath to heat the electrolyte. Determine the
internal resistance at various temperatures.

K K
14. Remove the plug keys at 1 and 2. Wait for some time and the same
value of current (as shown by ammeter) repeat steps 7 to 13.

15. Repeat the observations for different values of R repeating each


observation
twice.

Calculate the internal resistance of the cell by using the above relation
for r.

To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolytes on internal


resistance by:- Keeping the other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of electrolytes by adding the distilled water and
determining the internal resistance of the cell in each case.
10

Table for internal resistance

Table for the effect of separation between electrodes


11

Table for the effect of temperature

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is


equal to E = 0.98 Volt
2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to
the separation between
the electrodes.
3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the area of the
electrodes dipped in an electrolyte.
4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional
to the temperature of
electrolytes.
12

5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the concentration of the electrolyte.

1. The connections should be neat, clean and tight.


2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the
observations are to be
taken.
3. The positive poles of the battery E and cells E1 and E2
should, all be connected to
the terminal at the zero of the wires.
4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It
should touch the wire
gently.
5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a
particular set of observations. If
necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the
e.m.f.'s of either of the two
cells.
7. Some high resistance plugs should always be taken out
from the resistance box before the jockey is moved along
the wire.
13

Caption
14

ss

I. Physics NCERT class X!!

II. Comprehensive Physics Practical class X!!

III. www.google.com

IV. en.wikipedia.org

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