Quest: Journal of Geometry, Mathematical and Quantum Physics

e-ISSN: 3064-7282 Vol.1 Issue 3|2024

Study on Application of Graph Theory in Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Ashok Kumar Mahato, Rahul Das, Suresh Kumar Sahani

Department of science and technology, Rajarshi Janak University, Janakpur, Nepal

Abstract: Mathematics play significant role in different fields/area. One of the major area of
mathematics is Graph theory, In computer science, graph theory is an essential tool, particularly
for artificial intelligence (AI). This study investigates the use of graph theory in several artificial
intelligence (AI) fields, such as graph coloring algorithms, natural language processing (NLP),
recommendation systems, and graph neural networks (GNNs). We'll show how comprehensive
connection modeling and scalability in graph-based recommendation systems improve content
customization, and how GNNs are excellent at managing complicated relational data in domains
like traffic management, social network analysis, and drug development. We also investigate the
use of graph theory to natural language processing (NLP), specifically as it relates to knowledge
graphs that enhance chatbot performance, search engine accuracy, and semantic search.
Furthermore, we examine how graph coloring techniques are applied in real-world situations like
scheduling and register allocation, emphasizing how well they work to optimize resource usage
and solve problems. This thorough analysis highlights graph theory's revolutionary influence on
developing AI technologies and resolving practical issues, demonstrating its important function
in both theoretical and practical contexts.
Keywords: Graphs, Graph theory, Artificial intelligence, Graph neural network,
Recommendation system, NPL, Graph coloring.

Introduction
Graph Theory: The graph theory's beginnings can be traced back to the 1735 Konigsberg Bridge
problem. This issue led to the idea of the Eulerian graph. Euler researched the Konigsberg bridge
problem and created a structure known as the "Eulerian graph" to address it. Around 1840, A.F.
Mobius gave rise to the concepts of a complete and a bipartite graph, and Kwiatkowski
demonstrated that they were planar through the lens of recreational issues. The idea of a tree,
which is a connected graph without Karl Kirchhoff introduced bicycles in 1845, and he used
theoretical concepts to design them. while computing currents in electrical networks or circuits.
Thomas Guthrie discovered the infamous "color problem" in 1852. Next, in 1856, Thomas. By
observing bicycles on a polyhedral, P. Kirkman and William Hamilton established the notion
known as the Hamiltonian graph. It tears that visited specific places precisely once. A puzzling
problem was mentioned by H. Dudeney in 1913. Despite being a contrived problem, the color
problem wasn't solved until a century later by Kenneth Heinrich Haken and Appel. This moment
is recognized as the creation of graph theory.
Graph: A diagram with points connected by lines is a useful tool for easily describing many real-
world situations. As an illustration, the points might stand for people, while the lines could depict
friendships or communication centers connected by communication links. These diagrams

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primarily focus on whether two points are related, rather than how they are connected. This notion
gives rise to the mathematical notion of a graph.
A graph is a picture or diagram made up of a number of vertices and edges connecting specific
pairings of these vertices.
A graph G=[V(G), E(G)] can be written mathematically. The two finite sets V(G) and E(G) are
defined as follows:
V(G)= Vertex set of graph G
E(G) = Edge set of graph G such that e of E(G) allocated on an unordered pair of vertices (u, v)
known as e's end vertices.
Graphs get their name from their ability to be graphically represented, and it is this ability to do so
that allows us to better comprehend many of their characteristics. A line denotes an edge, and a
point represents a vertex. combining the points that stand in for its ends.

Fig: graph with 4 vertex and 6 edges

Artificial Intelligence: The branch of computer science known as artificial intelligence (AI)
seeks to build machines that are able to carry out tasks that ordinarily require human intelligence.
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems can be made to think and act like humans, or they can be
programmed to follow logical reasoning and make performance-maximizing judgments.
Autonomous vehicles are one application of AI. These cars employ artificial intelligence (AI) to
sense their surroundings using cameras and sensors, process data to comprehend traffic and road
conditions, and make decisions in real time—like changing lanes or stopping at a red light—so
they can drive safely without any assistance from a human. Self-driving automobile AI blends
rational intelligence (selecting the best routes based on data) with human-like behavior (obeying
traffic laws).
A major component of artificial intelligence (AI) is graph theory. It demonstrates how ideas from
graph theory are frequently applied to computer science applications, such as artificial intelligence
(AI), in order to model and solve complicated issues. AI systems can process and reason about
information more easily when relationships and dependencies between data elements are
organized using graph theory. For example, shortest path and graph coloring algorithms are used
in AI activities including learning, optimization, and decision-making. Additionally, graph
databases (like Neo4j) facilitate the querying and storing of graph-structured data, which helps
artificial intelligence (AI) comprehend complex relationships and perform better.
Applications
1. Recommendation system:
When a user consumes or watches content, a recommendation system provides tailored
suggestions. This system makes recommendations depending on how the content is used, user
information, and/or content ratings. We suggest a new approach to address the aforementioned
problems: a graph-based recommendation system. It includes graph algorithms, multiple
recommendation systems, and assessed user content data stored inside a graph structure. The
scalability and diversity of relationship modeling of the graph-based recommendation system
make it superior to the current one. This distinction in data storage efficiency is what sets a graph-
based recommendation apart from the current recommendation methodology. To forecast the

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similarity of collaborative filtering procedures, the graph-based recommendation system does not
create a sparse matrix.
Recommendation Process:
Data Gathering using Internet Scraping: Reviews, ratings, tags, movies, users, and other data
are gathered from the internet. Utilizing this data, the recommendation service is constructed.
Creating and Importing Knowledge Graph Models: The various movie-related data (e.g.,
actors, tags, new movies, reviews, etc.) are connected by a knowledge graph. The graph is
constantly being updated by web scraping, which adds new movies and pertinent metadata.
Finding Candidates for Recommendations: A graph is defined by a graph recommendation
engine using the relationships between metadata (e.g., user-movie interactions).
Similarity-Based suggestions: A graph depicting user-movie interactions is used to make
suggestions based on how similar users' preferences are. To improve suggestion accuracy, people
with similar tastes are grouped together using community discovery.
Methods of Graph Analysis: Users can receive suggestions based on the significance of
directors, actors, and other movie related properties thanks to Centrality Analysis (PageRank).
Users can search for movies based on particular themes or genres by using tags in the graph.
Personalized Suggestions for Films:

Fig: Movie recommendation system

A recommendation algorithm based on graphs is used by major video streaming services like
Netflix. Additionally, it's utilized on e-commerce websites like eBay and Auction, among others.
The market has already seen widespread use of distributed storage techniques utilizing graph
technology connected to Elasticsearch or Hadoop's Hbase. Advances in recommendation
algorithms have been studied and numerous studies on graph distribution storage have been
released recently. As a result, it is evident that graph technology has more to offer the world and
that the demand for diverse data analysis has grown quickly.
2. Graph Neural Network:
Items in the real world are frequently described in terms of their relationships with other items. A
graph is a natural way to represent a collection of things and the relationships among them. For
more than ten years, researchers have created neural networks known as graph neural networks, or
GNNs, that function on graph data. Their expressive strength and skills have expanded with recent

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improvements. Practical applications are beginning to appear in fields including traffic prediction,
physics simulations, antibiotic discovery, and fake news detection.
Since many data sources are in a graph-based format, relationships and dependencies between
items can be captured by representing them as nodes (vertices) connected by edges. Traditional
fully connected networks struggle to analyze these kinds of datasets because of their intricate
structure. relationship graphs are a better way to depict the complex relationship structure seen in
these datasets. As a result, modeling these kinds of datasets with graph neural networks is a
potential option.
Numerous use cases using graph-structured data can be addressed by GNNs. Among the most
well-known instances is social media analysis. Because of the size of their user bases, users of
Facebook, Instagram, and other platforms can be considered as individual nodes in a graph with
their profile details acting as attributes. With the help of their friend lists, we can build a sizable
graph. Here is a famous case where fully connected neural networks are outperformed by graph
neural networks.
Because of its capacity to handle relational data, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are finding
increased use across other domains. GNNs models are used in molecular graphs for drug
discovery and biology to predict the properties of compounds and find possible candidates for
drugs. By utilizing user interactions, they improve community detection and friend suggestions in
social network analysis. By simulating linguistic links, GNNs enhance semantic parsing and
document categorization for natural language processing. Moreover, GNNs in traffic management
examine road networks for route optimization and traffic prediction, improving the effectiveness
of transportation. Following figure shows that the traffic management by using graph neural
network.

Fig: Traffic management analysis

It's also evident that Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are used in a variety of ways by AWS
(Amazon Web Services) to satisfy client demands. Amazon Neptune is one instance. It is a fully
managed graph database service that simplifies the development and operation of highly
connected data processing systems. GNNs are used by Neptune to index and query chart data,
giving users fast access to relationships between items in their data for analysis. Amazon
SageMaker is a further example. Customers can train and implement machine learning models at
scale with our fully managed machine learning service. Customers can train models for tasks like
link prediction, node classification, and chart classification using SageMaker's integrated GNN
algorithm.

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3. Natural Language Processing:

As the name implies, "natural language" refers to language written or spoken by people as
opposed to languages utilized for computer programming or communication. The subfield of
artificial intelligence (AI), which includes natural language processing (NLP), computer science is
the study of symbolic inference by use of computers and the representation of symbolic
knowledge for inference-making purposes. Understanding natural language by computers is one
of the most challenging issues in artificial intelligence. because of the diversity, complexity, and
irregularity of human language, as well as the philosophical meaning issues.
Graphs are essential for improving Natural Language Processing (NLP) capabilities because they
offer a connected and organized data foundation. In a variety of NLP applications, this paradigm
makes a substantial contribution to both the production and comprehension of human language.
Application of NPL using graphs
Search engines: In order to provide more precise and contextually relevant search results, modern
search engines make use of knowledge graphs to comprehend and interpret user queries. Search
engines can return results that most closely fit the user's requirements by comprehending the
intent and context of user searches.
Chatbots and Virtual Assistants: Chatbots and virtual assistants interpret user queries and
deliver precise, context-sensitive responses by utilizing knowledge graphs. For example, the
chatbot uses its knowledge graph to propose restaurants based on user history, location, and
preferred cuisine when a user asks for recommendations.
Semantic Search in Enterprise Systems: By comprehending the context and connections
between various data points, knowledge graphs play a crucial role in semantic search applications
within enterprise systems, assisting in the discovery of information across enormous corporate
databases.
Language Translation Services: Knowledge graphs help translators translate words more
accurately and naturally by helping them grasp the subtle cultural and contextual differences
between other languages.
In general, knowledge graphs give NLP applications a depth of comprehension and sophistication
that improves the intuitiveness, accuracy, and human-like quality of interactions with AI systems.
4. Graph Coloring Algorithm
Beginning with vertex 0, give each vertices a different color. Verify whether the adjacent vertices
have the same color before assigning them one. Indicate which color assignment is a component
of the solution if it does not conflict with the requirements. Finding a vertex-coloring of a graph
can be done simply by conducting a systematic search among all mappings from the set of
vertices to the set of colors.
Sometimes the sequence in which vertices are processed determines how many colors are used.
Think about the following two graphs, for instance. Vertices 3 and 4 are switched on the graph on
the right side, as you can see. The graph on the left can be colored with three colors if we take into
account the vertices 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. However, we require 4 colors if we take into account the
vertices 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the right graph.

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Fig: left graph with 3 color and Right graph with 4 color
Application of graph coloring
Scheduling algorithms: let's say you have a number of workers and a set of jobs to complete.
You need to allocate each worker a task within a specific time slot (let's suppose each job takes
one time slot for simplicity). Although jobs can be planned in any sequence, there is a possibility
that two jobs in tandem won't be scheduled for the same time slot if they depend on the same
resource, for example. Every work in the matching graph has a vertex, and every pair of jobs that
conflicts has an edge. With an infinite workforce, the graph's chromatic number represents the
ideal time to complete every task without encountering any conflicts.
Register allocation: a computer software called a compiler converts high-level languages like C,
Java, or OCaml's source code into machine code. This is often accomplished in a few phases, one
of which is assigning registers to the program's most frequently used variables while storing the
other ones in memory. This may be modeled as a graph coloring issue, in which the compiler
creates an interference graph with symbolic registers for vertices and edges connecting nodes as
needed simultaneously. The variables can be kept in k registers if the graph can be colored with k
different hues.
There are uses for pattern matching in graph coloring as well.
The process of giving each vertex in a graph a different color so that no two neighboring vertices
have the same color is known as graph coloring. The variation in color needs between two
comparable graphs illustrates how the order in which vertices are processed affects the algorithm's
performance. Graph coloring is used in many different contexts, such as register allocation in
compilers (variables are assigned to restricted registers) and scheduling algorithms (tasks must be
allotted time slots without conflicts). Pattern matching and other optimization issues also employ
graph coloring.
Problem:
You have eight jobs, each represented as a vertex in a graph, in an AI-driven task scheduling
system. Certain pairs of tasks cannot be planned at the same time because some tasks depend on
the accomplishment of others. The edges connecting the vertices provide the dependence
restrictions. The edges are as follows:
Task 1 depends on Task 2.
Task 2 is dependent upon Tasks 3 and 4.
Tasks 5 and 6 are necessary for Task 4.
Tasks 7 and 8 are necessary for Task 6.
The objective is to figure out the bare minimum of time slots needed to plan every activity so that
no two dependent tasks—that is, no two neighboring vertices with the same color—are scheduled
at the same time.

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Solution:
The jobs and their dependencies can be shown as a graph with eight vertices and the following
edges:
(1, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (6, 7), (6, 8)
There are no cycles in this graph, which resembles a tree.
Finding the fewest colors required to color the graph while making sure that no two nearby
vertices—which stand for dependent tasks—share the same color is the challenge.
Since no two neighboring vertices would need the same color, a tree is a bipartite graph and may
be colored with a maximum of two colors. This is due to the fact that vertices in a bipartite
network may always be divided into two groups so that there are no connections connecting
vertices in the same group.
This graph has a chromatic number of 2. As a result, two time slots are the bare minimum needed
to plan any job without creating a conflict.
This issue simulates an artificial intelligence task scheduling situation in which jobs need to be
scheduled into non-conflicting time slots according to dependencies. In a parallel processing
environment, we may maximize system efficiency and guarantee appropriate resource use by
reducing the number of time slots (colors).
Conclusion
Graph theory continues to be a potent and indispensable instrument in the field of artificial
intelligence, greatly augmenting the capacities and efficacy of many AI applications. This study
has illustrated the ways in which graph-based approaches, such as recommendation systems,
graph neural networks, and natural language processing, aid in the resolution of intricate, practical
issues. Graph theory is used in recommendation systems to enhance customization through
complex relationship modeling, and graph neural networks provide cutting edge solutions for
traffic control, medication discovery, and social network analysis. Graph theory use in NLP also
improves contextual comprehension and search accuracy. Graph coloring methods are explored in
more detail to show how useful they are for scheduling and register allocation. All things
considered, the use of graph theory to AI enhances theoretical understanding and offers workable
answers to important problems. The ideas and methods of graph theory will continue to be crucial
for fostering creativity and accomplishing technological advances as AI advances.
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