AU About

Citrus
& Subtropical Fruits
■ Complete instructions for selecting and caring for all citrus varieties
■ Details on growing 16 other fruits, including avocado, banana, and kiwi fruit
■ Special section on container plantings for Northern gardeners
 All About

& Subtropical Fruits

Created and designed by

the editorial staff of
ORTHO Books

Project Manager Ernie Tasaki

Project Editor Rick Bond

Contributing Editor Lance Walheim

Writers Maggie Klein

Paul Moore
Claude Sweet

Designer Ron Hildebrand

Major Photographer Pam Peirce
Illustrators Ron Hildebrand
Ronda Hildebrand
Ortho ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Books Subtropical fruit recipes courtesy of The Photo Acknowledgments
Publisher Ra e Fruit and vegetable Council of Broward (Names of photographers are followed by
Robert L. lacopi County. Florida the page numbers on which their work
Editorial Director Recipe tester and food styfcst: Stevie Bass. appears. R - right. L — left. T - top.
Mm S. Yee Food Concepts, Mill Valley. CA B - bottom)
Managing Editors William C. ApUn: 10L. 30. 34L. 61. 63. 74TR.
Jim Beley Consultants 75TC
Anne Coolman We thank the foBowing people for M. Badgley: 83L, 83TR. 838R
Susan Lammers cootnbuting information or for checking the Jen and Des Bartlelt/Bruce Coleman. Inc.:
Michael D. Smith manuscript for accuracy: 75L
SaBy W. Smith Laurie Black: 14. 28. 29. 32L, 32R, 33L.
Mary Lu Arpaia. Gary Bender. Robert Bergh.
Production Director James Beutel. Rob Brokaw. John Brown. 33TR. 38BL. 38BR. 39T. 39BL. 39BR. 4 IL.
Ernie S. Tasaki Tony Brown. Carl Campbell. Bob Chambers. 41C. 42L. 43R. 54. 60,88
Editors C. Cohns. Tom Cooper. R. E. Coronel. Rick Bolen. 59T
Richard H. Bond Norman Ellstrand. George Emench. Jim California Avocado Commisston/Produce
Alice E. Mace Gilbert. Tom Gleason. Francis Gouin. Rudy Marketing Association: 18
Haluza. Tom Del Hotal. Gene Joyner. Ron Tom Cooper: 59B
System Manager Alan Copeland: 27. 76
Christopher Banks Kadtsh. Robert Kurte, Richard Langdon. Kirk
Lason. Brian Lievens. Paul Lyrene, Michael Al Crozier: 34R
System Consultant McConkey. Louis Migley. Dan Milbocker. Dana Downie: 4. 21. 22L. 49BL. 928
Mark Zielinski John Moore. Jim Neitzel. Dorothy Nichols. Lucy Enckson: 12B. 36C. 90
Asst. System Managers Robert Norton, Jan Pirzio Biroli. Gayther Ricardo Ferro/Black Star: 9
Lmda Bouchard Plummer. John Rrfey. Chris Rollins. Kay Charles M. Fitch/Shostai Associates 69C
William F. Yusavage Ryago, Dale Sato. C. C. Schaller. Art Four-By-Five: 7T
Scvoeder. James B. Shanks. Wayne Douglas P. Garrabrants/Calavo: 17T. 17B
Photographic Director Bob Gossingtom Bruce Coleman. Inc.: 69R
Alan Copeland Sherman. Bob Smith. Steven Spangler. Jerry
Staedeli. W. B. Storey. Jack Swords. J. L. H. Armstrong Roberts 51
Photographers Tayor. Paul Thompson. Ronald Tukey. Wm F Grant Heilman Photography: 8
Laurie A. Black Whitman. Horace Whittaker. Kathleen Stefan Hames: 12T
Richard A. Christman Wiliams. William Wiltbank. Gene Joyner: 44B, 49R. 56L. 56R. 85R.
Asst. Production Manager 858L
Darcie S. Furlan Special Thanks To Michael Landis: 46T
Harvey Lloyd/Peter Arnold. Inc.: 7D
Associate Editor John Arndt Michael McKinley: 89
Jill Fox Joan Byko, Contra Costa Solariums. M. Timothy O'Keefe/Bruce Coleman. Inc.:
Production Editors Danvfle. CA 10R
Deborah Cowder Deborah Cowder Ortho Photo Library: 6R. 7C. 40R. 65. 68.
Don Mosley Donald F. Dillon Sr.. Four Winds Growers. 73TL. 75B, Back cover TL. BL
Anne Pederson Fremont, CA Marcella Pedone/Shostal Associates:
Chief Copy Editor Gecrge Emench. Fallbrook. CA Back cover TR
Rebecca Pepper Aioli Center. Woodside. CA J. Pehrson: 85TL
Milana Hames Pam Peirce: Front cover, 16. 23. 24L, 24TR.
Photo Editors Hearst Castle. San Simeon. CA 248R. 26TL. 26TR. 26BL, 268R. 35TL.
Kate O'Keeffe Tha Indoor Citrus and Rare Fruit Society 35BL. 35R. 36TL. 36BL. 36TR. 36BR. 37L.
Pam Peirce Michael Thomas Issel 37R. 381 40L. 41R. 42C. 42R. 43L. 43C.
Raymond F. Quinton Maityn and Robert Singer 69L. Back cover BR
National Sales Manager Argei Tardy Chris Rollins: 1. 5. 6L. 46B, 66. 70. 71. 72.
Charles H. Aydelotte Paul Thomson. Bounsall. CA 73TR. 74TL. 74TC. 74B
Sales Associate University of California. Riverside B. Rothenberger: 84BR
Susan B. Boyle Kjell B. Sandved/Bruce Coleman. Inc.: 73TC
Nb portion of this book may be Carlo Sanuvo/Bruce Coleman. Inc.: 75TR
Operations Assistant reproduced without written permission Barry Shapiro: 52. 91.92T
Gail L. Davis from the publisher. Ron Shunk: 22R. 55. 58. 64
Administrative Assistant We are not responsible for unsolicited Michael D. Smith: 84L
Georgiann Wright manuscripts, photographs, or illustrations. Joy Spur/Bruce Coleman. Inc.: 49TL
University of California: 84TR
Every effort has been made at the time of
publication to guarantee the accuracy of Wardene Weisser/Bruce Coleman. Inc.. 44T.
AzkJ-ess al mqunes to the names and addresses of information 57
Ortho Bocks sources and suppliers and in the technical Rod Whitlow: 31T
Chovw CtHMrcal Company data contained. However, the reader
*
Consume Products Owscn should check for his own assurance and
575 Market Street must be responsible for selection and use
San Francisco. CA 94105 ol suppliers and supplies, plant materials
and chemical products.
Copyright » 1985
Chevron Cbcmcal Company Dazinon • is a registered trademark ol the
Al nghls reserved indcr Cba Giegy Corporation. Dtpei
* is a
rtematronal and Pan American registered trademark of Abbott
copyright contentions Laboratones Kelthane • is a registered
First Printing n August. 1965
trademark of the Rohm and Hass Co.
Thuricide is a registered trademark of
23456789
Sandoz. Inc
87 88 89 90 (Mvw
68N 089721 0654

Ubrary o! Congress Ca'.aOg Card Chevron Chemical Company

Number 85070878 57E Market Street, Son FrancHco. CA 94105
 All About

CITRUS
& Subtropical Fruits
Subtropical fruits may be as novel
as the cherimoya, or as familiar as
New and
the navel orange. Whether they
Familiar are borne on trees, shrubs, or
vines, these fruits add richness to
the landscape and excitement to
the table.
Page 5

Subtropical fruits may be grown

in almost any climate when given
Understanding
proper care. This chapter de­
Your Climate scribes the climates where these
fruits are found and shows how to
modify a garden to provide the
best growing conditions.
Page 9

Subtropical fruits vary tremen­

dously in flavor, landscape value,
The Best
and growing requirements. Use
Subtropical this section to help you choose the
Fruits best species and varieties for your
garden and table.
Page 15

Subtropical fruits, like other

plants, will thrive when given
Caring for proper care. In this section, you'll
Subtropical find all you need to know about
Fruits soils, fertilizers, watering, prun­
ing, planting, propagation, and
pest control.
Page 77

Container plantings offer the gar­

dener versatility and opportunity.
Subtropical Many plants that would not sur­
Fruits in vive if planted in the garden will
Containers thrive in containers.
Page 89
 5

New and Familiar

Subtropical fruits may be as novel as the cherimoya, or as familiar as the
navel orange. Whether they are borne on trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, these
fruits add richness to the landscape and excitement to the table.
Subtropical fruits generate a special not being left out. Many of these peaches, and other plants that re­
kind of excitement for gardeners. plants will bear fruit in green­ quire cold winters for fruit produc­
Just let some of their names roll off houses, or outdoors if protected in tion. For these gardeners, subtropi­
your tongue: mango, papaya, ba­ the winter. cal fruits are an unusual alternative.
nana, sapote, macadamia, passion
fruit. These names call to mind What Are Why Subtropical
faraway places and interesting new Subtropical Fruits? Fruits?
flavors. Even the familiar orange This book introduces a world of The most obvious reason for grow­
tree evokes images of sunny days, new and unusual fruit. Some of the ing subtropical fruits is so you can
fragrant blossoms, and swaying fruits included here are not truly enjoy fresh fruit, ripened to perfec­
palm trees. This romantic appeal is subtropical. They may be tropical, tion. However, there are many oth­
just one of the reasons that many native to areas close to the equator. er reasons for growing these plants.
gardeners are planting edible land­ Others could be considered temper­
scapes of subtropical plants. ate, native to areas with very cold Landscape Quality
Another reason for the increas­ winters. But all of them have one The tropical landscape is one of the
ing interest is that more subtropical thing in common: They can be most appealing landscape designs.
fruits have begun to appear in su­ grown outdoors in the mild-winter Large, bold leaves, fragrant flowers,
permarkets in recent years. And, as areas of the United States, which and brightly colored fruit combine
ever}' gardener knows, if it tastes can be broadly described as sub­ to create a tropical feeling sought
good from the supermarket, it will tropical. These areas have some of by many gardeners and landscape
be even better if grown at home. the most desirable climates in the architects. Many of the subtropical
Although most subtropical fruits world, but gardeners living in fruits described in this book are
are usually imported, many others many of them often cannot grow among the best plants for creating
are now being grown in the United what we consider to be America's this tropical ambience. Few plants
States. As more gardeners grow favorite fruits: apples, cherries, have the dramatic presence of the
subtropical fruits, the foundation of
experience grows, new techniques
are developed, and everyone's
chance of success improves. Today,
home gardeners from California to
Florida are growing subtropical
fruits with increasing success.
Gardeners in cold climates are

Left: Subtropical fruits in the land­

scape exotic, elegant, and edible. The
citrus trees in this garden are (left to
right): 'Valencia' orange, 'Eureka'
lemon, and 'Minneola' tangelo.

Right: Wonderful flavors can be con­

tained in unfamiliar skins. These
'Gefner' atemoyas are described on
page 25.
6 New and Familiar

banana, the year-round appeal of tions are, the more attention the eign cuisines are more authentic,
the strawberry guava, or the in­ plants will need. But that challenge and often more delicious, when
tense color of the passion flower. also makes success more rewarding. they are made with the same ingre­
Some of these plants have a variety If you learn what a plant needs, dients used by the people who
of uses in the landscape. Citrus can provide the best possible planting developed them. Subtropical fruits
be pruned as a hedge or espaliered. site, and make special adjustments are versatile and nutritious. Fresh
Kiwi fruit and passion fruit vines to allow it to thrive, your success lemons are a necessity for many
can be trained to cover a fence or will be all the more enjoyable. cooks, and citrus is well known for
arbor. Figs make stunning shade On the other hand, some sub­ its vitamin C content, but the more
trees. Also, many of these plants tropical fruits are easy to grow in unusual subtropical fruits also have
adapt well to containers. many areas. Citrus, figs, persim­ great nutritive and culinary value
mons, and avocados are unde­ Papayas contain an enzyme that is
The Challenge manding plants and, where adapt­ supposed to aid digestion, avocados
Growing fruit of any kind takes a ed, provide abundant harvests with
certain amount of commitment. a minimum of attention.
Fruiting plants in general, whether Left: Four different Eugenia fruits
they are apples, pears, or mangoes, Excitement at the Table (left to right): Eugenia luschnath-
are not usually considered low- New flavors and fresh ingredients iana, Eugenia uni flora, Eugenia
maintenance plants. Also, rhe far­ always make cooking and eating brasiliensis, Eugenia aggregata.
ther from ideal the growing condi­ more exciting and enjoyable. For­
Below: In addition to producing spec­
tacular blossoms, many passion vines
bear edible fruit. This vine, Passiflora
coccinea, is described on page 67.

Where Subtropical Fruits Native

AVOCADO-So. Mexico. Cent 11. LHC HI-So China 16 SOUR ORANGE—So. Vietnam
12. PAPAYA—Cent. America 19. LEMON—S-E Asia
BANANA—S.E Asia 13. PASSION FRUIT—Brazil 20. PUMMELO—Malav Peninsula, Polynesm
CHERIMOYA—Peru, Ecuador 14. JAPANESE PERSIMMON-Japi 21. CITRON—India
FIG—Mediterranean region 15. TREE TOMA IO—Peru 22. GRAPEFRUIT—West Indies
5. FEIJOA—So. Brazil. Paraguay. 16 WHITE SAPOTE—Mexico. Cent 23. MANDARIN—S.E. Asia
Uruguay. No. Argentina America 24. SWEET ORANGE—China. So. Vietnam
6. GUAVA—Columbia, Peru, Argentina 17. LIME—India, S.E. A»ut 25. WASHINGTON NAVEL-Brazil
7. KIWI—China 26. KUMQUAT—So. China
8. LOQUAT—Cent China. So Japafi
MACADAMIA—Australia
10. MANGO—India. S E Asia
 New and Familiar 7

contain vitamins A through K, and

bananas are almost as rich in vita­
mins B and C as are oranges.

How to Use This Book

First, get to know how your climate
affects the growth, adaptation, and
productivity of subtropical fruits.
The second chapter, "Understand­
ing Your Climate," beginning on
page 9, describes aspects of p ant
adaptation such as hardiness, heat
requirements, and humidity re­
quirements. It tells you how to take
advantage of your garden's micro­
climates, so your plants will grow
and yield bountiful harvests.
Next, get to know the most com­
mon subtropical fruits. In the third
chapter, "The Best Subtropical
Fruits," which begins on page 15,
each fruit is described, with specific
information on adaptation, propa­
gation, site selection and planting,
care requirements, harvest and
storage, and suggestions for bow
the fruit can be used in the kitchen.
The basics of caring for subtropi­
cal fruit are found in the fourth
chapter, "Caring for Subtropical
Fruits," beginning on page 77.
Here you'll find everything you
need to know about soils, planting,
watering, fertilizing, pest control,
and propagation techniques.
The fifth chapter, "Subtropical
Fruits in Containers," beginning on
page 89, includes specific sugges-
tions on how gardeners in cold­
winter areas can successfully grow
subtropical fruit indoors in the
winter and outdoors in the sum­
mer, or in greenhouses.
The "Sources" section (page 94)
is devoted to helping you find the
varieties of subtropical fruit you
want. It includes names and ad­
dresses of nurseries that specialize
in subtropical fruits and organiza­
tions dedicated to their culture.

Top: Citrus trees have long been

prized for the beauty and fragrance of
their blossoms.

Center: Pyramids of citrus fruits offer

northern shoppers a year-round taste
of warm, sunny climates.

Bottom: The trifoliate orange (Pon-

cirus trifoliata) is a thorny plant with
sour fruit, but it is a valuable rootstock
used for divarfing other species.
 9

Understanding Your Climate

Subtropical fruits may be grown in a variety of climates when given proper
care. This chapter describes the climates suitable for subtropical fruits and
shows how to modify a garden to provide the best microclimate.
The elements place severe restric­ adaptation. Unfortunately, it's not Each plant is affected differently,
tions on plants, and subtropical easy to predict the performance of but the usual result of not having a
fruits are no exception. Your grape­ subtropical fruit species on the ba­ long, warm summer is that the
fruit will be sweet enough to eat sis of the USDA Plant Hardiness fruit will not ripen properly.
only if the tree has absorbed Zone Map. Many subtropical plants Some fruits are also damaged by
enough sunlight and heat. Kiwi carry their fruit through winter. too much heat. Several plants, in­
vines won't bloom satisfactorily if Others bloom during cold months. cluding 'Washington' navel or­
they don't get enough winter chill­ Flowers and fruit are almost always anges and cherimoyas, will not set
ing. Cherimoyas will set more fruit less hardy than foliage and will fruit in the heat of the desert South­
if they flower in mild, humid usually be damaged if temperatures west. Many fruits are ruined by
weather, but mangoes must have stay below freezing for very long. sunburn in very hot, arid climates.
warm, dry conditions while they On the brighter side, soil insu­
are flowering to produce a crop. lates roots against cold tempera­ Rainfall and Humidity
Part of the gardener's art is to tures. So even if the top of a plant is Atmospheric moisture affects
grow plants in areas where they killed, new shoots may sprout from plants in many ways. Abundant
wouldn't normally flourish. In or­ the roots the following spring. rainfall and high humidity ease
der to meet this challenge, consider Grafted trees will have to be re­ your watering chores, but greatly
your climate and the needs of the grafted, but seedling-grown plants increase the chances of fungal and
plants you are growing. will continue to produce the same bacterial diseases.
fruit as before. You can influence the humidity
Climate Variables There are many ways you can of your growing area by adjusting
Each plant has a specific set of protect plants from the cold, as your watering schedule and meth­
climatic requirements. These re­ shown in the illustrations on page od to weather conditions. To mini­
quirements are described in the 13. Plants that are hardened off (are mize disease problems in humid
"Adaptation" section of each plant growing at a reduced rate or are areas, avoid wetting the foliage and
description in this book. Some cli­ completely dormant due to expo­ water in the morning so the soil
matic requirements affect the sur­ sure to cold) arc hardier than those surface will have a chance to dry
vival of the plant; others affect fruit that are still growing actively. To before nightfall.
quality and productivity, but not encourage fall hardiness, avoid
necessarily survival. feeding tender plants with nitrogen
fertilizers from mid- to late summer.
Cold Tolerance Fertilization can encourage new
Each plant has a low-temperature growth that may be damaged by
limit, and will be damaged if ex­ the first frost.
posed to temperatures below this
limit. For many plants, this hardi­ Heat Requirements
ness limit has been determined, Next to damage from cold tempera­
and you can consult the USDA tures, insufficient warmth is the
Plant Hardiness Zone Map ort page second greatest limiting factor to
11 for a general impression of growing subtropical fruits. Without
enough heat, bananas will just Some areas have borderline climates
hang on the plant without ripen­ for citrus culture, but there are many
Citrus are often planted on slopes ing, and citrus won't sweeten. Pas­ ways to protect trees and prevent
rather than on the floor of a valiey sion fruit flowers will not set fruit. damage from frost. See page 13 for
where cold air settles. Papaya plants will rot at the base. frost-protection methods.
10 Understanding Your Qimate

Sunlight low spots or areas adjacent to a wall different stages of ripeness. Picking
Almost al! the fruit species de­ or fence at the bottom of a slope ripe fruit becomes a problem.
scribed in this book must be grown where cool air collects. Many of the fruit described in
in full sun. Sunlight supplies the Varieties within a species often this book are native to tropical ar­
energy for manufacturing the plant have different chilling require­ eas of the world. Keeping in mind
sugars that will eventually make ments. "Low-chill" varieties are the the consistent characteristics of
your fruit sweet and delicious. In only types of some fruit that can be tropical climates (such as Hawaii)
desert areas, however, many plants grown in mild-winter climates. should help you make these plants
benefit from partial shade during more at home in your garden.
the hottest part of the day. Too Climate Regions
much sunlight can also present a The climate of a region is influ­ Semitropical Climates
problem for recently pruned enced by a complex interaction of Southern Florida has a typical
plants. To prevent sunburn, paint factors, including weather patterns, semitropical climate, and the areas
exposed branches and the trunk longitude, latitude, and topogra­ along the Gulf Coast may also be
with water-based white paint (di­ phy. Also, a large body of water included in this category. Humidity
luted 1 to 1) or commercially avail­ will moderate local climate. Gener­ and annual rainfall are high, re­
able tree paints. ally, however, subtropical fruits can sembling tropical areas, but there
be grown in four main climate are recognizable seasons. Summers
Wind areas: tropical, semitropical, sub­ are hot, and winters are generally
Strong winds increase drought tropical, and temperate. warm with occasional cold spells.
stress, break fruit-laden branches, During some winters, cold Arctic
and tear large leaves. The best way Tropical Climates air flows down from the north,
to protect wind-sensitive species is Consistency is a major feature of often devastating tender plants.
to plant them downwind of other, tropical climates. Because there are
tougher species. Windbreaks are no distinct seasons, one can expect Subtropical Climates
usually effective for a distance 10 abundant rainfall, high humidity, These areas are dramatically differ­
times their height. Walls and solid and warm temperatures through­ ent from semitropical regions. The
fences aggravate wind problems, out the year. Under such condi­ humidity may be very low in in­
causing strong turbulence on both tions, many plants act in a surpris­ land areas. Rainfall is often concen­
their windward and leeward sides. ing way. Some grow actively 12 trated in the winter months and
months of the year, often produc­ amounts to less than 10 inches a
Chilling Requirements ing several crops. Oranges, for ex­ year in some areas.
Several subtropical fruits, including ample, may flower four or five
kiwi fruit, figs, and persimmons, times in a year. You might think
require exposure to a certain num­ this would be a boon for tropical Left: The Cattlcy guava (Psidium
ber of hours of temperatures be­ orange growers, but oranges do an­ cattleianum) is at its best in warm
tween 32° and 45° F in winter. other odd thing in tropical areas— winter climates, but it will tolerate
This is known as a plant's chilling they stay green. Citrus develops its temperatures as low as 24° F.
requirement. Insufficient chilling characteristic rind color only when
causes plants to leaf out slowly and the temperature drops below 45® F Below: Smudge pots are often used for
bloom irregularly. This can lead to for an extended period, which it frost protection in commercial citrus
sunburn and a general decline in seldom does in tropical regions. orchards. The convective air move­
vigor and yields. To expose a plant This means an orange tree may be ment produced by the pots keeps cold
to maximum chilling, plant it in holding green fruit in four or five air from settling onto the trees.
 Understanding Your Climate 11

Although subtropical climates From Large to ticles in the earth's atmosphere,

are generally found in the low- Small Climate Regions and part of it is absorbed by carbon
elevation regions of California and The climates described in the previ­ dioxide, water vapor, and ozone in
Arizona, there is great variation ous paragraphs are the climates of the atmosphere. The remainder,
among areas within these regions. your town, your county, or even approximately one fifth, penetrates
Southern California and inland your state. There is little you can do directly through the atmosphere to
desert areas are hot and dry with to change them. There are, how­ the earth's surface, where it is ei­
relatively warm winters. Farther ever, things you can do to alter ther absorbed or reflected.
north, the winters are colder, rain­ microclimates, the distinct climates As a result, the plants in your
ier, and frosts are common. There around your home that are slightly yard may receive solar energy as
are frost-free areas near the coast, different from the general climate reflected radiation from atmospher­
but these are generally cool of your area. ic particles, as reflected radiation
throughout the year because of Solar energy, the prime mover of from materials on or near the
their proximity to the Pacific all weather, is an impressive force. earth's surface, or as direct radia­
Ocean. The inland valleys can be You can take advantage of the dif­ tion from the sun.
quite warm in summer. ferent ways this energy is absorbed Absorption, Radiation, and Re­
and reflected to modify the micro­ flection At night the earth radi­
Temperate Climates climate of your garden to suit the ates some of the heat it absorbed
Temperate climates are found needs of your plants. during the day. Materials vary in
throughout most of the United the amount of radiation they store,
States. These climates generally Radiation Principles depending on their composition.
have well-defined seasons, but the The heat of sunlight may be either Loose, organic mulches, for exam­
length of the seasons and their desirable or undesirable, depending ple, store much less heat than
extremes differ according to lati­ on where you live, the season, and gravel mulches.
tude and local geographical fea­ the plants you would like to grow. Because light surfaces reflect
tures. To grow the plants in this As light and heat come from the more than dark ones, the color of a
book successfully in these climates, sun to your garden, a variety of material is a microclimatic control.
you will need to move them to a things happen. Part of the energy is Dark surfaces absorb more heat
protected area in the winter. See reflected into space from clouds that can be released later. Light­
the chapter, "Subtropical Fruits in over the earth, part of it is scattered colored objects reflect more heat
Containers," beginning on page 89. and diffused as it strikes small par­ and light. By planting next to a
12 Understanding Your Climate

light-colored wall, you can maxi­

mize the amount of heat a plant
receives during the day. Converse­
ly, a plant next to a dark-colored
wall stays warmer at night.
Exposure At most latitudes in
the northern hemisphere, the south
side of a home will receive the most
sun the year around. The east side
will bask in morning light, the
west side will receive the hottest
afternoon sun, and the north side
will be shaded much of the time.
Of course, the light intensity
changes with the seasons, but in
general, if you want maximum
heat, plant on the southern or west­
ern side of your home.

Frost Protection
Any tender plant can be successful­
ly protected against cold if you are
willing to try hard enough. Many
gardeners plant in containers and
move their fruit trees indoors dur­
ing the winter (see page 93). Others
construct plastic covers to trap heat
radiating from the soil or bury
their plants in protective mulches.
But in many areas the most impor­
tant thing is to recognize cold spots
in the garden and select the warm­
est possible planting site.
Plants can be damaged by two
types of cold weather: radiation
frosts and advective freezes. Radia­
tion frosts occur on cool, clear, still
nights when plants and the objects
around them radiate heat to the
sky. Water may condense on the
leaves if the humidity is high
enough, but the plants can be dam­
aged even if no visible frost con­
denses. To avoid radiation frost
damage, plant sensitive species next
to a south-facing wall that will
store heat during the day and re­
lease it at night. A roof overhang
above the plants will reduce the
amount of heat radiated to the sky
and provide additional protection.
Canvas and plastic covers will also
protect plants from radiation frost
damage. The heat radiated from the
soil will help keep the plant warm.
Also, avoid planting in low spots,
where cold air settles.
Advective freezes occur over a
wide area as a result of an influx of
Top: A few 150-ivatt light bulbs at the base of a covered plant can add enough Arctic air. Such freezes are common
heat to protect it from a potentially damaging frost. in Florida and Texas. The tech­
niques used to protect against radi­
Bottom: Light-colored paving at the base of these 'Eureka' lemon trees reflects ation frosts will also protect plants
light and heat into the foliage and fruit. in advective freezes.
 Understanding Your Climate 13

Frost-Protection Methods

A frame covered with plastic will

protect a tree. The foliage should not
insulating material, such as leaves, straw, or sawdust. Support the cylinder touch the plastic. Light bulbs provide
with stakes and chicken wire. additional heat.

Pull mulch back to expose soil to

sunlight. The heat radiated from the soil
at night will provide some protection.

A light spray of water releases heat as it cools, providing some protection. Don't
let the spray hit the foliage—the water will freeze on the branches and the weight
may break them. Make sure the waler can drain away.

Gravel stores even more heat than open

soil. Add a stone mulch to create a more
efficient heat sink.

around it. If the top is damaged, the

trunk will resprout.
 15

The Best Subtropical Fruits

Subtropical fruits vary widely in flavor, landscape value, and growing
requirements. Use this section to help you choose the best species and varieties
for your garden and table.
The following encyclopedia de­ These descriptions include infor­ of the fittest. In their native habi­
scribes more than 40 subtropical mation on adaptation, pollination, tats, plants that possess certain ad­
fruits. The 17 most important fruits propagation, site selection, water­ vantages are better competitors and
are described in detail; the others ing, fertilizing, pruning, pest and are more likely to survive.
are in the charts on pages 73-75. disease control, harvesting and On a horticultural level, plants
Each of the 17 major fruit de­ storing, and tips on how to enjoy that have desirable characteristics
scriptions contains a quick refer­ the fruit at the table. are vegetatively propagated and
ence chart. At the top of this chart called selected varieties or cultivars.
is a map showing the areas where Harvest Periods Selected varieties of each subtropi­
the plant is well adapted (red) and The harvest periods listed in the cal fruit, if any, are shown in the
marginally adapted (yellow). In fruit descriptions are only general charts with each plant description.
marginal areas, choose hardy vari­ guidelines. To adapt these guide­ Unless a plant breeds true from
eties if available and plant in pro­ lines to your area, remember that seed, selected varieties should al­
tected areas. It's important to re­ fruit will ripen earlier in warmer ways be your first choice. When
member that these maps are for areas than in cooler locations. you purchase a selected variety, you
quick reference only. More precise are assured it will have the superior
information is included in the “Ad­ New Flavors fruit quality or the specific adapta­
aptation" section of each descrip­ Some of the fruit described in the tion of its parent.
tion and in the chapter entitled following sections are undeniably
“Understanding Your Climate." be­ delicious. Mangoes, papayas, blood Pollination
ginning on page 9. oranges, cherimoyas, and many The pollination requirements of
The information in the chart be­ others, although they may be new subtropical fruits deserve special at­
low the adaptation map includes to you, will be an absolute pleasure tention. Species and varieties that
descriptions of the plant's growth to eat. in many cases we have set fruit without another tree near­
habit, harvest season, ornamental included recipes for you to try. by are called self-fruitful. These
quality, and suitability for container Some of the subtropical fruits, plants either provide their own
culture. The last two entries ir the such as tree tomatoes and passion pollen or else their flowers do not
chart, "Nurseries" and “Informa­ fruit, may seem a bit strange at require pollination to set fruit. Spe­
tion," are probably the most impor­ first. You may find them more cies or varieties that must be polli­
tant. They are keyed to lists of palatable in preserves or cooked in nated by another, different variety
nurseries and organizations on recipes. The important thing is to are called self-unfruitful. In the ab­
page 94. These nurseries and orga­ give yourself time to enjoy these sence of natural pollinators (such as
nizations can supply you with both fruits and to experiment with new bees or flies), some fruit must be
additional information and plants. ways to use them. hand-pollinated. This is usually the
All of the plant species described in case with cherimoyas and can be a
this book are available from one or Selected Varieties problem with many plants grown
more of the nursery sources, but Most plants grown from seed are in greenhouses. The specific polli­
some varieties of each species are genetically unique, different in ma­ nation requirements of each fruit
harder to find than others; you jor or minor ways from all other are included in the encyclopedia.
may need to contact several nurser­ plants of the same species. They If space is limited, consider graft­
ies to find the one you want. may have better fruit quality, a ing a pollinator limb onto a tree
different plant habit, a wider range rather than planting two trees. For
of adaptation, or a darker leaf. more about grafting, see the section
Subtropical fruits grace your tabie as These differences are the basis of entitled “Propagating Subtropical
well as your garden. natural selection and the survival Fruits," which begins on page 85.
16 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Avocado

Avocado dens. Mature foliage is deep green soils common in the Southeast can
Avocados are generally large, dom­ and leathery. New growth is cop­ kill a tree.
inating trees that, under the proper pery red, appearing in flushes
conditions, provide an abundant throughout the year. The leaves of Pollination
harvest of rich, buttery fruit. Mexican varieties have a scent like Most avocados are self-fruitful. In
Three races of avocado are in anise. The flowers are yellowish California, however, by combining
cultivation: Mexican, Guatemalan, white and are borne in clusters. the right varieties you can increase
and West Indian, as well as hybrids Avocado varieties differ in fla­ yields. Avocado flowers are classed
of these groups. The Mexican, Gua­ vor. A high oil content usually as type A or type B. Varieties with
temalan, and hybrids of the two are means rich flavor. type A flowers are receptive to
best adapted to California and cold pollen in the morning, but don't
areas of the Southeast. West Indian Adaptation release their pollen until the after­
varieties are best adapted to south­ Avocados are widely grown in the noon of the following day. The
ern Florida and Hawaii. Although mild-winter areas of Florida, Cali­ situation is reversed with Type B
there are great similarities between fornia, and Hawaii. Some hardier avocados: The flowers are receptive
groups, Mexican varieties an? gen­ varieties can also be grown in in the afternoon but the pollen isn't
erally hardier and bear fruit with a cooler parts of northern and inland released until the following morn-
smoother and thinner shiny green California and along the Gulf
or black skin. Guatemalan avocados Coast. See page 19 for a chart show­
are restricted almost exclusively to ing the common varieties and their
frost-free climates and bear black­ areas of adaptation.
ish-green fruit with a thick, bumpy Although the foliage of the har­
rind. West Indian varieties are the diest Mexican varieties can with­
most frost sensitive and have thin, stand temperatures as low as 24° F,
smooth, greenish-yellow skin. the fruit and flowers are less hardy
Avocado fruits vary from round and will be damaged at higher
to pear shaped, depending on the temperatures. Cool weather during
variety. They may be as small as 4 bloom can limit fruit set. High
ounces or as large as 2 pounds. temperatures after fruit set may Common Name: Avocado, alligator
Because these varieties ripen at dif­ cause excessive fruit drop. pear, love fruit.
ferent times of the year, there are Lack of adequate soil drainage is Botanical Name: Persea americana.
almost always avocados in the su­ often the most important limiting Origin: Tropical regions of Central
permarket. factor in growing avocados. Poorly America.
Avocado trees can become quite drained soils or the constantly wet Growth Habit: Evergreen tree. 20 tc
large under ideal growing condi­ 60 feet high, 25 to 35 feet wide.
tions and may live 20 or more Moderate growth rate.
years. They are stately trees when Below: These 'Hass' avocados will be Adaptation: Hardiness varies ac­
used as a single specimen, but are ready Io pick when they just begin to cording to variety; ranges from 18 tc
generally too large for small gar­ turn black. 30 feet. Specific varieties are recom­
mended for Florida, California, or
Hawaii.
Harvest Season: Fruit matures on
different varieties throughout the
year. Available in supermarkets
throughout the year.
Begins Bearing: Grafted plants bear
in 2 to 3 years. Seedlings bear fruit ot
variable quality in 8 to 12 years.
Propagation: Named varieties are
grafted to clonal or seedling
rootstocks.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Self-fruitful. Cross-pol­
lination of varieties with A and B
flower types may improve yields in
California (see “Pollination," above).
Suitability for Containers: Select
semidwarf varieties. Requires at least
a 15-gallon container.
Landscape Quality: Good but casts
deep shade. Mature trees too large
for small gardens.
Nurseries: I, M, O, P, Q, R, U, Y.
Information: 1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 14.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Avocado 17

ing. Combining varieties with dif­ Caring for Avocado the size of the basin as the tree
ferent flower types ensures that Trees grows. Break the walls of the basin
plenty of pollen is available when Watering The most important to provide drainage during rainy
flowers are most receptive, and re­ aspect of growing avocados success­ seasons. An organic mulch, 3 to 6
sults in high yields, although a fully is careful watering. As is usu­ inches deep and kept 12 inches
single tree will produce enough ally the case with plants that are away from the trunk, will help
fruit for most families. very sensitive to soil moisture lev­ keep feeder roots cool.
If space is limited, either graft els, too much water is as dangerous Fertilizing From early spring to
pollenizer limbs onto the desired as not enough. A soil auger or late summer, apply small amounts
variety or plant more than one tree sampling tube will go a long way of a complete fertilizer. Young trees
in a single hole. Semidwarf variet­ in helping you determine when to that are growing slowly can be fed
ies are also useful in small gardens. water. Feeder roots, the ones most with a complete fertilizer according
sensitive to overly wet soil, are to the label instructions. In cold
Propagation concentrated in the top 15 inches of climates do not fertilize after late
The seed in any avocado will usu­ soil. Allow this zone to dry partial­ summer to allow the trees to be­
ally germinate. It can take years, ly before watering mature trees. come cold-hardy.
however, before a seedling will /Xvocado trees will survive with Avocados often show signs of
bear fruit, and the quality will less water, but for a quality harvest iron deficiency (yellowing of the
probably be inferior to the fruit of in dry climates, you will probably new growth), especially in soils
the parent tree. Seedlings can be have to water deeply every 2 to 4 with a high pH. Correct with soil
used as rootstocks for grafting your weeks. Young trees will, of course, applications of iron chelate and add
own tree unless you live in an area need more frequent watering, sulfur to lower the soil pH.
where avocado root rot is a prob­ probably every week or two de­ Pruning Avocados require little
lem. In such areas it is best to plant pending on the weather. pruning other than shaping when
varieties grafted to root rot-resis­ Use a basin to direct water to the young and removal of dead or mis­
tant rootstocks, such as 'Duke 7', root zone, making sure to increase placed branches as they mature.
but even these won't ensure
success.
Seedlings are ready to graft
when they reach Vi to H inch in
diameter. Obtain budwood from
dormant terminal growth, which is
just starting to swell in the spring.
Remove the leaves to keep the
wood from drying out.
Cleft or veneer grafting or chip
and shield budding are common
methods for propagating avocados.
See pages 86-87 for the techniques.
Older, established trees can x
topworked, a method where shoots
of a new variety are grafted onto
the main branches of a mature tree.
Site Selection and
Planting
Plant avocados in deep, well-
drained soil in an area with full
sun. The trees will not tolerate
standing water and have a low
tolerance for soil salts. A pH of 5.5
to 6.5 is ideal. Choose a site where
the tree will have room to spread.
Spring is the best time to plant.
Plant the tree so its crown is slight­
ly higher than it was in the nursery
container, to allow for settling.

Top: 'Hass', a popular rough-skinned

avocado variety.

Bottom: 'Fuerte', a smooth-skinned

avocado variety.
18 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Avocado

Trees can, however, be pruned reg­ where avocados once grew or Harvest and Storage
ularly to keep them within bounds. where soil drainage is poor. The Knowing exactly when to pick an
In fact, a fully mature avocado tree disease is easily transported by avocado can be tricky. The length
can be cut back to a 3-foot stump equipment, tools, and shoes from of time from pollination to harvest
(make sure to cut above the graft infected soils to uninfected soils. differs according to variety. A
union); it will usually bear fruit Once a tree is infected (signs in­ 'Fuerte' avocado usually requires 8
again in 3 years. If you try this, clude yellowing and dropping to 10 months, but a 'Hass' avocado
select the strongest of the new leaves), there is little you can do but needs 13 to 14 months. The fruit of
shoots and remove any weak cut back on water. Snails can be a some varieties can be stored on the
growth or misplaced branches. The problem in California. tree to supply high-quality, flavor­
new shoots may need staking to In the humid Southeast, fungus ful fruit for 9 to 20 weeks. Other
prevent them from breaking in diseases such as scab, anthracnose, varieties have a very short period
strong winds. and powdery mildew are common. (from 6 to 8 weeks) of peak flavor.
Pests and Diseases Avocado root Scale, looper worms, mites, borers, Overly mature fruit will soften on
rot is a major disease problem in and thrips may attack avocados, the tree and develop an "off" fla­
California. Select disease-free, certi­ but they are usually not serious vor. In hot summer months, the
fied plants and avoid planting enough to require chemical control. fruit matures more quickly than in
cooler winter months. In any case
the fruit must be picked when ma­
ture but still hard, and ripened off
the tree. Immature fruit will wrin­
kle, won't soften evenly, and will
have poor flavor.
Dark varieties will begin to turn
from green to black when they are
ready to be picked. Green varieties
will develop a yellowish tinge.
When you think the fruit are be­
ginning to ripen, pick one of the
larger ones and allow it to ripen in
a paper bag with a banana or an
apple. When ripe, the fruit will feel
soft under gentle pressure. Remove
the flesh and check the seed coat, a
thin membrane that covers the
seed. A dark brown, paper-thin
seed coat is a good sign of a mature
fruit. Immature fruit will have a
light tan or yellow seed coat.
Use hand-held pruning shears to
harvest the fruit, leaving a small
piece of stem attached. This helps
prevent decay during ripening or
storage. For tall trees, you'll proba­
bly need a ladder or collapsible-
extension fruit harvester, available
in many nurseries.

Avocados at the Table

If you are an avocado fancier, you
know how wonderful a ripe avoca­
do is simply halved, sprinkled with
salt, pepper, and lime juice, and
eaten with a spoon. For a more
elegant presentation, fan slices on a
bed of greens with various fruits,
garnish with capers, and dress with
vinaigrette. Remember that once

Smooth and spicy guacamole is the

perfect answer to a bumper crop of
avocados.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Avocado 19

cut, avocado browns rapidly and Avocado Varieties

should be coated with lemon or VARIETY’ FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
lime juice to prevent discoloration. Varieties for California
Guacamole is probably the most Anaheim (A) Large to very largo, green, fair flavor. Fairly small, upright tree. Hardy to 32° F.
popular avocado dish. There are Ripens June to August.
Fuerte (B) Smai to medium, green, excellent flavor. Large, spreading tree. Hardy to 28’ F.
many versions of guacamole, but Ripens November to June. Production somewhat erratic
most are made of avocados mashed Hass (A) Smai to medium, purple to black, with Ripens February to October. Medium-large
with bits of ripe tomato, lime juice, excellent, nutty flavor. tree. Hardy to 30’ F. Alternate beanng.
salt, hot red pepper flakes, cumin, Jim (B> Smai to medium, green, very good flavor. Medium, upnght tree. Hardy to 24’ F. Heavy
Ripens September to January. producer.
chopped cilantro, and minced on­ Mexicola (A) Smai. purple, with very good, nutty flavor Medium, spreading tree. Hardy to 18° F.
ion. Serve guacamole with tortilla Ripens August to October. Heavy producer
chips or raw vegetables, or use it to Nabai (B) Medium, green, excellent flavor. Ripens Large, upright tree. Hardy to 30’ F. Erratic
June to October. but heavy producer.
garnish bowls of chili, enchiladas,
Pinkerton (A) Smai to medium, green, very good flavor. Medium, slightly spreading tree. Hardy to
or turkey sandwiches. For a rich Ripens October to January. 30’ F. Heavy producer.
and impressive first course or lun­ Reed (A) Medium to large, green, excellent flavor. Medium, upright tree. Hardy to 30° F. Heavy
cheon entree, try the following rec­ Ripens June to November. producer.
ipe for Avocado Soup. Zutano (B) Medium, green, good flavor. Ripens Large, very upright tree. Hardy to 26° F.
December to January. Heavy producer.

Avocado Soup Varieties for Florida

Booth 7 Medium to large, green, good flavor. Medium, spreading tree.
4 cups chicken stock, preferably Ripens October to December.
Brogdin Smai to medium, dark purple, very good Medium, upright tree. Hardy to 22’ F.
homemade flavor. Rpens July to September.
*4 cup butter Choquette Large to very large, green, very good Medium, spreading tree resists scab disease.
flavor. Ripens November to February. Hardy to 26’ F.
1 clove garlic, minced
Gainesville Smai. green. Ripens July to August. Medium, upright tree. Hardy to 18° F.
Half a medium yellow onion, Hall Large to very largo, green, good flavor. Medium tree. Hardy to 28’ F. Heavy
diced (’4 cup) Ripens November to January. producer.
Lula Medium to large, green, good flavor. Large, upright tree. Hardy to 25’ F. Primarily
'4 cup unbleached all-purpose Ripens November to February. a commercial variety.
flour Mexicola Smai. black, fair flavor. Ripens July to Medium tree Hardy to 18’ F. Good for
August. northern areas
1 teaspoon cumin, ground
Monroe Large, green, good flavor. Ripens Medium tree. Hardy to 26’ F.
1 teaspoon grated orange rind November to January.
’4 teaspoon cayenne pepper Pollock Largo to very largo, green, very good Medium, spreading tree resists scab disease
flavor. Ripens July to September. Hardy to 32’ F. Light producer.
2 ripe avocados (1 pound) Simmonds Large to very large, green, very good Medium, spreading tree resists scab disease
1 cup sour cream flavor. Ripens July to September Hardy to 32° F. Heavy producer
Tonnage Medium to large, green fruit, good flavor. Tall, upnght tree. Hardy to 25’ F. Good for
Cilantro and/or diced Ripens September to October. colder areas.
cucumber, for garnish Waldin Medium, green, very good flavor. Ripens Large, upright tree resists scab disease.
September to October. Hardy to 32’ F.
1. Bring chicken stock to a simmer.
2. Meanwhile, in a 2-quart (or larg­ Varieties for Hawaii
Beardstee Large, green, good flavor. Ripens in winter. Extremely large, productive, upright tree
er) saucepan, melt butter and saute Caso Medium to very large, green, very good Medmm tree. Good producer.
garlic and onion until onion is flavor. Ripens in winter.
translucent. Add flour and cook Chang Medium to large, green, very good flavor. Medum tree. Consistently heavy producer.
Ripens in spring.
over medium heat, stirring contin­ Frowe Medium to large, purple, very good flavor. Medum tree. Good producer.
uously with a wire whisk, until the Ripens in late fall.
flour just begins to turn golden. Greengo’d Medium to large, green, excellent flavor. Medium, spreading tree. Heavy producer.
Ripens winter to spring.
3. Slowly pour in hot chicken stock Hayes Medium to large, purple, very good flavor. Medium tree. Good producer. Susceptible to
and cook, stirring, until soup be­ Ripens winter to spring mites.
gins to thicken. Blend in cumin, Kahaluu Medium to large, green, excellent flavor. Medium to large, upright tree. Light producer.
Ripens late fal to winter. Susceptible to thrips and mftes.
orange rind, and cayenne. Medium, purple, very good flavor. Ripens
Masami Medium, upright tree. Gcod producer.
4. Peel, seed, and dice the avocados. winter to spring.
Combine with soup and ’4 cup of Murashige Medium to very large, green, excellent Medium, upright tree. Tends to bear heavily
flavor. Ripens spnng to summer. in alternate years. Handsome habit.
the sour cream in an electric blend­
Nishikawa Medium to very large, green, very good Medium tree. Good producer.
er or food processor and process flavor. Ripens early winter to spring.
until smooth. (Process in batches, if Ohata Large to very targe, purple, very good Medum tree. Light producer.
necessary.) Add salt to taste. flavor. Ripens spnng to summer.
Sharwil Small to medium, green, excellent flavor. Medum. spreadng tree. Bears heavty in
5. Soup may be served either warm Ripens winter to spring. alternate years.
or chilled. To serve warm, return
soup to saucepan and heat. Dwarf Varieties for Containers and Small Gardens-’
Gwen (A) Smai. green, excellent flavor. Ripens Small, compact, upnght tree to 12 to 14 feet
6. Serve garnished with remaining March to November. high. Hardy to 30’ F. Heavy producer.
’4 cup sour cream, some cilantro, Little Cado’” Smai. green, good flavor. Ripens May to Very small, compact tree reaches 8 to 10 feet
(Wurtz) September. high. Hardy to 32
* F. Light producer.
and, if soup is chilled, cucumber. Whitsell (B) Smai. green, excellent flavor. Ripens Small, compact tree to 12 feet. Hardy to
For best color, serve the same day. March to July. *
30 F. Bears heavily in alternate years.
Serves 6. 'Letter in parentheses indicates /lower type (see page 16). "Available in CaMoma. '"Type unknown.
20 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Banana

Banana
Bananas and their relatives are sta­
ple food for most tropical countries.
There are many species of banana,
but the edible types were devel­
oped by crossing and recrossing
two species: Musa acuminata and
Musa balbisiana. Musa acuminata is a
sweet banana; Musa balbisiana is
starchier but is more vigorous and
resistant to disease. Most of (he
commonly available varieties are
seedless hybrids of the two species
and usually resemble one parent
more than the other. For instance,
the finest bananas for.fresh eating,
such as 'Cavendish', resemble Musa
acuminata. Cooking bananas, com­
monly called plantains, are closer to
Musa balbisiana.
Banana plants are extremely dec­
orative, ranking next to palm trees

Common Name: Banana.

Botanical Name: Hybrids of .Musa
acuminata and Musa balbisiana.
Origin: Southeast Asia.
Growth Habit: Fast-growing up­
right, herbaceous perennial 5 to 25 for the wonderful tropical feeling Few plants say "tropical” as strongly
feet high. Huge, tropical-looking they lend to the landscape. Techni­ as the banana.
leaves. Spreads by underground cally, they are herbaceous peren­
rhizomes. nials arising from underground
Adaptation: Freezing temperatures rhizomes. The fleshy stalks but the hardiest varieties stop
will kill the foliage. Rhizomes are sheathed with huge, broad leaves growing when the temperature
hardy to 22° F. Requires ample fertil­
can rise 5 to 25 feet in as little as six drops below 53° F.
izer, water, and heat. Dwarf varieties
months, depending on the variety. Freezing temperatures will kill a
are also available.
Each stalk produces one huge flow­ banana to the ground. If the tem­
Harvest Season: Within 4 to 8
months after flowering.
er cluster, which develops fruit, perature does not fall below 22° F,
then dies. New stalks then grow however, and the cold period is
Begins Bearing: Within 12 to 18
from the rhizome. Fruit size and short, the underground rhizome
months after planting.
flavor vary considerably, but most will usually survive.
Propagation: By division of rhi­
home garden varieties are 4 to 8 At the other end of the tempera­
zomes or from suckers.
inches long and very sweet. The ture scale, the ideal temperature for
Maintenance: Moderate.
clusters of fruit may weigh more ripening fruit is around 80° F. The
Pollination: Self-fruitful.
than 100 pounds. plants grow slowly above that
Suitability for Containers: Well point and stop growing entirely
suited. Excellent indoors in bright,
diffused light.
Adaptation when the temperature reaches
Bananas grow best in a uniformly 100® F. High temperatures and
Landscape Quality: Excellent. Beau­
warm climate, and require 10 to 15 bright sunlight will scorch leaves
tiful tropical appearance. Frequently
months of frost-free conditions to and fruit.
used as landscape plants.
produce a flower stalk. The fruit In most areas, bananas require
Nurseries: E, I, O, P, Q, R, U. W, X.
takes 4 to 8 months to mature, wind protection for best appear­
Information: 1, 2, 3, 14.
depending on the temperature. All ance and maximum yield. The
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Banana 21

Banana Varieties heavy fruit clusters, large leaves,

VARIETY________________ HEIGHT COMMENTS
and shallow roots combine to make
Fingers 4 to 5 inches long with thin, yellow skin. 6 to 7
bananas very susceptible to being
Apple (Manzano. Go Sai 10 to 15 feet
Heong) hands per 25- to 45-pound bunch. Flesh dry but has good blown over. Wind also tears the
flavor and an apple aroma. Astringent d not fu#y ripe. leaves.
Biuefietos (Gros Michel, 15 to 25 feet Fingers 7 to 9 inches long with thick, bright yellow skin. 8
Rouyat. Martinique) to 12 hands per 60- to 100-pound bunch Excolent flavor Pollination
Very susceptible to Panama wilt.
Bananas develop without pollina­
Brazilian (Brazikan Apple. 15 to 25 feet Fingers 4 to 6 inches long with ye»ow skin and distinct
tion. The plant produces a long
Park-Yuk. Pome) square beak. Yellow flesh wrth low-add flavor.
flower stalk with rows of female
Chinese (Dwarf Cavendish. 7 to 10 feet Fingers 6 to 8 inches long with creamy yellow skin. 6 to 9
Dwarf Chinese) hands per 40- to 90-pound bunch. Sweet flavor. Good for
flowers called "hands." The fruit,
Florida. Does not store well. or "fingers," first begin to develop
Cocos (Dwarf Bluefields) 10 to 15 feet Fingers 5 to 7 inches long with bnght yellow Skn. 8 to 12 at the base of the stalk (closest to
hands per 60- to 100-pound bunch. Excellent flavor. where it originates from the plant).
sirmar to that of Bluefields".
At first, the embryonic fruit point
Dwarf Brazsian (Santa 10 to 15 feet Angers 5 to 6 inches long with yeSow skin 5 to 7 hands downward under a protective
Carina Prata) per 25- to 50-pound bunch. Flavor identical to that of
"Braziban". sheath. Then, when the sheath falls
Golden Aromatic 10 to 12 feet Fingers 6 to 9 inches long with golden yellow skin. 4 to 5
off and the fruit begin to develop,
hands per 30- to 40-pound bunch. Very good flavor, they curve upward.
resembling that of Blucfiotts’. Stores we«. The male flowers don't appear
Golden Beauty (I.C. 2) 15 to 25 feet Fingers 4 to 6 inches long with golden skin. 5 to 8 hands until all of the fruit have begun to
per 25- to 40-pound bunch. Keeps well.
grow. Although pretty, they take
Green Red 20 to 25 feet Angers 5 to 7 inches long with thick, dark purplish skm energy from the plant that would
that turns yellow and red when ripe. 4 to 7 hands per 30-
to 50-pound bunch. Good flavor. Trunks and fruit stems otherwise go into the developing
have light and dark green stnpes. fruit. For this reason, commercial
Hamakau (Bungulan. 15 to 25 feet Fingers 6 to 9 inches long with creamy yellow skin. 6 to 9 banana growers cut the flower stalk
Monte Cristo. Pisang hands per 50- to 100-pound bunch. Havoc similar to that off just below the last hand.
Masak Hijau) of ’Chinese’. Poor keeping quality.
Ice Cream (Java Blue) 10 to 15 feet Angers 5 to 6 inches long with bluish silver skin that turns
pale yellow when ripe. 7 to 9 hands per 40- to 60-pound
Site Selection
bunch. Sweet flavor. Good fresh or cooked. and Planting
Lady Finger (Ney Poovan) 20 to 25 feet Fingers 4 to 5 inches long with thin, pale yellow skin. 10 Bananas are usually sold as semi­
to 14 hands per 40- to 65-pound bunch. Sweet white dormant rhizomes or as container-
flesh. Flavor similar to that of Apple’ and Mysore". grown suckers. If you purchase rhi­
Largo (B’uggoe) 8 to 10 feet Fingers 7 to 9 inches tong with thick, light yellow skin. 4 to zomes, plant them close to the
7 hands per 50- to 60-pound bunch. Pink flesh Mild flavor
when raw; usualy cooked. Simrfar to ’Orinoco".
surface of a deep, well-drained soil
Orinoco (Horse Burro. 12 to 15 feet Angers 8 to 12 inches long. 5 to 9 hands per 40- to 50-
rich in organic matter. The soil pH
Better Select) pound bunches. Best flavor when fully ripe. Dry texture, should be between 5.5 and 6.5. The
usualy cooked. Commonly grown in Flcnda Good cold banana is not tolerant of salty soils.
tolerance.
The plants grow best in full sun.
Phappines Lacatan 15 to 20 feel Angers 5 to 7 inches long. 6 to 8 hands per 40- to 60-
pound bunch. Exceient flavor.
Banana Varieties
Plantain (Horse Plantain) 12 to 14 feet Fingers 8 to 12 inches long. 5 to 9 hands per 40- to 60-
The banana variety chart (left) lists
pound bunch. Used for cooking.
the most common banana varieties,
Poovan (Father Lenore, 25 feet Fingers 4 to 6 inches long with light yellow skin. 8 to 10
Mysore) hands per 50- to 60-pound bunch. Mo<st. pale yellow
but other varieties have been bred
flesh. Very productive, cold tolerant. Low-acid flavor. for specific climates. Also, many
Red Cuban (Cuban Rod. 20 to 25 feet Fingers 5 to 6 inches long with a thick, dark purple skin varieties are known by different
Red. Spanish Red. that turns red when ripe Cream colored flesh. Good names, depending on where they
Colorado) flavor. Red fobage.
are grown. The most common of
Sucrier (Nirao, Honey) 15 to 20 feet Angers 4 to 6 inches long with golden yellow skin. 6 to 7
these synonyms are listed after
hands per 25- to 45-pound bunch. Very sweet.
each preferred variety name.
Valery (Taiwan. Tall 10 to 15 feet Angers 7 to 10 inches long with yellow skin. 8 to 10
hands per 60- to 90-pound bunch. Good flavor. Cold
Mons Mari)
tolerant Caring for
Walha 10 to 15 feet Angers 5 to 7 inches long. 5 to 6 hands per 20- to 50- Banana Plants
pound bunch. Low-acid flavor similar to that of Brazilian’. Watering The huge leaves of a
Erroneously cased Dwarf Apple".
banana plant use a great deal of
Wiliams (Giant Cavendish. 9 to 12 feet Fingers 7 to 9 inches long with yellow skin and tapered water. Regular, deep watering is
Giant Chinese. Mons Mari) tip. 9 to 12 hands per 60- to 90-pound bunch. Good
flavor. Flowers won’t develop in cod weather. absolutely necessary during warm
weather. Do not let plants dry out,
but don't overwater—standing wa­
ter, especially in cool weather, will
cause root rot. Spread a thick layer
of mulch on the soil to conserve
moisture, retard weeds, and protect
the shallow roots.
22 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Banana

In dry-summer climates, such as A mature stalk of bananas can be starchy vegetable rather than a des­
in Southern California, extra water stored at 55° F for one to two sert. The usual method is to slice
should be used occasionally :o leach weeks. Temperatures below 50° F the fruit and simmer it in a frying
out the accumulated soil salts. will injure the fruit, so don't put pan with butter, sugar, and lemon
Fertilizing Their rapid growth them in the refrigerator. The fruit juice until soft. Green bananas can
rate makes bananas heavy feeders. will ripen in several days at room also be cooked this way.
During warm weather, apply a bal­ temperature.
anced fertilizer once a month. A Special Pink Banana Butter
mature plant may require as much Bananas at the Table Pink banana butter is especially
as 1'6 to 2 pounds of a 6 percent Bananas are a favorite for fresh delicious on warm biscuits or muf­
nitrogen fertilizer each month. eating. You'll be amazed at how fins and makes a delightful filling
Young plants need a quarter to a flavorful home-grown bananas can for cakes.
third as much. be. They are excellent in fruit sal­
316 pounds ripe bananas, mashed
Spread the fertilizer evenly ads, pies, cakes, and breads, and
(10 small bananas; 4 cups
around the plant in a circle extend­ with ice cream.
mashed fruit)
ing 4 to 8 feet from the trunk. Do Next time you have a barbecue,
not allow the fertilizer to come in try grilling bananas for dessert. 1 cup fresh or frozen
contact with the trunk. You can grill the whole fruit with raspberries
Pruning Only one primary stem the peel slit along the top. They 16 cup fresh lemon juice
on each rhizome should be allowed will be especially delicious if basted 3 cups sugar
to fruit. All excess shoots shDuld be with coconut milk or honey. 1 teaspoon butter
removed as soon as they are no­ Bananas are also a popular addi­
ticed. This helps channel all of the tion to sandwich spreads. One fa­ Place all ingredients in a large pot
plant's energy into fruit produc­ vorite sandwich spread is a mixture and bring to a hard, rolling boil,
tion. Once the main stalk is six to of chopped chicken, pineapple, cel­ stirring constantly. Reduce heat and
eight months old, permit one suck­ ery, bananas, and mayonnaise. simmer, stirring occasionally, for 20
er to develop as a replacement stalk Sliced bananas are delicious on minutes. Pour into hot, sterilized
for the following season. sandwiches with peanut butter and half-pint canning jars and seal with
When the fruit is harvested, cut raisins. two-piece lids. Process in a boiling
the fruiting stalk back to 30 inches Plaintains must be cooked before water bath for 15 minutes.
above the ground. Remove the stub eating and are often served hot as a Makes 5 to 6 cups.
several weeks later. Dispose of the
cut stems to prevent disease.
Pests and Diseases Bananas
have few troublesome pests or dis­
eases outside tropical countries. The
best way to avoid problems is to
purchase disease-free plants from a
reputable source and plant them in
a well-drained soil.

Harvest and Storage

Bananas carried on the plant
through the winter will marure
quickly when warmer weather ar­
rives. If you live in a cool area, you
may want to cover fruit clusters
with plastic or brown paper to
increase the temperature of the
fruit and hasten maturity. This can
also help prevent sunburn and oth­
er blemishes. Leave the bottom of
the cover open to prevent moisture
buildup.
Bananas must be ripened off the
plant, because the fruit will usually
split if left on after maturity. Ba­
nanas also acquire most of their
nutrients and sugars in the three to
four weeks prior to maturity, how­ Left: Wee fingers point downward under the brilliant purple bracts of this
ever, so it is important not to pick banana flower. The male flowers are borne at the end of the stalk after the last
too early. When hands at the top of hand of female flowers emerges. Right: As they mature, banana fruit curl
the stalk begin to turn yellcw, it's upward to form the familiar "hands" of fruit. The tip of the stalk (containing the
time to cut the entire stalk. male flowers) has been removed.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Cherimoya 23

Apple-Banana Bread Cherimoya 10 inches long by 4 inches wide,

This recipe makes nicely shaped, Cherimoyas usually elicit a two- dull green on top and velvety
moist loaves. Serve them warm stage response from someone expe­ green on the bottom. The tree is
from the oven, or cut the cooled riencing them for the first time- briefly deciduous in spring. It can
bread in thick slices, and toast in a amazement and then delight. The be pruned as a spreading, multi­
hot oven or toaster oven until amazement is sparked by the un­ trunked tree 15 to 20 feet high or as
golden. usual appearance of the fruit. Cher­ an erect tree growing 25 feet high.
imoyas look something like an arti­ Some growers have successfully
4 eggs choke crossed with a pineapple: pollarded (headed) the tree to a
2 cups sugar They are large and heart-shaped short trunk between 24 and 30
1 cup butter or margarine, with a thick green skin that looks inches high. This severe pruning
softened, cut into pats as if it's made of overlapping scales. limits flowering to the new
1 cup chunky applesauce The delight is a reaction to the growth. Also, fewer flowers may
1 cup diced banana (2 medium) flavor of the fruit. Cherimoyas be produced and the flowering
% cup sour milk (see Note) have a wonderful custardy texture may be delayed, but the lower
and delicious tropical flavor with plant profile makes hand-pollina­
2 teaspoons vanilla extract overtones of pineapple, banana, tion much easier.
4 cups flour and papaya. Indeed, Mark Twain
2 teaspoons baking soda described the flavor as "delicious­ Adaptation
1 teaspoon salt ness itself." Cherimoyas grow best in areas
Overall, the cherimoya is an at­ with moderately warm summers
1. Preheat oven to 350° F. In large tractive tree. The leaves are about and low’ relative humidity where
bowl of electric mixer, mix eggs, winter temperatures drop below'
sugar, butter, applesauce, banana, 45° F but not below freezing. Opti­
sour milk, and vanilla at low speed. mum summer temperatures range
In a separate bowl, combine flour, between 70° and 85° F, but the
baking soda, and salt. Stir dry in­ trees will produce in warmer areas.
gredients into the fruit mixture. Winters should provide some chill­
2. Grease and flour 4 small loaf ing but be relatively frost free, be­
pans (7’/4 by 3% by 2% inches). cause the fruit hangs on the tree
Divide mixture among prepared through the cold months and will
pans. Bake until a toothpick insert­ be damaged by freezing tempera­
ed in center comes out clean, about tures. The tree will tolerate brief
Common Name: Cherimoya
1 hour. periods of temperatures as low' as
Botanical Name: Annona chernnola. 29° F. Prolonged exposure to sub­
Makes 4 small loaves.
Origin: Mountain valleys of Peru freezing temperatures will cause se­
Note: To make sour milk, add 114 and Ecuador.
tablespoons vinegar to % cup milk. rious dieback. If cherimoyas do not
Growth Habit: Briefly deciduous receive enough chilling, trees will
tree or large shrub, 15 to 25 feet high go dormant slowly and then expe­
Tropical Banana Sorbet by IS to 20 feet wide.
rience delayed foliation. The exact
This sorbet is low in fat and choles­ Adaptation: I lardy to 29° P. Best amount of chilling has not been
terol. The banana flavor is mere adapted to the cooler, dry-summer
pronounced when passion fruit­ climates of Southern California. Also
orange nectar is used rather than grown in Hawaii.
lemon juice, but both are delicious. Harvest Season: February through
April.
2 cups water Begins Bearing: Within 2 to 5 years
VA cups sugar after planting.
2 pounds (6 medium) bananas, Propagation: Seedlings produce
peeled and sliced fruit of variable quality. Named vari­
1 cup orange juice eties are cleft-grafted to two-year-old
seedling rootstocks during the dor­
% cup passion fruit-orange mant season, just prior to bud break.
nectar or lemon juice Can also be shield-budded.
Maintenance: Moderate.
In a small saucepan combine water
Pollination: Hand-pollination is
and sugar. Bring to a boil and boil 3
usually required. See "Pollination"
minutes to make syrup. Let cool. on page 24.
Combine syrup with banana and
Suitability for Containers: Suitable
juices and puree in batches in an only for large containers.
electric blender or food processor. hi the mountain valleys of Peru and
Landscape Quality: Attractive
Place mixture into canister of ice leaves but not very versatile. Ecuador, the cherimoya is pollinated
cream freezer and freeze according by a species of insect. In the United
Nurseries: E, I, O, P, Q, R, S, U, Y.
to manufacturer's instructions States, however, the flowers must be
Information: 1, 2, 13, 14.
Makes 6 cups. pollinated by hand.
24 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Cherimoya

determined, but is estimatec to be

between 50 and 100 hours of tem­
peratures between 32° and 45° F.
Southern California provides the
best conditions for growing cheri-
moyas in the United States. The
largest commercial plantings are lo­
cated slightly inland from the Pa­
cific Ocean near Santa Barbara.
Some varieties perform better in
coastal or inland areas; these are
noted on the variety charts. Cheri- partially open female flowers. Repeat every few days during bloom.
moyas do not adapt well to the
tropical lowlands of Florida and flowers by hand to ensure fruit humidity around the blooming
Hawaii. The atemoya (see "Cheri­ production. The plants flower over trees; this increases self-pollination
moya Relatives" on page 25) is a a long period in midsummer, so if but it is usually better to pollinate
better choice. you pollinate every couple of days the flowers yourself if you want
during bloom the harvest period well-formed fruit. Self-pollinated
Pollination will extend over several months the fruit tend to be misshapen because
The cherimoya flower is perfect, following spring. not all the seeds develop.
meaning it contains both male and Sometimes the flowers self-polli-
female parts, but self-pollination nate when warm temperatures
usually doesn't take place, because cause the pollen to mature early or Left: Cherimoya: Annona cherimola
the female flower part (the stigma) when high humidity prolongs the 'White'
is receptive only on the day before receptiveness of the stigma. For this
the pollen is released. In areas reason, trees in the humid coastal Below: The cherimoya has handsome
where the plant is native, a species areas of California set more self­ branchlets with leaves arranged in two
of insect spreads the pollen at the pollinated fruit than those in the opposite rows along the stem.
appropriate times. This insect isn't drier interior valleys. Some garden­
found in the United States, howev­ ers in drier parts of the Southwest Bottom: Cherimoya: Annona cheri­
er, so you will have to pollinate the use fogging systems to raise the mola 'Spain'
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Cherimoya 25

Some selected varieties seem to Pruning Cherimoyas have rath­ pollinated over an extended period.
have a higher percentage of self- er brittle wood. Prune during the The fruit should be clipped, rather
pollination, but their performance dormant period to develop strong than pulled, from the tree. Cut the
varies from area to area. branches that can support the stem close to the fruit so it won't
heavy fruit. When pruning, select puncture other fruit during storage.
Site Selection branches with wide angles between Store mature fruit above 55° F to
and Planting the limb or trunk from which they prevent chilling injury to the skin
Cherimoyas prefer full sun and a originate. These branches arc more and flesh. Ripe fruit will deteriorate
deep, well-drained soil. The ideal strongly attached than those with quickly but can be stored at tem­
soil pH is between 6 and 7. narrow angles. Also, prune to en­ peratures lower than 55° F for
courage new growth and fruiting short periods, although they may
Caring for near the center of the tree, where become discolored. Ripe cheri­
Cherimoya Trees the fruit will be protected from moyas can be frozen, and eaten like
Watering Cherimoyas need sunburn and birds. Also, fruit at ice cream.
plenty of moisture while they are the outside of the tree can bend
growing actively, but should not be branches to the ground, causing the Cherimoya Relatives
watered when they are dormant. fruit to become dirty and bruised. Many close relatives of the cheri­
The trees are susceptible to rcot rot Pests and Diseases Few trouble­ moya also produce delicious fruit.
in soggy soils, especially in cool some problems under good grow­ Some of the best are described in
weather. Drought-stressed trees ing conditions. Nematodes can be a the following paragraphs.
will drop their leaves, exposing the problem in older trees. The sweetsop or sugar apple, An­
fruit to sunburn. nona squamosa, is very similar to the
Fertilizing Fertilize cherimoyas Harvest and Storage cherimoya but is better adapted to
on a regular basis. Apply about 2 Cherimoyas develop a pale green to Florida. The fruit are noticeably
ounces of a balanced fertilizer, such creamy yellow color as they reach knobbier than the cherimoya and
as 8-8-8, to young trees each month maturity. They should be picked the trees are slightly smaller, rarely
during the growing season up until when still firm and allowed to soft­ exceeding 15 feet high. The sweet-
midsummer or late summer. In­ en at room temperature. Ripe fruit sop is not hardy below 29° F. Most
crease the applications by an ounce will give to soft pressure. Overripe are grown from seed.
each year until the trees begin to fruit will be dark brown. Fruit left The atemoya is a hybrid of the
bear fruit. Mature trees should re­ on the tree too long will usually cherimoya and the sweetsop. It
ceive a pound of 8-8-8 fertilizer per crack or split and begin to decay. combines the hardiness of the cher­
inch of trunk diameter (measured You'll probably have to harvest imoya with the sweetsop's toler­
at chest level). fruit every couple of days if you ance of warm, humid climates. It is
most widely planted in Florida.
There are many varieties available,
Cherimoya Varieties some of which are still being evalu­
VARIETY FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS COMMENTS ated. The variety 'Gefner' reliably
Bays Medium, skin smooth, yjllow-green. Very good, Spreading tree, wen adapted produces good fruit without hand­
lemon flavor Ripens December to April. to coastal areas. pollination.
Booth Small to medium, skin sightly knobby, yellowish Partiaty seff-poilinating in Another cherimoya relative, the
green Corneal shape Papaya flavor. Ripens coastal areas. Fruit has
November to March. many seeds
soursop (Annona muricata) has fruit
Chaffey Small to medium, skin smooth, thick. Rich, lemon Tree has open habit. Thick skin
covered with long, curved, fleshy
flavor. Ripens January to April. on fruit resists bruises spines. The trees are upright and
Debaosa Medium, skin knobby. Very good flavor. may reach 20 feet high and 15 feet
El Bumpo Medium, skin very knobby. Excellent flavor. Ripens
wide. Less hardy than the sweet­
December to March sop, the soursop will usually be
Honeyhart Medium, skin smooth, pated, yellowish green. Pulp Very juicy. damaged if the temperature drops
has smooth texture. excc«ent flavor. Ripens below 30° F. Seedling-grown trees
November to March
are not reliable producers of quality
Mariella Medium, skin knobby, yellowish green, very good Similar to White
flavor. Ripens November to March.
fruit. The most readily available
selected soursop variety is called
Ott Smai to medium, skin thick with smooth, heart- Resists bruising.
shaped plates. Excefeni pineappte-banana flavor.
'Fiberless Cuban'.
Ripens January to Apnl.
Pierce Smal to large, skin knobby, light green. Very sweet, Partially self-pollinating. Has a Cherimoyas at the
pineapple-banana flavor Ripens January to March. tendency toward alternate Table
bearing. Few seeds.
Cherimoyas are best served chilled,
Spain Small to largo, skin smooth, dark green. Cone- Partially self-frutful in coastal cut in half or quartered, and eaten
shaped. Good banana flavor. Ripens December to areas.
Apni. with a spoon. Adding anything to
ViEa Park Small to medium, round skin has small bumps. the fruit is likely to mask its won­
Sweet, pineapple-banana flavor Ripens December derful fragrance and encumber its
to March. delicious tropical flavor. The fruit
White Small to medium, skin rough. Sweet, papaya­ Good along the California coast can also be juiced or used to make
mango flavor Ripens December to March. Open tree.
delicious sorbets or milkshakes.
26 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus

Citrus The fruit can be as small as beans

Tracing the migration and develop­ on the kumquat, or almost as large
ment of citrus fruit is like taking a as basketballs on the pummelo.
course in world history. Citrus The fruit color may be the pale
were used as medicinals in ancient yellow of lemons, citrons, and
India and in the empires of the pummelos, the bright orange of the
Medes and the Persians; they were sweet orange varieties, or the bril­
pampered in the orangeries of Lou­ liant red-orange of such fruit as the
is XIV at Versailles, and, after being 'Temple' orange, 'Dancy' manda­
introduced into the New World by rin, and 'Minneola' tangelo.
Christopher Columbus, savored by The colors of the flesh and juice Common Name: Citrus.
Americans as their most important of citrus fruits are as variable as the
Botanical Name: Most common
fruit crop. colors of the outer rinds. Lemons types are species of Citrus or
Today citrus plants are some of and limes have pale yellowish Fortunella.
the most rewarding for the home green flesh and juice. The most Origin: The progenitors of most cit­
gardener. Consider their qualities: brilliantly colored juice comes from rus originated in the Malay-East In­
lustrous, emerald-green foliage, the 'Moro' blood orange and the donesian Archipelago over 20 mil­
sweetly perfumed white blossoms, 'Star Ruby' grapefruit. lion years ago. Modern varieties
and, of course, brightly colored The myriad flavors of citrus come from all over the world.
fruit that hang like jewels from the fruits is unmatched by any other Growth Habit: Varies by species and
branches. Even types of citrus that type of fruit. One can choose variety. Most are evergreen shrubs or
are usually considered inedible, among the highly acidic and aro­ trees from 2 to more than 20 feet tall.
such as sour oranges, are widely matic flavors of lemons and limes; Adaptation: The primary areas of
used as ornamentals. the tangy, spicy flavors of the man­ outdoor culture are in California val­
Citrus also offer great variety. darins; the sprightly sweet flavor of leys, California and Arizona low de­
Mature plants range in size from the oranges; the sweet, rich, almost serts, Texas, the Gulf Coast, and Flor­
ida. Exact hardiness and adaptation
small shrubs, such as the 'Meyer' syrupy flavor of the 'Kinnow' man­
differs according to type and variety.
lemon, to large trees, such as the darin; and the aromatic flavor and
vigorously growing grapefruit. perfumed bouquet of the 'Chan­ Harvest Season: Depends on variety
and growing area. Primary season
Leaves range from the small, dler' pummelo. Even the bitter fla­
begins in late October and extends
pointed foliage of the 'Chinotto' vor of the sour oranges is esteemed through April, but some citrus is
orange to the large, lush, tropical- by connoisseurs of marmalades and available throughout the year.
looking leaves of the pummelo. bitters. Begins Bearing: Usually within 3 to
4 years for grafted trees. Full produc­
tion in 7 to 8 years for standard trees.
Propagation: Seedlings often have
unpredictable fruit quality. Selected
varieties are usually budded or graft­
ed to specific rootstocks. Can also be
grown from cuttings.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Most varieties are self­
fruitful.
Suitability for Containers: Excel­
lent, especially dwarfs.
Landscape Quality: Excellent.
Nurseries: A, B, C, I, F, M, O, P, Q, R.
U, Y.
Information: 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 13, 14.

Left: Under favorable conditions

'Bearss' limes flower and set fruit
throughout the year.

Opposite: Citrus sizes (from largest to

smallest): 'Chandler' pummelo, 'Star
Kuby' grapefruit, 'Minneola' tangelo,
'Robertson' navel, 'Valencia' orange,
'Moro' blood orange, 'Dancy' manda­
rin, 'Eureka' lemon, 'Bearss' lime,
'Chinotto' sour orange, 'Rangpur'
lime, 'Nagami' kumquat, ‘Golden
Bean' kumquat.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus 27

Before Western civilization dis­ first frost. Fully dormant 'Satsuma' California
covered the edible sweet orange, mandarin trees can withstand tem­ This large area includes both the
citrus were grown in oranger.es for peratures as low as 18° F without northern and the southern parts of
the fragrance of the flowers and defoliation. Kumquats may tolerate the state. Summers are usually hot
peel. Louis XIV grew citrus not for temperatures a degree or two cold­ and dry; most rain falls in the
the fruit but so his stately banquets er. Most other mandarins can take winter. Southern California, with
could be blessed with the fragrance 22® to 23® F; grapefruit and or­ its many frost-free microclimates, is
of the blossoms. The rind of the anges 23° to 24° F; lemons 26® to a traditional citrus area. In the in­
bergamot (Citrus bergamid) is still 27® F; and limes 28° F. The average land valleys of Southern California
used to make eau de cologne, the freezing point for mature fruits of almost any citrus can be grown.
most widely used of toilet waters, 'Satsuma' mandarins and 'Temple' Northern California also has frost-
and is an important ingredient in tangors is 28° F. Ripe navel oranges free areas, but along the coast the
many other perfume products. freeze at 27° to 28° F. Half-ripe summers are too cool for many
navel orange fruit is damaged at varieties. Winters are cool and
Adaptation 28° to 29° F. rainy. Many more types of citrus
It's hard to imagine a fruit more Duration of cold is also very are adapted to the inland areas of
drastically affected by climate vari­ important in determining whether Northern California, where there is
ations than citrus. fruit will be damaged. It usually more summer heat but also a great­
Seasonal temperature variations takes 3 or 4 hours at 27° to 28° F to er chance of cold winters.
have the most important influence injure navel oranges, but it may
on adaptation. The lowest tempera­ take only 30 to 60 minutes at 29° F California and Arizona
ture at which growth takes place is to injure small lemons. Deserts
55° F; The highest is approximately Citrus also have heat require­ These low-elevation areas have ex­
100° F. The optimum temperature ments. All varieties of grapefruit tremely hot summers, warm win­
for growth of oranges ranges be­ require long, hot growing seasons ters, strong sunlight, and gusty
tween 70° and 90° F. There are, of to reach peak quality and sweet­ winds. Varieties with high heat re­
course, some differences between ness. They are best adapted to Tex­ quirements are best here, but sun­
varieties and species. as, Florida, and low-elevation de­ burn and wind damage are very
Hardiness differs according to sert areas of Arizona and Cali­ common.
species, and sometimes variety, of fornia. Other types of citrus have
citrus. Trees can usually withstand lower heat requirements and can be Texas and the Gulf Coast
temperatures 3 to 4 degrees lower grown in cooler areas. Lemons These areas are usually hot and
than those that will damage the probably have the lowest heat re­ humid with some rainfall the year
fruit. Also, ripe fruit can withstand quirement and can be grown in the around. Western Texas is drier and
lower temperatures than can im­ cool coastal areas of California. warmer; some areas resemble de­
mature or green fruit. For this rea­ The citrus varieties described in sert climates. Cold waves of Arctic
son gardeners in marginal citrus the Citrus Varieties Charts on pages air are common in the winter, so
areas select early-maturing variet­ 41 to 43 are recommended accord­ select hardy, early varieties that
ies, which usually ripen before the ing to the following areas: will ripen before winter.
28 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus

Florida Maturity sometimes produce fruit that is too

This hot, humid region has many Fruit grown in a hot area ripens large when grown in Florida. Like­
frost-free areas, although occasion­ before fruit of the same variety wise, varieties such as 'Hamlin' and
ally a freeze will devastate citrus grown in a cooler area. This is 'Pineapple', which reach market­
throughout the state. Rainfall is because there is a close (but not able size in Florida, are too small
spread throughout the year. absolute) relationship between the for commercial acceptance when
accumulated heat units in a grow­ grown in California.
Climate Effects ing season (the heat accumulation)
Climate has a strong influence on and date of maturity. A heat unit Fruit Shape
fruit size, shape, flavor, and juice index is calculated by adding to­ Fruit tends to be longer in relation
content, as well as the color, tex­ gether all of the mean daily tem­ to width in hotter areas and flatter
ture, and thickness of the peel. peratures greater than 55° F be­ in cooler climates.
Climate also affects the rate of tween bloom and maturity.
growth, habit, and flowering of the 'Valencia' oranges ripen in Feb­ Peel Characteristics
trees. In general, climate influences ruary in the hot, humid climates of Peels are thin and smooth in hot,
citrus in the following ways: Florida and Texas and the hot, arid humid Florida and Texas. In arid
climates of California and Arizona regions of the West, they are
Bloom deserts. In cool coastal areas of Cali­ thicker with a rougher texture.
Trees flower earliest in hot, humid fornia, 'Valencia' may not ripen
areas and latest in cool, semiarid until June. Color Development
coastal areas. Thus 'Valencia' or­ In truly tropical areas citrus remain
anges reach peak bloom in mid­ Fruit Size green when ripe. In hot, humid
March in Orlando, Florida and Fruit is usually largest in hot, hu­ areas of Florida and Texas, rind
Weslaco, Texas; early April in the mid climates, becoming progres­ color remains pale in most variet­
hot desert areas of Arizona and sively smaller in hot, arid climates ies. The most intense color develops
California; and early May ir the and cool, arid climates. Varieties in arid climates of the West, where
cool coastal valleys of Southern that produce large fruit in arid, low temperatures prevail for sever­
California. subtropical areas of California al weeks before harvest.

Citrus shapes (above) and cross sections (opposite): 1. 'Golden Bean' kumquat 2. 'Sinton' citrangequat 3. 'Eustis' limequat 4.
'Meiwa' kumquat 5. 'Nagatni' kumquat 6. 'Calamondin' mandarin 7. 'Moro' blood orange 8. 'Tarocco' blood orange 9. 'Lisbon'
lemon JO. 'Eureka' lemon 11. 'Improved Meyer' lemon 12. ‘Kusai’ lime 13. 'Rangpur' lime 14. 'Bearss' lime 15. 'Mexican' lime
16. 'Orlando' tangelo 17. 'Minneola' tangelo 18. 'Dancy' mandarin 19. 'Clementine' mandarin 20. 'Satsuma' mandarin
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus 29

The red color of the flesh and Flavor variety grown in the West. This is
rind of blood oranges is due to the Sugar and acid are the main com­ the main reason why the more
presence of the pigment anthccya- ponents of citrus flavor that are colorful, richcr-flavored, commer­
nin. This pigment develops best in influenced by climate. Fruit grown cially grown California oranges are
warm, intermediate climates, such in arid climates that have a cold usually sold fresh, and Florida or­
as those in the interior valleys of period before the fruit matures anges are made into juice.
Central and Southern California. tends to have more acid and a
Red coloration is less intense in the better balance between sugars and Pollination
hot desert areas of the Southwest. acids than those grown in humid Most varieties are self-fruitful, but
In humid climates, blood oranges climates. This usually means the some varieties produce more fruit
rarely turn red. fruit from the arid areas have a when pollinated by another vari­
The red color in grapefruit and richer flavor, although many peo­ ety. This need for cross-pollination
pummelos is produced by a differ­ ple prefer the sweeter taste com­ is noted in the "Comments" sec­
ent pigment—lycopene. In this mon to fruit grown in humid areas. tions of the variety charts.
case, strong coloration is directly Overall, the percentage of acid in
related to high temperatures during the juice is higher in fruit grown in Propagation
maturation. Thus, red varieties of cooler climates. Most citrus trees are propagated by
grapefruit and pummelos develop budding the desired variety to a
their most intense color in hot cli­ Tree Habit specific type of rootstock. Budded
mates. Grapefruit and pummelos Trees grow fastest in hot, humid trees are preferred over seedling
develop little or no red color in cool climates and slowest in cooler areas. trees because they are reliably true
climates. As a result, trees in colder climates to type, come into production soon­
are usually more compact. er, and benefit from desirable root-
Juice Content When all these effects are com­ stock effects, such as disease resis­
Citrus fruits are juiciest when bined, the result is that a variety tance, greater cold tolerance,
grown in hot, humid climates and grown in the Southeast is lighter in dwarfing, better fruit quality, early
less juicy in regions that are hot color, has a thinner rind, is juicier, maturity, and adaptation to adverse
and arid or cool and humid. and tastes sweeter than the same soil conditions.

21. 'Honey' mandarin 22. 'Nova' mandarin 23. 'Fairchild' mandarin 24. 'Kara' mandarin 25. 'Chinotto' orange 26. ‘Bouquet
de Fleurs' sour orange 27. 'Seville' sour orange 28. 'Shamouti' orange 29. ‘Valencia’ orange 30. 'Pineapple' orange 31. 'Marrs’
orange 32. 'Temple' tangor 33. 'Washington' navel 34. 'Robertson navel 35. 'Redblush' grapefruit 36. ‘Star Ruby' grapefruit
37. 'Oroblanco' grapefruit 38. ‘Marsh' grapefruit 39. 'Chandler pummelo 40. ‘Etrog citron 41. ‘Buddha’s Hand' citron.
30 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus

Citrus seeds will often produce liata) is the most common dwarfing Watering Citrus trees need ade­
two or more seedlings, a result of a rootstock. It is also disease resistant quate soil moisture for healthy
phenomenon known as nucellar and causes fruit to ripen slightly growth and good fruit production.
embryony. One of these seedlings is earlier. More importantly, it is also Drought during bloom causes the
the result of pollination and will more cold tolerant than the other flowers to drop and results in poor
produce a tree that will have char­ rootstocks and thus is highly rec­ fruit set. Lack of moisture during
acteristics of both parents. Tne oth­ ommended in cold climates. Trifoli­ the growing season causes fruit
ers, which are not the result of ate orange will dwarf most varieties drop and low yields. Prolonged
pollination, are nucellar seedlings, by 30 to 50 percent in home garden drought will defoliate and eventu­
which are identical to the tree from conditions. The trifoliate variety' ally kill the tree. At the other ex­
which they' came. Different variet­ 'Flying Dragon' provides even treme, standing water and poorly
ies of citrus produce nucellar seed­ more dwarfing; trees on this root- drained soils are almost always le­
lings at different rates. Varieties stock will not grow much taller thal to citrus trees. Plant in well-
that produce a large percentage of than 5 to 6 feet high. drained soil, and water citrus regu­
nucellar seedlings can be grown larly during dry periods.
from seed because the seedling tree Site Selection and Fertilizing Citrus trees need to
will be identical to the parent. Nu­ Planting be fertilized regularly. The number
cellar seedlings are often used as Citrus trees arc usually sold in con­ of applications depends on the re­
citrus rootstocks. tainers but are sometimes sold gion; consult the chart on page 31
Fresh citrus seeds will germinate balled and burlapped. Trees pur­ for timing and rates.
easily at soil temperatures between chased by mail may be shipped Soils in some areas will also be
80® and 90° F. They lose their via­ bare root. The best time to plant is deficient in micronutrients. In these
bility rapidly when allowed to dry in early spring, after the danger of cases the trees will need foliar
out. To store citrus seeds, park frost has passed. For best results the sprays of micronutrients.
them in moist (not wet) peat moss soil pH should be between 6 and 7. Pruning Citrus trees do not re­
and keep them in the refrigerator Ail citrus trees prefer maximum quire regular pruning to remain
for up to six months. exposure to sunlight, but in desert productive and are usually allowed
climates some light shade during to develop on their own. You may,
Rootstocks the hottest part of the day may however, want to prune to control
Troyer' and 'Carrizo' citranges are prevent sunburned fruit. In cool the size of lemons and other vigor­
the best rootstocks for standard­ climates, plant in the warmest pos­ ous types. Most citrus can also be
sized oranges, grapefruits, manda­ sible microclimate, such as against a sheared regularly as a hedge or
rins, tangelos, and 'Lisbon' lemons. light-colored, south-facing wall. trained as an espalier and still pro­
They are resistant to several crown duce some fruit.
and root diseases and produce ex­ Caring For Citrus Very old, overgrown trees can be
cellent-quality fruit. Rough lemon Most citrus are easy to care for, rejuvenated by severe pruning.
and Citrus macrophylla are the best requiring minimal pruning and in­ Known as skeletonizing, this radi­
rootstocks for 'Eureka' lemons and frequent pest control. All they usu­ cal pruning method involves re­
'Persian' limes. ally' need is regular watering and moving all limbs greater than 1 to
Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifo- fertilization. 2 inches in diameter. If you are
going to skeletonize a tree, do so in
early spring so it can regrow dur­
ing the following growing season.
The tree won't produce any fruit
for about 2 years, but when it does
begin to bear again, the fruit will
usually will be larger than normal.
Skeletonizing is effective only on
otherwise healthy trees—it is not a
cure for diseases.
The bark of citrus trees is very
susceptible to sunburn, especially
after severe pruning. Always paint
exposed branches and trunks with
diluted (50-50) water-based white
paint or commercially available
whitewash after heavy pruning.
Pests and Diseases Vigorously
growing trees have few problems,

Citrus trees respond well to pruning.

Vigorous species, such as these lemon
trees, can be trained over arbors.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus 31

Fertilizing Young areas. The 'Valencia' oranges begin weeks and picked as needed. Man­
to mature in February in desert darins are an exception, holding
Citrus Trees areas and, in cooler climates, the their fruit for shorter periods than
in day so*s of the West. usually only nitrogen is harvest extends into October. oranges, grapefruits, or lemons.
required. In the Southeast, use a balanced fertilizer
containing micronutrients. The only sure way to determine When mandarins have been on the
maturity' is to taste the fruit. Fruit tree too long, they lose their juice
California, Arizona, and color is a poor indication of ripe­ and the pulp dries out. A puffy
Texas ness, because many fruits have rind is another indication that the
Number of fully colored rinds months before fruit is overly mature.
Applications per Pounds of actual
Years after year (February to Ntrogcnper
they can be eaten. Lemons, limes, Most citrus fruits can also be
Planting September) appbeaben
* and other acid citrus are an excep­ stored in the refrigerator for at least
1 3 0.1 tion. They can be picked whenever two to three weeks. Under dry
2 3 0.2 they' reach acceptable size and juice conditions at room temperature,
3 2 0.4
4 2 045
content. fruits develop "off" flavors, wither,
5 2 05 Once mature, most citrus fruits and become unattractive within a
6 2 055 can be stored on the tree for several week to 10 days.
7 2 06
8-10 (mature) 2 0.64.75

Florida and the Gulf Coast

i 4to5 0.1
2 4 02
3 3 03
4 3 04
5 3 045
6 3 0454 5
7-10 (mature) 3 05

•See page 80 lor an example catenation of the pounds c4

actua; ntrogen >n a tert.i-zer.

but even robust trees occasionally

become infested with mites, scale,
thrips, or whiteflies. Trees in poor­
ly drained soils often succumb to
various diseases and cankers of the
roots or trunk.

Harvest and Storage

Citrus fruits mature at various
times of the year. Early varieties of
oranges and mandarins ripen in
October or November of the year
in which they bloomed. Late vari­
eties of orange, mandarin, anc
grapefruit mature from February to
May. In hot, humid regions, such as
Florida and Texas, the fruits mature
slightly before the same varieties
grown in the hot, dry desert re­
gions of the Southwest and well
before fruit in the cool coastal areas
of California.
In California, 'Washington' navel
and 'Valencia' oranges are grown
in three distinct climate areas—
cool, intermediate, and hot. As a
result, California growers harvest
fresh oranges throughout the year.
The navels mature in November in
the warmest areas, but may be
picked as late as June in cooler

Citrus trees may be sheared for a

formal effect, as with this orange tree
at Hearst Castle in California.
32 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citron, Grapefruit

Types of Citrus Grapefruit until as recently as the beginning of

Grapefruits appear to have origi­ this century. In salads, the grape­
Citron nated in the West Indies. Research­ fruit is as versatile as the orange,
Citrons (Citrus medico) are large, ers believe they are natural hybrids though its tartness necessitates a
thick-skinned fruit resembling lem­ of the pummelo, but the exact par­ different treatment. Sections of
ons. The trees are scraggly ard very entage is unknown. grapefruit can be arranged on a
frost sensitive, but the plants are Grapefruits are borne on large plate with greens as bitter as water­
sometimes grown as a novelty or trees with big, deep green leaves. cress, but their tartness should be
for the ceremonies associated with They require a long, hot growing offset by one of the sweet vinegars
the Jewish Feast of Tabernacles. season to reach peak quality, but (balsamic, raspberry, or a good ci­
'Etrog' is the most commonly their ability to hang on the tree for der vinegar) and a fruity olive or
planted variety, but the fingered long periods without deteriorating walnut oil. Consider adding non­
citron, or 'Buddha's Hand/ has a allows them to attain acceptable bitter vegetables, such as parboiled
more unusual shape. flavor in cooler areas. artichoke hearts or roasted sweet
There are two types of fruit: red peppers or even bits of sweet
Citrons at the Table white fleshed and pigmented. fruit such as dried dates to a grape­
The citron resembles the lemon in 'Duncan' and 'Marsh Seedless' have fruit salad. Avocados and grape­
its cooking characteristics, with one white flesh, while 'Ruby', 'Red- fruit are a classic combination.
important difference: The pulpy blush', and 'Star Ruby' develop There is basically no flavor dif­
flesh of the citron yields little or no pink to red flesh and a reddish rind ference between pink and white
juice. Thus, only the thick rind of in hot climates. Pigmented grape­ grapefruit, but there is a difference
the citron is used—candied, for fla­ fruit doesn't color well in cool between seedy and seedless fruit.
voring, and in marmalades. In fact, climates. Seedy fruits have a richer, more
many Americans have only seen 'Oroblanco' is a recently intro­ pronounced flavor and separate
the candied and dyed citron rind, duced grapefruit-pummelo hybrid into segments easily. For this reason
sold for use in fruitcakes and developed by the University of Cal­ they are often grown for commer­
Christmas puddings. ifornia. It bears incredibly juicy cial processing. If you want the
The fingered citron ('Buddha's fruit with a sweet, low-acid flavor. best-flavored juice, consider grow­
Hand') is an ornamental. In a pinch ing 'Duncan', a seedy variety.
its "fingers" may be grated and Grapefruit at the Table Cooked and sweetened with sug­
used for flavoring, but the tentacles Although grapefruits are common­ ar, grapefruit makes excellent mar­
of this unusual fruit are mostly pith place and available nearly the year malade and candied peel. Take ad­
(the zest would be almost impossi­ around now, they are still often vantage of a prolific harvest by
ble to separate) and there are many considered an elegant treat, per­ making freshly squeezed, chilled
fruits that are better for preserves. haps because they were so rare grapefruit juice and serving it at

Above: The fingered, or 'Buddha's

Hand' citron has the most unusual
shape of any citrus.

Right: 'Star Ruby' grapefruit is a

seedless variety with deep-red flesh.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Kumquat 33

brunches. Or make a fancy grape­ gers to combine the sweet flavors of Roast Duck With Kumquat
fruit sorbet and serve it as a palate the skin with the tart flavors of the Sauce
cleanser or with delicate wafers as a pulp. The hybrids of the kumquat
1 duckling (4’4 to 5 lbs)
light dessert. range in sweetness; the orangequat
Choose grapefruits that are is the sweetest (sweeter than the Pepper
heavy (indicating a high percent­ kumquat) and the limequat is very 2 yellow onions
age of juice) and thin skinned. Ig­ tart. Limequats can be substituted ’/< teaspoon dried thyme
nore superficial scars and russet- for limes in cooking. 16 kumquats
ting; they have no effect on quality. Kumquats can be found in gro­ *4 cup olive oil
cery stores from November
Kumquats and Their through the spring. Their size and 4 cups chicken stock, preferably
Hybrids seediness depends on maturity at homemade
Kumquats are hardy species of For- harvest time and on the variety, but 2 bay leaves
tunella. They are good-looking trees all are edible out-of-hand. Black peppercorns
densely covered with small leaves. In addition to their culinary val­ Half a bunch parsley (2 cups,
They can get quite large on vigor­ ue, kumquats are also very decora­ packed)
ous rootstocks, but are usually tive and are often used as holiday ’4 cup red wine vinegar
small and compact—ideal for season table centerpieces, their
2 tablespoons sugar
containers. bright orange skins contrasting
Because of their hardiness (to at with a few bright green leaves left 2 tablespoons Marsala or sherry
least 18° F), kumquats have been on their stems. Kumquat hybrids 1 tablespoon cornstarch
used for hybridization with other also make attractive table decora­
species of citrus, such as limes tions; the orangequat is a little larg­ 1. Preheat oven to 450° F. Wash the
(limequats) and oranges (orange- er than the kumquat and bright duckling and dry it thoroughly.
quats). Both limequats and orange- orange; the limequat is smaller and Reserve the giblets. Remove excess
quats are very ornamental plants. bright yellow. fat from around both cavities.
Because of the kumquat's dimin­ Pierce the bird all over with a fork.
Kumquats and Their utive size, which permits it to be Sprinkle the bird inside and out
Hybrids at the Table used halved, and because it is quite with pepper.
Kumquats are usually preserved tart and pungent, it is excellent in 2. Quarter 1 of the onions and put
and used whole as garnishes for sauces for rich meats such as duck, into duckling's body cavity with
meats or made into marmalade. goose, pork, or even lamb. The the thyme and 2 of the kumquats,
They are, however, also delightful following recipe makes an elegant halved. Tie drumsticks together.
when eaten fresh: Just roll and traditional French sauce for 3. Put the bird breast side up in a
squeeze the fruit between your fin­ duckling. high-sided baking pan (to prevent

Left: Kumquat: Fortunella margarita

'Nagami'

Above: 'Eustis' limequat, a lime­

kumquat hybrid
34 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Lemon

spattering in the oven), and bake stem ends; add them to the sauce. several crops a year. In warmer
for 20 minutes. Simmer 10 minutes. areas, lemons are picked from fall
4. Reduce oven to 350° F and con­ 10. In a small bowl mix Marsala through winter. Harvest your lem­
tinue to bake for another hour. and cornstarch until smooth. Add ons whenever they reach accept­
Check for doneness by piercing at to the sauce while stirring. Cook able size and color.
the leg joints. If the juices are pink, until thick and smooth. Add salt to The 'Meyer' lemon is not a true
the meat will be underdone, clear taste. Keep sauce warm until the lemon but is a very popular lemon
juices indicate properly done meat. duck is ready. substitute. It was discovered near
Peking, China, by Frank N. Meyer,
5. While duckling is in the oven, 11. Serve the duckling with sauce.
a U.S.D.A. plant explorer, and was
slice the remaining onion. In a Serves 4. introduced to the United States in
medium saucepan heat olive oil
1908. Since then its handsome,
and saute the giblets and onion
until browned.
Lemon compact habit has made it one of
Lemon trees are among the most the most popular dooryard citrus
6. Slowly add chicken stock while vigorous of the citrus family. Stan­ varieties. 'Meyer' lemons are pro­
scraping and incorporating the dard trees can reach over 20 feet ductive for years in containers and
browned bits from the bottom of high. They respond well to prun­ can be trained to form a dense
the pan. ing, however, and are one of the hedge. 'Improved Meyer' is a virus-
7. Add bay leaves, a few pepper­ few citrus trees that should be regu­ free form that has replaced the
corns, and parsley and simmer un­ larly cut back to keep them com­ original 'Meyer' clone.
til the stock is reduced by half. pact and the fruit within reach.
Strain. You should have 2 cups of Lemons are attractive plants with Lemons at the Table
brown stock. light green leaves that have a red­ Having a bearing lemon tree can
8. In a small saucepan, boil rhe dish tinge when young. become as necessary to a cook as
vinegar with the sugar until the Lemons are best adapted to the having a kitchen herb garden. A
mixture is slightly thickened. Slow­ western states, where fruits remain day hardly goes by that at least one
ly add the 2 cups strained stock, small and the trees are less likely to lemon is not needed for a dish or
stirring and skimming off any fat be infected with disease. In hot, refreshing drink. Lemon zest adds
that rises to the surface. humid climates, limes are pre­ a sophisticated dimension to such
9. Thinly slice the remaining 14 ferred. In the coastal areas of Cali­ diverse foods as stews, chocolate
kumquats, discarding seeds and fornia, lemon trees usually bear cake, and pizza. (Remember, when

Left: Another formal design with cit­

rus—a lemon allee, or walkway.

Above: Lemons often flower over a

long period, providing a continuous
supply of freshly ripened fruit. This is
a 'Eureka' lemon.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Lime 35

using the rind of any citrus fruit, In this recipe for lemon pork, a brown sugar onto the pork and
that the fragrant, flavorful oils are lemon marinade and sauce adds a insert a meat thermometer into the
in the thin, pigmented outer por­ fresh, tangy flavor to the meat. center. Roast pork for V/2 hours,
tion, or zest, of the peel. The inner, basting occasionally with mari­
pithy portion can be bitter.) When Lemon Pork, Southern Style nade. The roast is done when the
your tree is producing too many meat thermometer reads 175° F.
1 pork loin (3 lbs)
lemons for you to consume or give 4. Transfer pork to a carving board
away (or when lemons are particu­ 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard
and cover with foil to keep warm.
larly inexpensive at the greengro­ Freshly ground black pepper
5. Using a spatula, scrape the
cer's), and you do not have the time V* cup lemon juice browned meat drippings from the
to make lemon marmalade, squeeze Vi cup bourbon bottom of the baking dish and
the juice and freeze it in a freezer ’/> teaspoon salt transfer with juices and any re­
tray. A plastic bag full of lemon
3 tablespoons light brown sugar served marinade to a small sauce­
juice cubes is a bag of gold to the
1 lemon, sliced paper-thin pan. Skim off excess fat if you like.
cook. Make hot toddies with them
Add the lemon slices and water
in the evening (boiled with water, 3 tablespoons water
and simmer until the lemon is
brown sugar, and a clove, with
1. Pierce pork with a large fork, tender, about 10 minutes.
rum added); use them in chicken,
game, or pork marinades; make making deep holes for marinade to 6. Carve the meat and top with the
lemonade; or use them to make penetrate. Rub roast with mustard, lemon slices and sauce.
mayonnaise, Hollandaise sauce, or grind pepper over it, and put it into Serves 6.
a simple mixture of juice and melt­ a glass, stainless steel, or ceramic
ed butter for vegetables. baking dish or bowl. Lime
When you serve a Tuscan, Pro­ 2. Combine lemon juice, bourbon Limes can be divided into two hor­
vencal, Spanish, or other hearty and salt. Pour mixture over pork, ticultural groups: the small-fruited
Mediterranean stew or braised cover with plastic wrap, and let it 'Mexican', West Indian, or Key lime
meat, have a little dish of gremolata marinate at least 6 hours in the and the large-fruited Persian or 'Ta­
on the table for guests to sprirkle refrigerator. Turn pork in marinade hiti' lime. The 'Mexican' lime is the
on their meat. To make gremclata, several times. most important commercial variety
mince 1 part lemon zest with 1 part 3. Preheat oven to 350° F. Drain and is often referred to as the bar­
garlic cloves and 2 parts parsley. and reserve the marinade. Press the tender's lime. The deep green fruit

Above: Two popular lemon varieties:

'Eureka' (top), and 'Lisbon' (bottom).

Right: 'Mexican lime': Citrus

aurantiifolia
36 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Mandarin

is borne on small, thorny trees that The juicy Persian lime is excel­ into an even tart shell.
are very frost sensitive and best lent for making limeade and mari­ 4. Bake until light golden brown,
adapted to humid climates. Persian nades for meats. If sliced very thin, 10 minutes. Remove pastry shell
limes are grown commercially on a it can be eaten, rind and all, in from oven; reduce heat to 400° F.
small scale in southern Florida and many dishes, such as this elegant
5. Combine lime juice, eggs, the %
in a few places in Southern Califor­ lime tart.
cup sugar, and the 10 tablespoons
nia. These trees are a few degrees
Lime Curd Tart butter in top of a double boiler and
hardier than the West Indian lime
set over simmering water. Cook,
and have a more compact, attrac­ 1’6 cups flour whisking constantly, until thick
tive habit. The fruit is lighter green
1 tablespoon sugar and smooth, about 10 minutes.
than West Indian but has a good
lime flavor. Pinch salt 6. Strain mixture into a bowl and
Both types of lime are harvested xh cup butter stir in the grated lime rind.
when they reach acceptable size. Vi cup plus 1 tablespoon lime 7. Pour the lime curd into the
Fully mature fruit turns yellow. juice (5 to 7 limes) partially baked shell and bake at
The 'Rangpur' lime, is actually an 6 eggs 400° F until the curd has softly set,
acid mandarin with small, juicy, about 30 minutes. Cool on a rack.
% cup sugar
bright orange fruit. 8. When tart is cool, arrange lime
10 tablespoons very cold, unsalt­
slices on top and brush with the
ed butter, cut into bits
Limes at the Table marmalade.
The West Indian (or Key) lime is I tablespoon grated lime rind
Serves 8.
the most aromatic of the limes and I lime, sliced paper-thin
for that reason is preferred for mar­ 3 tablespoons grapefruit or
malades, garnishes, and the famous lemon marmalade, melted Mandarins and
Key lime pie. The "authentic" Key and strained Their Hybrids
lime pie is the subject of much Mandarins offer great variety. Their
argument: It has been made a vari­ 1. Preheat oven to 450° F. Combine fruit range from small to large,
ety of ways, topped with a me­ flour, 1 tablespoon sugar, and salt. ripen early to late, and vary in
ringue or as a chiffon pie, with a 2. Cut in the *6 cup butter to get a color and flavor. The trees range
short crust or with a crust made of crumbly texture that is very fine from tall and upright to small and
crumbs. To make one, simply sub­ and slightly moist. compact. Some have weeping hab­
stitute Key lime zest and juice for 3. Turn mixture into a 9-inch flan its. The foliage is hardier than that
lemon zest and juice in your favor­ or tart pan with removable bottom, of an orange, but the fruit is not.
ite lemon pie recipe. and press gently with fingertips Mandarins are often called kid­

Top Left: Persian lime

Bottom Left: 'Rangpuf lime

Above: 'Bearss' lime

Top Right: 'Minneola' tangelo

Bottom Right: 'Dancy' mandarin

 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Mandarin 37

glove or loose-skin oranges because The fruit flavor varies between be a great foil for grain dishes: in a
they are so easy to peel. Some orange and mandarin, depending sauce over buckwheat crepes,
brightly colored varieties are also on the variety. The trees are about mixed with couscous or bulgur
known as tangerines. as hardy as orange trees and are wheat, or with rice and milk, cin­
If you choose your varieties care­ slightly smaller. Tangors are best namon, and honey for breakfast.
fully, you can harvest mandarins adapted to Florida. Their sweetness lends itself to sor­
from November to April or May. bets, ice creams, light mousses, and
The flavor of mandarins ranges Mandarins and Their other chilled desserts. The peel of
from sprightly to sweet to almost Hybrids at the Table the mandarin and its hybrids can
spicy. The fruit won't hold on the It's difficult to generalize about the be broken and dried in the oven,
tree as well as oranges, becoming eating characteristics of mandarins, then used as flavoring in Chinese
puffy, dry, and insipid. tangelos, and tangors. They range stir-fried dishes.
Some varieties of mandarin will from very sweet to tart; some are Remember that although variet­
set more fruit if pollinated by an­ seedless and some are full of seeds; ies differ, the sweetest of the man­
other variety planted nearby. some are fairly large while others darin group are the mandarins
Tangelos Tangelos are hybrids of are tiny. They do, however, share themselves. (Take advantage of the
mandarins with grapefruits or an ease of peeling and sectioning juiciness of some varieties and
pummelos. As you would expect and, most importantly, the distinc­ serve glasses of fresh-squeezed
from such a diverse group, the tive mandarin flavor, which is mandarin juice garnished with a
fruits vary tremendously. Colors strong in some mandarins and sprig of mint. It is like nectar.) The
range from pale yellow to deep quite subtle in most tangelos and tangelos have an overtone of grape­
orange. Sizes range from medium­ tangors. All mandarin varieties are fruit flavor (more or less, according
small to medium-large, and the fla­ most commonly eaten out-of-hand. to variety), and the tangor resem­
vors are all quite distinctive, aro­ For the cook who enjoys adding bles the orange in flavor.
matic, and rich, often combining the segments whole to salads or All varieties of mandarins, tange­
the best of both parents. Most vari­ sauces, the small, seedless varieties los, and tangors are best when they
eties are best adapted to hot of mandarins arc best. Their addi­ are heavy and full of juice. Al­
climates. tion to any dish, even as a garnish, though some varieties are naturally
Tangors Tangors are hybrids be­ should be well thought out, for puffy, avoid fruits that are extreme­
tween mandarins and oranges. they add so much sweetness and ly puffy, with very soft spots. Man­
Temple' and 'Murcott' are thought flavor that they will dominate a darins are usually available in mar­
to be naturally occurring hybrids, salad, for example, even if only a kets from November to May, and
although their exact parentage is few segments are tossed in. more varieties are becoming avail­
unknown. Seedless mandarin segments can able for the consumer to enjoy.

Above: 'Orlando' tangelo, a hybrid of

'Duncan' grapefruit and 'Dancy
mandarin.

Right: 'Satsuma' mandarin, one of the

hardiest citrus grown commercially.
38 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Orange

Orange California or in the humid climates the bottom of the fruit known as
Oranges can be sour or sweet. along the Gulf Coast. the "navel."
Sweet oranges can be divided into Tree size differs among blood 'Washington' is by far the most
three types: blood oranges, com­ orange varieties. 'Sanguinelli' and widely planted navel orange. The
mon oranges, and navel oranges. 'Moro' are smaller and more com­ ease with which it peels and sepa­
Blood Orange Under certain cli­ pact than most other sweet oranges. rates into segments and its crisp
mate conditions, blood oranges de­ 'Tarocco' and 'Ruby' are larger and flesh make it the most popular
velop pink or red flesh, juice, and will grow to about the size of other dessert orange.
rind. Many people think their dis­ sweet oranges. Navel oranges are genetically
tinctive flavor, usually described as Common Orange Common or­ unstable. Mutations (sports) occur
berrylike, is the most delicious of anges are divided into two groups: frequently that may be vegetatively
all the oranges. those adapted to the Southwest and propagated. Most are inferior to the
The development of the red pig­ those adapted to the Southeast. 'Va­ 'Washington' navel, but several
mentation is erratic and undepend­ lencia', the most widely grown va­ have been perpetuated because of
able. It is definitely climate related, riety, is an exception; it is widely their bright color or early bearing
but the exact reasons for coloration planted in both areas and through­ habit. 'Atwood', 'Robertson', and
are not completely understood. The out the commercial citrus areas of 'Skaggs Bonanza' are sports com­
color is intense some years, while the world. Common oranges are monly grown in California.
in others there is no pigmentation. usually used to make fresh juice. 'Dream', 'Glen', and 'Surprise' are
Even fruit on the same tree will The trees are generally about the sometimes seen in Florida and Tex­
vary in coloration. same size as navel orange trees. as, where they may perform better
Trees grown in the interior val­ Navel Orange Navel oranges are than 'Washington'.
leys of California seem to produce distinguished by the presence of an All navel oranges are best adapt­
fruit with the most consistent color. undeveloped secondary fruit oppo­ ed to intermediate climates of
Intense color does not develop in site the stem end. As this fruit California.
fruit grown in cool coastal areas of enlarges, it forms the small hole in Standard navel oranges reach 16
to 20 feet high; sports are smaller
and slower growing.
Sour Orange Sour oranges are
not widely grown for their fruit
because their flavor is very bitter.
The fruit is used, however, to make
orange marmalade and various li­
queurs. The trees are often used as
ornamentals because of the clean
foliage, brightly colored fruit, and
fragrant flowers.
The varieties 'Bouquet de Fleurs'
and 'Chinotto' are especially useful
in the landscape because of their
distinctive foliage and compact
growth habit.

Sweet Oranges at the

Table
Blood Orange For the cook, the
blood orange does not have the
versatility of seedless common and
navel oranges because of its seeds,
nor the piquant flavor of the sour
orange. But the bright red color of
the fruit—especially the very dark
crimson of the 'Moro' variety—
makes a lasting impression,

Top Left: 'Bouquet de Fleurs', a sour

orange prized for its fragrant
blossoms.

Far Left: ‘Ruby blood orange often

develops a red blush on the rind.

Left: 'Robertson' navel

 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Orange 39

particularly when the juice is and the seeds can be strained out % cup olive oil
squeezed and served in a clear juice easily. In the winter, make hot % cup apricot preserves
glass. Cut into wedges or slices, the mulled wine with a little orange
blood orange can make a dramatic juice, dry red wine, cinnamon 1. Place 2 of the oranges and the
garnish on appropriate fish dishes, sticks, cloves, sugar, orange and lemon into 3 inches of water in
atop certain creamed soups, in sal­ lemon slices, and a drop of angos- saucepan, bring to a boil, and sim­
ads, and on dull dinner plates. Mal- tura bitters; in the summer, serve a mer for 30 minutes. Drain and let
taise sauce, a variation on the lem­ pitcher of iced sangria made with cool. Cut off the stem ends, and cut
on-flavored Hollandaise sauce, is sweetened orange juice, a nice bur­ the fruit in half. Scoop out the pulp
made with the juice and zest of the gundy, soda, and orange slices. and seeds of the lemon and discard;
blood orange. A tart made with the The following recipe uses sweet chop the oranges (with rind) and
thickened juice of a dark blocd oranges to make a delicious, moist lemon rind very fine, by hand or in
orange, or an ice made with its cake that keeps for days. a food processor (you will get about
juice and a bit of zest, will be VA cups). Turn into a sieve and
unforgettable. Sweet Orange and drain, pressing with back of spoon.
Common and Navel Oranges Almond Cake 2. Preheat oven to 350° F. Chop
The essential oil of the orange is almonds in a blender until almost
3 small oranges
used to flavor custards, creams, as fine as crumbs.
doughs, stews, soups, pastries, and 1 lemon
1% cups blanched almonds (6 oz) 3. In a bowl beat eggs with salt
cookies. Add the flavor of orange until very thick and light. Gradual­
flower water and the odor of berga­ 4 eggs ly beat in sugar.
mot, and you will find the scent of % teaspoon salt 4. Mix flour and baking powder-
sweet orange at every turn. 1 ’>6 cups sugar
Whereas the oils of orange zest stir into the egg mixture until
1 cup flour blended. Mix in the fruit, ground
(the thin, pigmented portion of the
rind) can permeate a dish, the flesh 3 teaspoons baking powder almonds, and olive oil.
of the sweet orange (including the
conveniently seedless navel orange)
can be a subtle complement cr foil
for foods with a wide variety of
textures and flavors. Remove the
pith, seeds, and pips (small, unde­
veloped seeds) from the swee: or­
ange, slice it thinly, and serve it
with Greek or French black olives,
thinly sliced raw fennel bulb, pur­
ple onion, radishes or daikon, or
with watercress or other bitter
greens, and a mild vinaigrette: The
combinations make a complex sal­
ad course. Or serve the slices well
chilled and sprinkled with orange-
flavored liqueur and finely granu­
lated sugar in a traditional salade
d'orange. Nothing could be more
refreshing.
Serve sweet orange juice as a
beverage in itself, chilled, or as an
ingredient in a liquid concoction.
The seeded sweet orange varieties
are particularly sweet and juicy,

Top Right: This moist orange and

almond cake is glazed with orange
slices and apricot preserves.

Bottom Right: Sweet orange: Citrus

sinensis 'Marrs'

Far Right: The juice of the blood

orange has a striking color and deli­
cious flavor—orange with a hint of
raspberry.
40 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Pummelo, Citrus Relatives

5. Oil a 9-inch springform pan, and contain added pectin because the Because pummelos are not wide­
turn batter into prepared pan. Bake high temperatures used in their ly grown commercially, they ap­
until a knife inserted into the cen­ cooking methods break down the pear in the market after the first of
ter comes out clean, about 1 hour. natural pectins.) the year for only a few months,
Allow the cake to cool completely despite the fact that they mature at
before removing sides of pan. Pummelo the same time as grapefruit. Choose
6. Melt the apricot preserves in a Pummelos are often two to three the heavier (juicier) fruit, with solid
saucepan. Slice the remaining or­ times larger than grapefruit. They yellow skin.
ange into thin slices and simmer 10 are very popular in the Orient, but
minutes in the melted preserves have only just recently caught the Citrus Relatives
over low heat. Arrange the orange eye of American gardeners. Variet­ Many citrus relatives are exception­
slices decoratively on the cake, and ies are available with white or pink ally handsome plants that are very
pour the remaining preserves over flesh. 'Chandler', a pink variety, is useful in the landscape. These are
the cake, making a thin glaze. the most widely available. Some some of the best:
Serves 8. Oriental varieties may be available Orange jessamine (Murraya pani-
locally in Florida and California. culata) has small, dense, shiny
Sour Oranges at the Most pummelos are large, green leaves and makes an excel­
Table spreading trees that grow 15 to 18 lent hedge. Clusters of powerfully
Though well known throughout feet high and equally as wide. The fragrant white flowers are followed
the Western world, sour oranges fruit is borne in clusters among the by inedible, bright red fruit. This
are not usually available at the pro­ huge, deep green leaves. shrub grows 5 to 15 feet high and
duce market, perhaps because they is hardy to about 25° F.
make for tart juice and sour eating Pummelos at the Table The foliage of the warn pi (Clau-
out-of-hand. But for marmalade, no The pummelo can create quite a stir sena lansium) has a coarser texture
other orange can compare. The at the table, if only because of its than most members of the citrus
sour orange supplies a much more huge dimensions. Although it looks family and grows to about 25 feet
pungent, tart orange flavor than do like a very large grapefruit, most high. Its large, white flower clus­
the sweet oranges. And, like all pummelo varieties are sweeter and ters are followed by small, edible,
citrus, the sour orange is rich in less acidic than grapefruit, with a yellowish brown fruit.
pectin (the pith of oranges is one of thicker peel and firmer, less juicy Although not the most beautiful
the sources of commercially pro­ flesh. Its sections are sometimes ir­ member of the citrus family, the
duced pectin) and acid. It is there­ regular, creating a mosaic pattern trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata)
fore easy to make a fine, firm mar­ when halved. The pummelo is best is a very hardy, deciduous plant
malade without adding pectin. eaten peeled and segmented, with that can be grown in cold climates
(Some store-bought marmalades the membranes removed. as far north as Washington, D.C. Its
growth is very thorny and its fruit
is very seedy and acidic, but it
makes an effective barrier or hedge.
The variety 'Flying Dragon', which
shows great promise as a dwarfing
rootstock, makes a very pretty bon­
sai or container plant.

Left: 'Chandler' pummelo

Above: Poncirus trifoliata seedy

and sour
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus Varieties 41

'Valencia' orange 'Moro' blood orange 'Chinotto' or 'Myrtle-Leaf' orange

Citrus Varieties
*
VARIETY_________ FL GC DS CA FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

Navel Orange
Robertson navel • • Identical to Washington- navel except the fruit is smaller A bud sport of Washington- navel. The tree is smaller and more
and borne in tight clusters near outside of tree. heat resistant, and fruit npens 10 to 14 days earter than the
parent. Frmt considered inferior to Washington' navel.
Sum mornavel • Large, favorful fruit similar to Washington- navel but with A bud sport of ‘Washington- navel, but tree is more vigorous,
thicker, rougher rind. Frmt matures later than 'Washington-, low. and spreading Also has larger loaves than parent.
holds well on tree.
Washington • Large, favorful. seedtess. moderately juicy, peels and Medium tree with round top and drooping habit. Drops fruit in
navel sections easily. Ripens early, holds weH on tree. dry. hot areas. The onginal and stfl the best navel variety.

Common Orange
CMIer • Medium, early, sweet, jmcy fruit contains few to many Small to medum tree has short, upnght branches, moderately
seeds, holds well on tree. Excellent juice orange. vigorous. Well adapted to the desert, above-average cold
tolerance
Hamlin • • • small to medium-small, very early, usually seedless Medium to large, moderately vigorous tree bears heavy, wet­
Tender and juicy, but low acidity. colored crop. Produces small fruit in desert. Tolerates cold, but
less resistant to injury than Parson-.
Marrs • • Medium to large, very early, few to many seeds Juicy, Small tree, moderately vigorous, bears proMicaiiy at an early
sweet fruit lacks aod, but quality improves if harvest is age. Fruit is borne in dusters near outside of tree.
delayed to later in season.
Parson (Parson • • Medium to large, very early, seedy, juicy, and sweet. Large, upright, vigorous tree bears heavy crop. Relatively cold
Brown) Popular juice orange. tolerant. Best adapted to Florida.
Pineapple • • Medium, midseason. richly flavored fruit named for its Medium to large, moderately vigorous, thornless tree tends to
delicate fragrance. Moderately seedy, well-colored, but bear heavy crops « alternate years. Sensitive to frost.
does not hold wen on tree.
Shamouti • • Large, nearly seedless, firm, fragrantly sweet fruit peels Medium-sized, nearly thornless tree has upright habit and dense
and sections easily; popular eating orange in fokage Washington- navel ts better in the United States.
Europe. Ripens midseason.
Trovrta • • Medium to small. juicy fruit has pleasant flavor, few seeds. Tall, upright, vigorous tree bears fruit within dense, dark green
foiage. Well adapted to desert as we» as cod. coastal California
Tends toward alternate beanng. Probably originated as seedlmc
of Washington- navel, but lacks navel on fruit.
Valencia • • • • Medium to large, very juicy, sweet or sightly add in cool Large, upright tree tends toward alternate bearing of heavy
climates. Fruit ripens late, holds very well on tree. Rind may crops. Very wide range of adaptation—most important sweet
re-green in summer, but quality is unaffected. orange in the world

Blood Orange
Moro • • Medium, very early, juicy with distinctive aroma, almost Medium-sized, vigorous tree has round top. spreading habit.
seedless. Flesh is violet or burgundy; rind orange with pink Tends to bear heavily in alternate years. Fruit borne in clusters
blush. Holds well on tree. near outside of canopy; very attractive.
Ruby • • Medium to large, juicy, rich berry-flavored flesh, few seeds. Tree medium to large, moderately vigorous, compact,
Rpens midseason; holds well on tree. productive. Best’in nterior California.
Sangunelli • • Small to medium, oblong fruit has orange flesh with red Tree small to medium, almost thornless.
streaks excellent flavor, very juicy. Deep red rind, few or no
seeds. Ripens midseason, holds well on tree.
Tarocco • • Medium-large to large, firm, juicy raspberry-flavored flesh, Tree medium, moderately vigorous, open habit. Moderately
few seeds. Ripens midseason; does not hold well on tree. productive, fruit held inside canopy. Bost in moderate climates.

Sour Orange
Bouquet • • • • Medium, deep orange fruit fotows large clusters of very Small, spreading, thornless tree has dense clusters of rounded,
(Bouquet de aromatic flowers. ruffled deep-green leaves, ideal hedge, container, or specimen
Fleurs) plant.
Chinotto • • Small, fattened, deep-orange frmt is held in dusters Blooms profusely. Small, round, thornless tree has dense,
(Myrtle- almost he year around. compact habit, small, pointed, dark green leaves. Good hedge a
Leaf Orange) container plant.
Seville • • Medium, flattened, very sour; used in marmalade in England. Medium, thorny, upright, vigorous tree useful tor patio, street­
side. and specimen planbngs. Very hardy.

"Adaptation: FL • Florida; GC - Guf Coast; DS - Doscrts; CA - California

42 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus Varieties

'Fairchild' mandarin

Citrus Varieties
* (continued)
VARIETY FL GC OS CA FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

Mandarin Orange
Calamondin • • • • Very smai, tender, juicy, acidic, tew seeds. Rind sweet and Smal columnar tree has small oval leaves. Very productive ani
edible. Holds very wen on tree. cold-tolerant. Hybrid of mandarin and kumquat.
Changsha • Small to medium, early, seedy, with good flavor. Resembles Very hardy; grown in cold areas of Gulf Coast. Bears earty and
Satsuma’. true to type from seed.
Clementine • • • • Medium, earty. sweet, juicy, fragrant, red-orange fruit Smail to medium tree has attractive weeping habit, dense
(Algerian) contans few to many seeds, peels easily Holds wefl on tree. foliage. Needs pollinator such as Dancy’ or Kmnow' mandarin,
Orlando’ tangelo. Marrs' or Valencia' orange for best fruit
production.
Dancy • • • Medium, midseason, nchly flavored. ac«d>c. few to many Medium-large, vigorous tree has few thorns. Traditional
seeds, does not hold weB on tree Peels and segments easily. Christmas tangerine. Best in Florida.
Encore • • • • Medium, tender, rich, and juicy. Ripens late season. Colorful, Medium tree has many upright, spreading branches with few
speckled rind peels easily. Holds well on tree. thorns. Tends to bear heavy crops in alternate years. Not widely
available, but valuable for late-season fruit.
Honey • • • • Small, earty. very sweet with many seeds, yellow-orange Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading. Strong tendency for
peel Holds well on tree alternate bearing. Not widely available, but excellent flavor.
Fairchild • • • Medium, very earty. sweet and juicy, many seeds. Holds Medium, rounded, nearly thornless tree grows vigorously. Best
fairly well on tree. in low deserts of California and Arizona; requires heat
Kara • Medium-large, flavorful fruit remains tart unfa very mature. Medium to large, thornless, moderately vigorous tree has
Ripens late season; hods fairly well on tree but becomes drooping habit, large, dark green leaves. Best adapted to interix
puffy. California. Tendency toward alternate bearing.
Kinnow • • Medium, juicy. richly flavored fruit ripens midseason, holds Largo, frost-tolerant, vigorous, columnar tree has many long,
well on tree. slender, thornless branchlets. Attractive ornamental, but strong
tendency for alternate bearing.
Mediterranean • • • • Small to medium, juicy, sweet, aromatic, fruit that deterior­ Small to medium, spreading tree has attractive small, narrow
(Willowleaf) ates quickly when mature. Fruit held toward inside of tree. leaves, few thorns. Hardy, but needs high heat for best fruit.
Page • • • • Small to medium, early, rich, sweet, with few to many seeds. Medium to large, very attractive tree has dense foliage, round
Holds well on tree. Excellent for juice. top Almost thornless Resembles a sweet orange, but
technically a mandarin. Not widely avafable.
Satsuma • • • Medium, early, mid and sweet with low acid. Holds poorly Small to medium, slow-growing, spreading tree has open, dark
on tree, but stores well. green foliage. Tough and very cold hardy. Popular in Northern
Cakforma and Gurt Coast. Kimbrough’ ts a new. hardy
’Satsuma'-type mandarin for the Gulf Coast.
Wilking • • • • Small to medium, rich and sprightly, very juicy. Holds wen on Small to medium tree has dense. wfllovrtike foliage, few thorns.
tree with some puffiness. Cold tolerant and attractive. Strong tendency for alternate
bearing; fruit set varies from almost nothing to limb-breaking
bads Not widely available.

Lemon
Eureka • • Medium, highly acidic, juicy, few seeds. Produces fruit all Medium, nearly thornless, moderately vigorous tree, open and
year along coast, spring and summer inland. Common spreading. Short-kved and sensitive to cold, insects, and
commercial variety. Best picked when ripe. neglect.
Improved Meyer • • • • Medium, juicy, slightly sweet when mature, excellent flavor. Small to medium, nearly thornless, moderately vigorous tree.
Holds well on tree. Spreading habit, good for hedges and containers. Hardy,
productive, and nearly everbtoommg.
Lisbon • • Medium, highly acidic, juicy, few seeds. Best picked when Large, vigorous, thorny, upright tree has dense foliage Fbwers
npe; bses acidity if left on tree. and new growth tinged with purple. Most productive and cold
hardy of true lemons.
Ponderosa • • • • Grapefruit-sized, juicy, and acidic with thick, fleshy rind. Small, roundheaded, thorny tree has large leaves, blooms all
Holds well on tree. year. Hybrid of lemon and citron; sensitive to frost. Good subject
for containers and hedges.
•Adaprat/on: FL ■ Ftonda: GC - Gut> Coast: DS Deserts: CA - Cabfornia
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Citrus Varieties 43

'Meiwa' kumquat "Temple' tangor 'Etrog' citron

Citrus Varieties
* (continued)
VARIETY FL GC OS CA FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

Lime
Bearss (Tahiti. • • • • Medium-small, acidic, and very juicy. Usually poked green; Medium, vigorous, spreading tree bears fragrant blossoms and
Persian) yellow when mature. Does not hold well on tree. shiny fruit all year in cod. coastal areas. Few thorns, harder and
more attractive than Mexican'.
Mexican (Key) • • • • Very small, juicy, and acidic with distinctive aroma; the Medium, twiggy tree has dense canopy of small leaves, many
"bartender s lime." Commercially picked when green; turns short thorns. Moderately vigorous Very frost sensitive, needs
yellow and drops from tree when mature. long, hot summers.
Rangpur • • • • Small to medium, very acidic and juicy. Rind is reddish- Medium, vigorous tree has spreading, droopng habit, few
orange when mature; fruit holds very well on tree. thorns. Very cold-tolerant. Not a true lime (resembles mandarin;
but often used as a lime substitute. Otaheite' is an aatfess.
semidwarf form popular for containers.

Grapefruit
Duncan • • Large, somewhat early, seedy, very juicy, white flesh. Large, vigorous, productive tree. Attractive hab«t. dark green
Excellent flavor. Holds well on tree. foliage. Reputed to be most cold-tolerant grapefruit.
Marsh • • • • Medium, late maturing, seedless, very juicy. Holds extremely Large, vigorous, spreading tree requires high summer heat.
well on tree, stores well. Attractive clusters of fruit, glossy leaves.
Oroblanoo • • Medum to large, early, seedless, extremely juicy, white flesh Large tree Recently introduced pummeto-grapefrmt hybrid. Best
Distmctve. sweet flavor. Does not hold well on tree. in interior California.
Rodblush (Ruby. • • • • Medium, midseason, similar to 'Marsh- except flesh and rmd Large, vigorous tree identical to Marsh’.
Red Marsh) have crmson tinge. Holds very well on tree
Star Ruby • • • Medium,, mudseason, seedless, juicy, deep red flesh. Medium tree. Developed tor Texas; needs heat
Fruit holds wei on tree.

Kumquat
Nagami • • • • Small, oval, rind is slightly sweet, flesh acidic, little juice. Small to medium, vigorous tree has small, dark green leaves,
Used primarily for canning. Holds very well on tree. fine branches. Excellent container plant. Very coW tolerant.
Meiwa • • • • Small, round frmt sweeter, juioer. and larger than Nagami'; Smai to medium tree with smaller leaves and more open habit
good fcr fresh eating. Holds very well on tree. than 'Nagami'. Very cold tolerant.

Limequat
Eustis • • • • Medium, sweet, and juicy, bght yellow when mature; Hybrid of Mexican tme and kumquat; tree resembles tone but is
resembes lime when immature. much more cold tolerant. Attractive, nearly thornless, suitable to’
containers 'Lakeland' is very similar variety.

Orangequat
Nippon • • • • Medium, sweet, and jucy. rind and pulp deep orange. Small, attractive, compact tree
Larger than the kumquats.

Pummelo
Chandter • • • • very large, flesh is pink and tender, moderately juicy. Sweet. Large, open, vigorous tree has large leaves, large woody
aromatic flavor. Rind yetow, thick, and smooth. flowers. Needs hot summers for best production.

Tangelo
Minneola • • • • Large, richly-flavored and tart . Rind roddish orange; flesh Medium to large, vigorous, attractive tree has large, pointed
orange, few seeds. Ripens late midseason. leaves, rounded habit. For best production cross-poitinato with
Dancy'. ’Clementine', or Kinnow' mandanns. or Valencia'
orange. Not compatible with Orlando' tangelo.
Odando • • • • Medium-large, very early, juicy, and mildly sweet. Orange Leaves are distinctly cupped. Less vigorous and more cold
rind and flesh. Docs not hold well on tree. tolerant than 'Minneola'. Needs pollinator such as Dancy'.
Clementine', or 'Kinnow' mandarins, or Temple' tangor. Not
compatible with 'Minneola' tangelo.

Tangor
Temple • • Medum-large, seedy, rich and spicy Ripens mid- to late Small to medium, moderately vigorous, spreading, bushy tree,
season; holds fairly well on tree. More sensitive to cold than mandanns and oranges
Murcolt (Murcott • Medium, rich and juicy, few to many seeds. Thin, yellow- Tree is medium in size and vigor, upright, very cold-sensitive.
Honey) orange rind does not peel easily. Ripens mid- to late season. Also classified as mandarin, and sometimes sold as 'Honey', bui
Docs riot hold well on tree. orign unknown

•Adaptation: FL - Florida; GC - Gulf Coast; DS - Deserts; CA - Cabfomia

44 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Feijoa

Feijoa derneath, flashing nicely in a gen­ Adaptation

The feijoa is an attractive shrub that tle breeze. In late spring the shrub Feijoas are widely adapted to areas
bears delicious fruit with an unusu­ is covered with inch-wide white of the West and Southeast where
al and refreshing pineapple-mint flowers with scarlet stamens. Feijoa winter temperatures do not fall be­
flavor. The fruit vary in shape from responds very well to pruning or low 15° F. The highest-quality fruit
round to an elongated pear shape. shearing, but wait until early sum­ is produced in areas with moderate
The waxy skin is dull blue-green mer—after you've enjoyed the summers (80° to 90° F) and cool
when harvested but takes on a flowers. When planted close to­ winters. A small amount of winter
shiny green appearance if rubbed. gether, the shrubs make a nice chilling (between 100 and 200
The fruit is best when fresh; most hedge, screen, or windbreak. Feijoa hours) ensures an abundant bloom.
people simply cut the fruit in half can also be cspaliered or trained as Fruit production is unreliable in
and scoop out the sweet flesh with a small tree (20 to 25 feet tall) with southernmost Florida, where fewer
a spoon. The seeds are very small one or more trunks. than 50 hours of chilling occur.
and edible, and the flower petals
are a refreshing addition to spring
salads.
The feijoa doubles handsomely
as a landscape shrub. The leaves are
soft green on top and silvery un­

Common Name: Feijoa, pineapple

guava.
Botanical Name: Feijoa selloieiana.
Origin: Southern Brazil, Paraguay,
Uruguay, northern Argentina.
Growth Habit: Slow-growing ever­
green shrub that can reach 15 feet
high and 15 feet wide.
Adaptation: Prefers cool winters and
moderate summers, but generally
adapted to areas where temperatures
stay above 15° F. Poor flower pro­
duction in areas with fewer than 50
hours of chilling.
Harvest Season: September through
November in North /America. Fruit
from New Zealand is available in
supermarkets in midspring.
Begins Bearing: Grafted or cutting-
grown plants require 2 to 3 years.
Seedlings, which have unpredictable
quality, take 4 to 6 years.
Propagation: Cuttings, layering, and
grafting. Unreliable by seed.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Some self-sterility;
plant 2 different varieties for maxi­
mum yields.
Suitability for Containers: Ideal
container plant.
Landscape Quality: Excellent.
Makes a beautiful hedge.
Top: hi addition to being very showy, the blossoms of Feijoa sellowiana have
Nurseries: E, I, O, P, S, U, Y.
edible petals—a delightful addition to spring salads. Bottom: Feijoas are always
attractive. The silvery shades of the leaf undersides contrast with the deeper green
Information: 1, 2, 8, 13, 14.
of the upper leaf surfaces.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Feijoa 45

Even though the plants are rela­ Fertilizing Feijoa plants grow shake and gathering feijoas from
tively hardy, sudden fall frosts can slowly and require only light appli­ the ground every couple of days is
damage ripening fruit and late cations of a complete fertilizer, if the usual method of harvesting. To
spring frosts can destroy blossoms. anything at all. keep the fruit from bruising, place
Spring frost damage is most likely Pruning Cutting-grown plants a tarp or other large cloth under the
in mild-winter areas, where the can be developed as shrubs with tree to catch them as they fall. This
plants are not completely hardened single or multiple trunks. Grafted will also help keep the fruit clean
off and respond to warm spells by plants must have a single trunk and free of the soil organisms that
blooming early. In colder areas the below graft union. See "Propaga­ promote spoilage. Feijoas can also
plants don't usually flower until tion,” above. be picked when firm and mature
after the danger of frost has passed. Pruning is not required to keep and allowed to ripen at room
plants productive, but a light prun­ temperature.
Propagation ing in the summer after the fruit is Mature fruit can be stored in the
The seeds of the feijoa germinate harvested will encourage new refrigerator for about a week, but
easily, but the seedlings grow slow­ growth and increase yields the fol­ after that the quality declines
ly and rarely produce quality fruit. lowing year. You may want to thin rapidly.
Success with cuttings, even under the plant for easier harvesting.
mist, differs among varieties. Vari­ When grown as a hedge, the feijoa Feijoas at the Table
ous grafting methods are some­ responds well to heavy pruning or The feijoa is high in acid and pectin
times successful, as is layering. shearing, but this reduces flower and makes excellent jellies and pre­
Because the plants sucker readily, and fruit production. serves. Fresh feijoas can be quar­
grafted plants must be trained to Pests and Diseases Feijoas rarely tered and eaten out-of-hand, or
grow with no branches below the have any serious problems. sliced and used as a garnish. Sliced
graft union. Cutting-grown plants feijoas also add a new dimension to
of named varieties are most desir­ Harvest and Storage fresh fruit compote. The edible
able, because they can be trained in As the fruit matures, its color white flower petals enhance salads
a variety of ways. Cuttings can be changes almost imperceptibly. The and ice cream or provide a lovely
maintained as multitrunked shrubs best way to tell when the fruit are garnish for plain dishes. If you
without concern that suckers will fully ripe is to allow them to fall pluck the petals carefully, the flow­
develop into "rogue” branches. from the tree. Giving the tree a ers will still develop into fruit.

Site Selection and

Planting Feijoa Varieties
Feijoa fruit quality declines if the VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION___________________________ COMMENTS____________________________________

temperature regularly exceeds ApoBo Large. oWong. excellent quality but slightly Self-fertile, upright, spreading plant
gritty. Ripens early. Productive.
100° F, and the fruit can sunbarn.
Also, when the ripe fruits fall lo the Choiceana Small to medium, oblong, far to good Se«-sterilo. must be cross-pdiinated
quality Ripens midseason
ground (a sign of peak quality),
Coolidge Small to medium, pear-shaped, fair to Productive. Self-fertile. Vanable fruit sue.
they will spoil rapidly at high tem­ good quality. Ripens late.
peratures. To protect the fruit, Edenvale Large, oblong, quality very good to Productive. Seif-fertile. Grows slowly
choose a planting site away from Improved exceBent. Ripens late
hot, reflected sun. In desert areas, Coolidge
plant feijoas where they will re­ Edenvale Medium, oblong, quality very good to Very productive. Self-fertile. Grows slowly.
ceive partial shade during the hot­ Late excellent. Ripens late.

test part of the day. Edenvale Medium, oblong, quality very good to Productive. Self-fertile. Grows slowly Best
Supreme exceBent. Ripens late eaten soon after harvest.
Feijoas will grow in a wide vari­
Gemini Medium, pear-shaped, very good quality. Productive. Best fruit quakty if cross-
ety of soils. The best harvests, how­ Ripens late. pc
*nated Upright, spreading tree.
ever, come from plants growing in Magnifies Large, oblong, fair quaMy. Ripens Bears few fruit. Self-fertile.
well-drained soil with a pH be­ midseason.
tween 5.5 and 7.0. The plants are Mammoth Small to large, good quaity. Thick skin, Self-fertile but bears larger fruit with cross-
fairly salt tolerant, but salinity gntty flesh. Ripens radseason. poBination. Vigorous plant.
slows growth and reduces yields. Nazemetz Large, pear-shaped fruit, thin skin, sweet Seif-fertile. One of the best varieties.
pvp; excellent quality. Ripens late.
Caring for Feijoas Pineapple Small, round, very good quality. Poor in cool, coastal conditions. Bears
Gem Ripens late. heavier yields if cross-pollinated
Watering The thick leaves of fei­
Superba Small, round, fa
* to good quality Self-stenle. must be cross-pollnated.
joa do not show signs of moisture
Ripens late.
stress as quickly as do those of most
Trask Medum. round, far to good quality. Thick Self-sterile: must be cross-pollinated
other plants. They can survive con­ skin, gritty flesh. Ripens mdseason Vigorous plant.
siderable drought, but lack of water Triumph Small, pear-shaped, good to very good Bears heavier yields if cross-pofcnated.
will cause the fruit to drop. For quality. Thick skin, gritty flesh. Ripens Vigorous plant.
quality harvests, water deeply on a midseason.
regular basis and mulch the soil
around the plants to protect the
shallow roots.
46 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Fig

Fig Although the fig is commonly without pollination, and will grow
Fig trees have a dramatic presence called a fruit, it is really a cluster of in cool summer climates.
wherever they are grown. Their outside-in, fleshy flowers. Each
silvery gray branches are muscular flower can develop into a seed if Adaptation
and twisting, spreading wider than pollinated. The fruit may seem to Figs are generally best adapted to
they are tall. The leaves are unusu­ contain slightly crunchy seeds, but areas with long, hot summers. Most
ally large (4 to 10 inches long) and these are actually undeveloped commercial fig plantations are
bright green, with three to five seedless fruitlets that are not viable. found in the warm interior valleys
rounded lobes. In winter the trees There are basically four types of of California. Some fig varieties,
provide a strong silhouette against fig: the common fig, Caprifig, however, require less heat to ripen
cloudy skies; in summer, their fo­ Smyrna fig, and San Pedro fig. their fruit and can be grown in
liage lends a beautiful tropical Only varieties of the common fig cooler climates with short sum­
feeling. will set two crops of fruit without mers. In such areas figs are usually
Besides high marks for beauty, pollination. The first crop is borne seen as shrubs, having frozen to the
figs are relatively easy to grew and in spring on the last season's ground in the winter. Mulching
are remarkably adaptable. They are growth and is called the breba crop. and wise site selection are very
productive with or without heavy The second crop is borne in the fall important to successful fig culture
pruning. Even if the plant is frozen on the new growth and is known in colder climates.
to the ground in the winter, it can as the main crop. In cold climates When fully dormant, a fig tree
often spring back and bear fruit the the breba crop is often destroyed by can withstand temperatures of 12°
following summer. In containers, spring frosts. It is also limited by to 15° F. In the late spring and
figs are eye-catching specimens, in­ pruning. early fall the trees are more sensi­
doors or outdoors. Caprifigs and Smyrna figs are tive and can be damaged at higher
rarely offered to home gardeners, temperatures. Because of their low
because pollination by a specific chilling requirements, figs will
type of wasp is necessary for fruit sometimes break dormancy during
production. These wasps are usual­ warm spells in the winter or early
ly not found in North America. San spring, only to be damaged when
Pedro figs produce a breba crop cold weather returns.
Figs adapt well to hot, dry, desert
climates and will survive periods of
drought, although fruit quality is
much better with regular irrigation.
In the Southeast, where the dried
fruit beetle is a serious pest, garden­
Common Name: Fig.
ers are limited to growing varieties
Botanical Name: Ficus carica.
that have fruit with a closed eye.
Origin: Eastern Mediterranean and
The eye is the small hole in the
southwestern Asia.
plump end of a fig through which
Growth Habit: Deciduous tree. Can
the flowers are pollinated when
reach 60 feet but usually grows 15 to
30 feet high. Wide-spreading. Can be
grown in its native habitat. If the
maintained at almost any size with
dried fruit beetle enters the eye, the
pruning. fruit is usually ruined.
Adaptation: Hardy to 12° to 15* F if
fully dormant. Best fruit quality in
hot, dry climates. Chilling require­
ment less than 300 hours.
Harvest Season: Often two crops,
one in late spring, another in fall.
Begins Bearing: Early, often first
year after planting.
Propagation: Hardwood or softwood
cuttings, air-layering, and root
suckers.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Common varieties are
self-fruitful.
Suitability for Containers: Well
suited.
Landscape Quality: Excellent.
Nurseries: A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K,
L, N, O, P, Q, S, V.
Top: Its strong, spreading branches and large, deciduous leaves make the fig
an ideal specimen or shade tree. Bottom: 'Magnolia' figs are at their best when
Information: 1, 3, 8, 9, 10, 14.
eaten fresh.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Fig 47

Propagation Fig Varieties

Figs are easily propagated from VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION’ COMMENTS
dormant hardwood cuttings. Select Adnate (Verdone. White Small to medium, skin is greenish. Light breba crop. Large, vigorous
one-year-old, fully mature shcots, Adriatic. Strawberry Fig) flesh strawberry colored Good, all­ tree leafs out early; subject to
purpose fig. frost damage. Prune to force new
% to % inch in diameter and 8 to 12 growth.
inches long. Bury them upright in Alma Medium, skin is light yellow, flesh Light breba crop, heavy mam
the soil, leaving one node exposed. amber-tan Very sweet. Good fresh crop Requires long, warm
If freezing weather is expectec, or dried summers; well adapted to the
Southeast, small eye. Hardy,
cover the whips completely or small tree.
bring them indoors for protection. Beall Large, skin is dark purple, flesh dark Large breba crop. Simiar to
By spring the ends of the cuttings purplish red. Very sweet. "Brown Turkey".
should have a soft white callus Black Mission (Mission. Large, skin is purpksh Wack, flesh Good breba crop of large fruit.
Franciscan. CaMomia pink. ExcOent. all-purpose fig Large, vigorous tree produces
growth. Transplanted or left in Large Black) best when not heavily pruned.
place, the new plants should be Main California commercial
well rooted and established by the variety.
Blanche (White Marsefle. Medium to large, skin is yellowish Light breba crop. Valuable in
end of the summer. Lattarula. Itakan Honey Fig. green, flesh white to amber Very short-season, cod-summer
Lemon) sweet, lemon flavor. areas. Slow-growing, dense,
Site Selection and hardy tree.
Planting Brown Turkey (San Piero.
San Piero Black, CaMomia
Medium, skr is purplish brown, flesh
pinkish amber. Good flavor; best
Light breba crop. Smai. hardy.
vigorous tree. Prune severely for
Choose a planting site with full sun Large Black) when fresh. heaviest main crop.
and well-drained soil. Figs will tol­ Celeste (Blue Celeste. Smai to medium. sk<n is fcght violet to Light breba crop. Tightly closed
erate a variety of soils as long as Celestial. Honey Fig. Malta. violet-brown, flesh reddsh amber. eye; good for Southeast. Small.
Sugar. Violette) Very sweet, usually dried. productive, hardy.
they are not very salty or alkaline.
Conadria Medium, skin is greenish yetow to Early breba crop. Vigorous tree,
In areas with short (less than 120 white with purplish blush, flesh best m hot climates
days between frosts), cool sum­ strawberry. Mtdty sweet Good frosh,
mers, espalier trees against a south­ excellent dried.

facing, light-colored wall to take Everbearing (Texas Medium to largo, skin is thick and Light breba crop. Best adapted to
Everbearing. Eastern mahogany-purple, flesh strawberry. cod areas of the South. Vigorous
advantage of the reflected heat. Brown Turkey) best fresh. but spreading. Prune to force new
growth
Caring for Fig Trees Excell Large, skin is yelow. flesh bght Light breba crop. Similar to
Established fig trees can survive amber. Very sweet. Exce4ent. all- "Kadota" but more productive.
purpose f>g. Fruit has small eye; good for
with a minimum of watering, fer­ Southeast. Vigorous tree.
tilizing, and pruning. For a top­ Flanders Medium, long neck, skin is brownish Good breba crop Ripens late.
quality harvest, however, you yellow with violet stripes, flesh amber.
Strong, fine flavor. Excellent, all­
should probably do a little of each. purpose fruit.
Watering Young fig trees should Genoa (White Genoa) Medium, skin is greenish yellow to bght breba and main crops. Fruit
be watered regularly until fully es­ white, flesh yellow-amber. Sweet, has large eye and hotow center.
tablished. In dry western climates, good fresh or dried. Best adapted to cooler regions o’
the West
water mature trees deeply at least
Kadota (White Kadota. Medium, skin is yellowish green, flesh Little or no breba crop. Requires
every one or two weeks. Desert Dottato. Florentine) amber. Rich flavor, excellent, all- hot. dry climate for best quaMy.
gardeners may have to water more purpose fig. Vigorous tree.
frequently. Southern gardeners King (Desert King) Large, skin is dark green, flesh Good breba crop; no main crop.
purple. Sweet, delicious fresh Hardy, best adapted to cod areas
may need to water only in dry or dried. such as the Pacific Northwest. Do
spells. Mulch the soil around the not prune severely.
trees to conserve moisture. If a tree Magnolia (Madonna. Medium, skin is reddish brown, flesh bght breba crop. Develops best
is not getting enough water, the Brunswick) strawberry. Does not dry well. flavor and size with caprification.
Vigorous, hardy tree.
leaves will turn yellow and drop.
Osborne Prolific (Neveralla. Medium to large, skin is dark reddish bght breba crop. Hardy. Best in
Also, drought-stressed trees are Archpel) brown, flesh amber. Very sweet, areas with cod. short summers,
more susceptible to nematode best fresh. such as coastal California. Poor in
warm climates.
damage.
Panachee (Tiger Fig. Small to medum. skin is greenish No breba crop Unusual-looking
Fertilizing Fertilizer recommen­ Striped Tiger) yellow with dark green stripes, flesh fig; requires long, warm growing
dations vary depending on where strawberry, dry but sweet Best fresh. season. Ripens late. Medium eye.
you live. Just make sure you don't Pasquale (Vermo) Small, skin «s dark purplish black, Good breba crop. Main crop
overdo it. Too much nitrogen flesh dark strawberry. Fme flavor, very ripens very late, susceptible to fal
sweet. Excellent fresh or dried. frost damage.
causes excess foliage growth at the
Tena Small, skin is bght green, flesh amber. Good breba crop. Bears heavily.
expense of fruit production, and Fine flavor. Good fresh or dried Medium eye.
the fruit that is produced often Venture Large, skin is green, flesh deep red. Good breba crop. Ripens late bu:
ripens improperly, if at all. long neck. Excellent flavor, good fresh matures well in cod areas.
or dned. Compact tree.
As a general rule, fertilize fig
Verio (Green Ischia) Small, skin is greenish yellow, flesh Good breba crop. Small tree.
trees if the branches grew less than strawberry. Excellent fresh or dried. Recommended for short-summer
a foot during the previous year. dimates.
Apply a total of to 1 pound of
'Ripening periods vary by area. Breba crops usually ripen between late June and late August. Mam crops
actual nitrogen, divided into three npen from late August to the first frost.
or four applications beginning in
48 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Fig

Growing Figs in Cold Climates

New shoot will form
Stakes next seasons
fruiting branch
Chicken wire / Branch formed last
/ season ivill bear
/ breba crop
Use tveights to
keep branches low
and horizontal

Top View

Sod, soil, or
other material New
Fruiting
/ Stump of last -branches
branches
Plastic sheet / year’s fruiting
will be will fruit
I branch removed next
Straw, leaves, or season
Insulating microfoam other insulating in fall
material Removed

Fig trees can easily be protected in cold climates if they are trained with two fruiting branches growing from one low
trunk. During the growing season, select shoots growing from the trunk at a 90-degree angle to the limbs currently bearing
fruit. These will Ivar next year's breba crop. Remove the branches that bore fruit in the fall before covering the plant.

late winter or early spring and slightly soft and starting to bend at by Gorgonzola cheese for dessert.
ending in July. Use the same time­ the neck. Harvest the fruit gently to The pickled figs in the following
tables for younger trees, but use a avoid bruising them. recipe are a good accompaniment
balanced fertilizer according to the Some people are sensitive to the for game, ham, or lamb, and make
instructions on the fertilizer label. foliage and milky white sap of the a delicious (and quick) dessert
Pruning Young figs should be fig tree. If you have sensitive skin, topped with whipped cream cheese
pruned to establish a strong frame­ wear a long-sleeved shirt and or creme fraiche.
work. After that, prune occasional­ gloves while harvesting.
ly to remove deadwood and to Fresh figs do not keep well; they Spiced Figs
keep the trees from becoming over­ can be stored in the refrigerator for
6 pounds ripe figs, stems
grown. Thin occasionally to keep only two to three days.
trimmed
the inner branches productive. Some fig varieties are delicious
Even though they can get along when dried. In hot, dry climates, 1 cup water
without it, mature fig trees respond figs that are to be dried should be 1 cup distilled white vinegar
very well to pruning. They can be collected as they drop from the 4 cups sugar
espaliered or pruned heavily for tree. In humid or wet climates, the % teaspoon freshly grated
size control without sacrificing the fruit should be picked as ripe as nutmeg
main crop if pruned when dor­ possible but before they fall. Before 8 whole cloves
mant. In fact, dormant-seascn drying, peel and quarter the fruit.
pruning can increase the main Figs take 4 to 5 days to dry in the 4 bay leaves, broken in two
crop. Dormant-season pruning re­ sun, 10 to 12 hours in a dehydrator. 8 slices fresh ginger
moves flower buds and thus re­ When dry, the fruit should be pli­ 1. In a 6- to 8-quart stainless steel or
duces or eliminates the breba crop. able and slightly sticky, but not
enameled pan, bring the figs, wa­
Pests and Diseases Aside from wet. Dried figs can be stored for six
ter, vinegar, sugar, nutmeg, cloves,
fruit flies, which infest fruit with to eight months.
bay leaves, and ginger to a boil.
open eyes grown in the Southeast,
fig trees are susceptible to very few Figs at the Table 2. Reduce heat and simmer, uncov­
diseases or pests. Fig lovers usually prefer fresh figs. ered, for 15 minutes.
Serve them peeled and quartered 3. Pour into storage containers and
Harvest and Storage on a bed of dressed bitter greens refrigerate, or process according to
Figs must be allowed to ripen fully such as rocket (this is particularly jar manufacturer's instructions. Dis­
on the tree before they are picked. attractive with the 'Mission' fig), tribute the cloves, bay leaf halves,
They will not ripen if picked when wrapped in prosciutto and secured and sliced ginger among the jars.
immature. A ripe fruit will be with a toothpick, or accompanied Makes 7 to 8 pints.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Guava 49

Guava Strawberry guavas are borne on

There are two types of guavas: the smaller, extremely handsome
tropical guava (Psidium guajava) plants rarely exceeding 10 to 15 feet
and the strawberry or Cattley gua­ high. Because of their beauty, they
va (Psidium cattleianum). The straw­ are often used as ornamentals. The
berry guava conies in two varieties. glossy, deep green leaves form a
One is a red-fruited form, Psidium perfect backdrop for the brightly
cattleianum longipes, and the other is colored fruit, which is preceded,
a yellow-fruited form, Psiditar catt­ and often accompanied, by sweetly
leianum lucidum, more commonly fragrant white flowers. The fruit
referred to as the lemon guava. are smaller than those of the tropi­ Common Name: Guava.
Both types of guava are attractive cal guava, generally an inch or two Botanical Name: Psidium species.
evergreen plants with shedding in diameter. Unfortunately, there
Origin: Columbia, Peru, and Brazil.
bark and fragrant flowers, but they are no selected varieties and seed­
Growth Habit: Evergreen shrubs to
differ in size, fruit quality, and lings vary in quality, but the yellow
small trees reaching from 10 to 25
adaptation. types arc usually larger and sweet­ feet high.
The tropical guava bears egg- er. It's best to propagate plants that
Adaptation: Varies; see text.
shaped fruit ranging in size from 2 you know will produce sweet fruit.
Harvest Season: Fruit ripen over a
to 4 inches long. Tropical guava
long period from spring to fall; some
varieties differ quite a bit in flavor Adaptation ripen the year around.
and seediness, but most have a The tropical guava is best adapted
Begins Bearing: In 2 to 3 years.
musky aroma. The sweeter variet­ to the warm, humid climates of
Propagation: Air-layering is most
ies with soft seeds are excellent Florida and Hawaii, although it can
reliable, but can also be grown from
eaten fresh, and all make delicious be grown in coastal Southern Cali­ cuttings or suckers. Seedlings may
jams, jellies, preserves and juices. fornia. As its name suggests, the not produce quality fruit.
Tropical guavas are borne on arge, tropical guava is sensitive to frost; a Maintenance: Low.
attractive shrubs or small trees that tree will recover from brief expo­
Pollination: Generally self-fruitful,
can reach 20 to 25 feet high. Al­ sure to 29° F but may be complete­ but yields are greater if cross­
though usually evergreen, the ly defoliated. The strawberry guava pollinated.
deeply veined leaves may drop for is a much hardier plant, able to Suitability for Containers: Excel­
a brief period in spring. withstand brief periods of tempera- lent indoors or out.
Landscape Quality: Extremely at­
tractive plants. Useful as hedges,
screens, or specimens.
Nurseries: A, E, I, O, P, R, S, U, Y.
Information: 1, 2, 8, 13, 14.

These flowers of the Cattley guava

Top: The fruit of the strawberry guava turns bright red when ripe. Bottom: have a sweet fragrance and are self­
Psidium guajava. For best flavor, guavas should be allowed to ripen on the plant. pollinating.
50 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Guava

tures as low as 24° F. Plants are plant vigor. Guava whitefly, guava Guavas at the Table
adapted to California but do poorly moth, and Caribbean fruit fly can True guavas have an exceptionally
in hot desert or interior areas. be major problems in southern high vitamin content. They are rich
Florida, but have not been reported in pectin, and are commonly used
Pollination in California. Contact your cooper­ in jellies and preserves. Guavas can
Guavas are primarily self-fruitful, ative extension agent for control also be eaten out-of-hand, juiced, or
although some strains seem to pro­ measures. combined with other fruits such as
duce more fruit when cross-polli­ bananas and pineapples.
nated with another variety. Guavas Harvest and Storage
can bloom throughout the year in In warmer regions guavas will rip­ Guava Jelly
mild-winter areas, but the heaviest en all year. There is a distinctive
bloom occurs with the onset of change in the color and aroma of a 5’6 cups fresh or canned guava
warm weather in the spring. The guava that has ripened. For the best juice
exact time can vary from year to flavor, allow fruit to ripen on the W cup lemon juice
year depending on weather. Be­ plant. Guavas can also be picked 1 box (1% oz) powdered fruit
cause flowers are produced on the green-mature and allowed to ripen pectin
current season's growth, pruning off the tree at room temperature. 7 cups sugar
can stimulate flowering. Placing the fruit in a brown paper
bag with a banana or apple will Measure the juices into a large,
Site Selection hasten ripening. deep pot and add pectin. Bring to a
and Planting Mature green fruit can be stored boil. Add sugar and bring to a
Both types of guava prefer full sun for two to five weeks at tempera­ rolling boil for 1’6 minutes. Re­
and well-drained soil in the pH tures between 46° and 50° F and move from heat and skim off foam.
range of 5 to 7. They will tolerate a relative humidity of 85 to 95 per­ Pour into hot, sterilized jars, leav­
variety of soils, but produce better cent. Fruit that has changed color ing %-inch headspace. Put lids on
in rich soils high in organic matter. cannot be stored for extended peri­ jars and place them in a boiling
The tropical guava will not tolerate ods. It bruises easily and will quick­ water bath for 15 minutes.
salty soils. ly deteriorate or rot. Makes 8 cups.

Caring for Guavas Tropical Guava Varieties

In areas where they are well adapt­
VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION_________________________________ COMMENTS
ed, guavas are one of the easiest
tropical plants to grow. Dessert Varieties
Watering Guavas are most pro­ Detwiler Medium to large, yellow flesh. Sweet, pleasant flavor Originated in CaMomia.

ductive with regular, deep water­ Hawaiian Pear Smal. flesh is thick and yellow-white, small seed cavity. Originated in Hawaii.
Pear flavor.
ing, especially the tropical guava.
Hong Kong Pink Medium to large, flesh is thick and pink, few seeds. Originated in Hawaii.
Lack of moisture will delay bloom Sweet, pleasant flavor.
and cause the fruit to drop. The Indonesian Smal to medium, flesh is hard and white, usually seedless Originated in Florida.
strawberry guava can withstand Seedless Good flavor.
brief periods of drought. Lucknow 49 Medium to large, flesh is thick and white, moderately Originated in India.
Fertilizing Tropical guavas are seedy. Sweet, slightly musky.
fast growers and heavy feeders, and Mexican Cream Small, flesh is thick and white, soft seeds in small Originated in Mexico.
benefit from regular applications of cavity. Sweet.
fertilizer. Mature trees may require Red Indian Small to medium, flesh is thick and red. few seeds. Originated in Florida.
Spnghtly flavor, minimal muskiness. Excellent quality.
as much as '6 pound actual nitro­
gen per year. Apply fertilizer Ruby Medium, red flesh. Sweet, pleasant flavor. High quality. Originated in Florida.

monthly, just prior to heavy prun­ 7199 Medium, flesh is thin and pink, few seeds. Sweet, Originated in Florida.
sightly musky.
ing. Strawberry guavas are less vig­
6363 Large, flesh is thick and white, few seeds. Sweet, Originated in Florida.
orous and get by with about half as sightly musky.
much nitrogen. Supreme Largo, flesh is thick and white. Sweet. Good quality Originated in Florida.
Both types of guava may require
Turnbull Medium to large, white flesh, moderately seedy. Tends to rot at flower end.
chelated micronutrient foliar sprays Excellent flavor. Originated in Ronda.
when grown in containers or areas White Indian Small to medium, flesh is thick and white, moderately Originated in Florida.
with alkaline or micronutrient-de­ seedy. Excellent, sprightly flavor.
ficient soils.
Juice Varieties
Pruning Guavas respond well to
Beaumont Medium, white flesh, moderately seedy. Mildly aodc flavor. Originated in Hawaii.
pruning and can be used as infor­
Blit ch Small, light pink flesh, many small seeds. Tart, pleasant flavor.
mal hedges or screens. Strong aroma.
Pests and Diseases Foliage dis­ Ka Hua Kuta Medium, flesh is thick and pink, tew seeds. M«ry aodc
eases, such as anthracnose, can be a flavor. Originated in Hawaii.
problem in humid climates. They Patillo Small, deep-pink flesh, small seeds. Mildly acidic flavor. Originated in Florida
can be controlled with regular fun­ Puerto Rico #2 Small to medium, flesh is thin and salmon, moderately Originated in Puerto Rico.
gicide applications. Where present, seedy. Mildly acidic flavor.
root-rot nematodes will reduce
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Kiwi Fruit 51

Kiwi Fruit The dark green leaves are round, and the fruit, which requires a
Kiwi fruit are becoming more pop­ 5 to 8 inches wide, and have fuzzy growing season of at least 240 frost-
ular every year. Although the first white undersides. The new growth free days to become sweet, can be
large commercial kiwi farms in the is velvety brown. The yellowish damaged by hard frosts in the fall.
United States were planted just a white flowers are about an inch in The vines should be protected from
short time ago, about 1970, this diameter and borne in the leaf axils strong winds; spring gusts can snap
odd-looking, egg-shaped fruit with of the new shoots. The round to off new growth where it emerges
shimmering emerald green flesh oblong fruit have a fuzzy brown, from the canes. Kiwis are not rec­
and a delicious berry flavor hcs almost leathery skin enclosing soft, ommended for Florida or the hot
found a permanent home on bright green flesh dotted with tiny, desert climates of the Southwest.
American tables. The kiwi vine is edible black seeds. Most kiwi varieties have chilling
also working its way into many In the commercial orchard, kiwi requirements ranging from 400 to
American gardens. The vines are vines are usually trained on wire 800 hours, but low-chill varieties,
adaptable to a variety of climates, trellises elevated 6 to 7 feet off the such as 'Vincent', can be grown in
and close relatives of the kiwi with ground. In the garden, many more mild areas with fewer than 100
similar fruit (see page 55) are ex­ options are available. The vines can hours of chilling. In areas with
tremely hardy and extend kiwi be trained over an arbor to shade a very mild winters the vines may
fruit culture into the coldest narth- patio, tied to a trellis to soften a retain their leaves all winter and
ern regions. In addition to bearing wall, or allowed to sprawl over a fail to flower the following spring.
delicious fruit, the vines also have fence or pergola. With any of these
attractive foliage and flowers and methods, the fruit will hang from
an interesting twining habit. the vine in tantalizing clusters
Kiwi fruit are borne on fast- throughout the summer.
growing deciduous vines that need
heavy annual pruning to keep Adaptation
them productive and within Kiwi vines can be grown in most
bounds. It is not unusual for a areas of the United States where the
healthy vine to cover an area 10 to temperature does not drop below
15 feet wide, 18 to 24 feet long, and 10° F. The flowers are susceptible
9 to 12 feet high. to damage from late spring frosts
Common Name: Kiwi fruit, yang-
tao, Chinese gooseberry.
Botanical Name: Actinidia deliciosa.
Origin: China.
Growth Habit: Vigorous deciduous
vine requiring trellis support.
Adaptation: Hardy to 10° F. Most
varieties require 600 to 800 hours of
chilling, but low-chill selections are
available. Blossoms are susceptible to
damage from spring frosts. The new
growth is brittle and easily broken in
strong winds. Not adapted to
Florida.
Harvest Season: October and No­
vember. Available in markets the
year around.
Begins Bearing: Within 3 to 4 years
after planting for grafted and cut­
ting-grown plants. Seedlings take at
least 6 to 7 years.
Propagation: From cuttings and
grafting.
Maintenance: High.
Pollination: Self-unfruitful. Male
and female plants must be grown
together for fruit production.
Suitability for Containers: For a
short period or in a large box.
Landscape Quality: Excellent. Can
be trained over an arbor for shade.
Nurseries: E, F, G, H, 1, K, L, N, O,
R, S, Y.
Kiwi fruit change from this bright green color to a darker green with a brownish Information: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13.
tinge when they are mature.
52 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Kiwi Fruit

Also, incompletely dormant vines Install a trellis or other support at There are basically two training
do not respond well to pruning. planting time (see “Pruning," be­ methods: the fruiting lateral meth­
Some growers have successfully in­ low). If you are planting just two od and the spur method. The one
duced dormancy by stripping the vines, do not let the male and you choose will depend on how
foliage from the plants or by with­ female intertwine, or pruning will much room you have and how
holding water, but these techniques be difficult. Instead, plant them 12 many plants you want to grow.
are severe and should be used only to 15 feet apart. In the fruiting lateral method
as a last resort. Kiwi vines can be planted bare- (preferred by most commercial
root or from containers. growers), the vines are trained on a
Pollination five-wire trellis supported 6 feet
Kiwi vines are either male or fe­ Caring for Kiwi Vines above the ground by posts topped
male; you need at least one of each Watering The vigorous growth with T-shaped arms. The fruiting
for fruit production. Commercial and abundant foliage of the kiwi canes develop from permanent
growers plant one male surrounded vine call for plenty of soil moisture. arms (called cordons) and are
by eight females with about 15 to Water deeply and frequently in a trained along the trellis wires.
18 feet between plants, but a pair of basin that extends 5 to 6 feet from The spur method is preferable
vines usually supplies enough fruit the trunk. Water-stressed plants where space is limited. In this case,
for home gardeners. Don't prune drop their leaves, exposing the fruit the short fruiting spurs originate
the male vine until early summer, to sunburn. They also may not from the main trunk or permanent
after the canes have flowered and flower the following year. Keep the cordons. The canes that grow from
the fruit has set on the female vine. soil moist until harvest, but cut these spurs each season are tied to a
It's important to select male and back on the water as fall approach­ fence, wall, or trellis.
female plants that have the same es in order to encourage dormancy. Both training techniques require
chilling requirements so they break In parts of Southern California a strong support. If you build a
dormancy and flower together. In­ where hot, dry winds are common trellis, construct it with strong ma­
sects are largely responsible for in the fall, mulch the ground under terials that will last a long time—
pollination. the entire canopy of the vine and kiwi fruit can remain productive
keep it moist. This will, it is hoped, for more than 40 years. Any wood
Propagation increase the humidity enough to that will be in direct contact with
Kiwi vines can be propagated un­ prevent leaf drop. the soil should be pressure treated
der mist from dormant hardwood Fertilizing The kiwi fruit is a with wood preservatives.
cuttings or semihardwood cuttings vigorous plant and needs about 1 Regardless of the training meth­
taken in July or August. Many pound of actual nitrogen per year. od you choose, let the young plants
nurseries also graft selected variet­ Young vines are very sensitive to grow with minimal pruning for a
ies onto seedling rootstocks in May overfertilization, and need only one year or two after planting. If a
or June. In mild-winter areas there eighth to one quarter that amount. strong main trunk, more than W
appears to be no advantage to Spread the fertilizer evenly under inch in diameter, doesn't develop
planting cutting-grown plants in­ the entire canopy. Late fertilization the first year, cut the vine back to
stead of grafted plants, but in cold may delay dormancy, so don't fer­ two or three buds above the
climates cutting-grown plants are tilize after midsummer. Chelated ground or graft union the follow­
superior because if the top of the micronutrients may be needed in ing dormant season. In the spring
plant is killed by' frost it can re­ some areas. train the most vigorous shoot up
sprout from the roots and still be Pruning Kiwi vines must be the trellis. During the training peri­
true to type. pruned and trained carefully. With­ od the plant's energy should be
Seedling plants have varied chill­ out pruning, the vines quickly be­ directed into developing a strong
ing requirements and don't bear come a fruitless jungle. trunk and arms or spurs.
fruit of dependable quality, so it is
best to stick with grafted or cutting-
grown plants. Seedlings also take
much longer to bear fruit.

Site Selection and

Planting
Kiwi fruit grow in full sun or
partial shade. They prefer a well-
drained soil that is rich in organic
matter with a pH range between
5.5 and 7.0. Provide protection in
windy areas. Kiwis do not tolerate
salty soils.

Emerald kiwi slices add a jewel-like

finishing touch to a variety of desserts.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Kiwi Fruit 53

Training Kiwi Vines for Arbors Wood or wire arbor

Cordons Laterals

Mam stem - Sturdy supports

arbor, with fruiting laterals
Begin training the vine by cut­ every 24 to 30 inches along
ting back the main stem io a them. Remove all other canes.
bud about 6 inches below the To renew the fruiting laterals
arbor. As the plant grows, in subsequent years, follow the
train two cordons along the instructions below.
Head to 4 feet
in midsummer

Lateral
Cut to 8 to 10
buds when
dormant

Cordon
/ Summer cut
J Dormant cut
l. During the first growing season, cut 2. During the second growing season, 3. In the third season, prune the canes
the laterals to about 4 feet or to just after the vines flower, cut the new as in the second season, and allow
beyond the outside of the canes to 8 to 10 buds past the last new laterals to develop between the
arbor. During the winter, cut back blossom. During the winter, cut the old ones. During winter, remove any
laterals to 8 to 10 buds. laterals to just past the cane that bore laterals that have fruited twice and
the fruit the previous year. replace as in step 1.

Spur-Pruning for Fences and Walls

three buds. spurs as in step 1. replacement spurs.

54 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Kiwi Fruit

The twining growth of a kiwi vine

shades a patio and will provide a
delicious crop of fruit.

Prune the female vines during

the dormant season. You will also
need to prune them occasionally in
the summer to remove vigorous
shoots that are getting in the way
or straying out of bounds.
Remove about half of the growth
on male vines after they have fin­
ished blooming.
Pests and Diseases Root-knot
nematodes may limit yields, but
kiwi vines are so vigorous and pro­
ductive that the problem may nev­
er be noticed.
Oak root fungus infects kiwis in
some California soils. Other soil-
borne pathogens threaten only
plants in poorly drained soils.
Various insects, including leaf
roller, caterpillars, and scale can be
troublesome.
The aroma of the foliage and
bark of the kiwi vine affects cats
like catnip does. They may uproot
young plants or scratch the trunks
of older vines.

Kiwi Fruit Varieties

Male Varieties Three varieties of
male kiwi vines are used as pollina­
tors: 'Mateua', Tomuri', and 'Chico
Male'. 'Mateua' is used most often
because of its long blooming peri­
od. Although it usually blooms ear­
lier than the female 'Monty' and
'Hayward' varieties, there is usual­
ly enough overlap for fruit set.
When available, the late-blooming
'Tomari' pollinator can also be used
Female Kiwi Fruit Varieties to pollinate 'Monty' and either of
VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS the 'Hayward' varieties. 'Chico
Abbott SmaH. carty. round with long, soil, dense Vigorous vine bears heavily, flowers early. Male' is sometimes preferred as a
*nilar to AMison.
bars. S Fruit smal unless thinned. Medium chilling pollinator for 'Chico Hayward'.
requirement.
Female Varieties See the chart a:
Bruno Midseason, oblong with dark brown Vigorous vines produce heaviy; fruit must be
bristly hairs. thinned. Not for areas with short growing
left for the most common varieties
seasons. Medium chilling requirement.
Chico Large, late, oblong, pate greenish brown Fruit quality excelent. indstinguishable from Harvest and Storage
Hayward *
with fine. s
y hairs. Texts to produce Hayward. Light crop; doesn't have to be Kiwi fruit is picked when still hard
some odd-shaped fruit. ttwmed as much as others. Preferred
commercial variety. High chiling requirement. and ripened off the vine like a pear
Hayward Identical to 'Chico Hayward'. Excellent quaMy. Fruit doesn't need to be or avocado. The trick is to know
thinned. High chilling requirement. Originated when the fruit is ready to pick. A
in New Zealand
change of color from greenish
Monty Smal to medium, early, oblong Vigorous vne bears heavtfy Fruit must be
thinned. Flowers early. Medium chilling
brown to brown is a sign that the
requirement. Low-quality fruit. fruit is almost mature. Also, look
Tewi Medium, early, ob'ong Moderate vigor. Flowers early. Fruit need to for a few fruit beginning to soften
be thinned for good size. Low chiling on the vine. Pick the largest fruit
requirement.
first, giving the smaller ones a little
Vincent Similar to Choo Hayward'. Vigorous vino boars heavily Flowers and
ripens early. Fruit must be thinned. Low
more time to swell and sweeten.
chfling requirement Fruit left on the vine too long
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Litchi 55

will soften and decay and will Litchi

probably be eaten by birds. A light A litchi tree in full fruit is a stun­
frost (31® F) will not damage the ning sight. Large clusters of bright
fruit, and may even improve its red fruit dangle among shiny,
quality, but lower temperatures leathery, dark green leaves divided
will make it inedible. into four to eight leaflets. Litchis
Kiwi fruit usually ripens in No­ are also eye-catching in spring,
vember in hot areas, or in Decem­ when huge sprays of yellowish
ber in cooler climates. white flowers adorn the tree.
Kiwi fruit will soften in a few The fruit are encased within a
days when kept at room tempera­ brittle, warty shell. Inside this shell Common Name: Litchi, leechee,
ture. Unbruised mature fruit may is a sweet, translucent, gelatinous lychee.
be stored for up to six months in delicacy that the Chinese have en­ Botanical Name: Litchi chinensis.
the refrigerator if the air circulation joyed for more than 2,000 years. Origin: Southern China.
is good and they are kept away Litchi trees have full foliage and Growth Habit: Slow-growing ever­
from other ripening fruits such as branch to the ground. Under ideal green tree or large shrub to more
apples or bananas. Check the fruit conditions they may reach 40 feet than 30 feet high and equally wide
often while it is in storage and high, but they are usually much under ideal conditions.
remove any decaying pieces. smaller. In some areas litchis have a Adaptation: Has specific require­
tendency for alternate bearing. ments for fruit production: hot, hu­
Kiwi Fruit Relatives mid summers and cool winters.
Several close relatives of the kiwi Trees are hardy to about 25° F.
produce delicious fruit and are very Harvest Season: June through
hardy. The tara vine or hardy kiwi, August.
Actinidia arguta, is reportedly hardy Begins Bearing: Selected varieties
to -20° F. The plant is very similar usually begin bearing in 3 to 5 years.
to the kiwi fruit but the leaves are Seedlings take much longer, if they
slightly longer and more pointed. bear at all.
As with the kiwi, male and female Propagation: Easiest by air-layering.
plants are required for pollination. Grafting is difficult. Seedlings pro­
The fruit has a kiwi flavor but is a duce unreliable fruit.
little smaller and can be eater, skin Maintenance: Moderate.
and all. It ripens on the vine in Pollination: Self-fruitful.
areas with 200 frost-free days, but Suitability for Containers: For a
can be picked w'hen still hard and short period or in a large box.
ripened at room temperature in Landscape Quality: Excellent.
areas with shorter growing seasons. Nurseries: E, I, O, P, Q, U, Y.
The tara vine has attracted the Information: 1, 2, 8, 13, 14.
attention of botanists and plant
breeders around the world. Ameri­
can selections include 'Meader #T Adaptation
and 'Geneva'. Litchis require seasonal tempera­
Actinidia kolomikta is a slender, ture variations for best flowering
deciduous vine with variegated and fruiting. Warm, humid sum­
pink-and-white foliage. It is hardy mers are best for flowering and
to -20° to -30® F. The flowers are fruit development, and a certain
fragrant. The small (%- to 1-inch- amount of winter chilling is neces­
long) fruit ripen over an extended sary for flower bud development.
period, making them well suited Varieties differ as to how much
for the home garden. chilling they need, but most need
between 100 and 200 hours be­
Kiwi Fruit at the Table tween 32® and 45® F. Cool winters
The kiwi fruit, when pared and with low amounts of rainfall are
sliced crosswise, adds a beaut.ful, ideal for litchis.
jewel-like finishing touch to a vari­ Litchi trees become more hardy
ety of dishes. Thin slices on a tart of as they age. Mature trees have sur­
pate brisee and pastry cream have a vived temperatures as low as 25® F
translucent emerald glow. The kiwi when fully hardened off. Young
fruit is excellent with prosciutto or trees may be killed by a light frost.
coppa as an hors d'oeuvre, in salads Litchis are best adapted to parts
(both green and fruit), as a garnish of Hawaii and Florida, but they
for a delicate dish of chicken have also been grown successfully
breasts in cream and Sauterne, and These bright red litchi fruit are ready in frost-free coastal areas of
makes fine sorbets and jellies. to be harvested. California.
56 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Litchi

Propagation Pests and Diseases Mites, scale,

Air-layering is the most common and aphids occasionally infest li­
method of propagating litchis be­ tchis. Fruit splitting is usually
cause grafting is difficult and seed­ caused by fluctuating soil moisture
lings are not reliable producers of levels. Mold often grows in the
quality fruit. Young plants propa­ cracked fruit, but you can avoid
gated by air-layering should be this problem by watering regularly.
grown in containers for one or two Birds are often attracted to litchis,
seasons before planting. This al­ eating both the immature and the
lows the root system to develop ripe fruit. Cover plants with protec­
and increases the likelihood of suc­ tive netting if you find you are
cessful transplanting. See page 86 losing too many fruit to the birds.
for an illustration of air layering.

Pollination Two varieties of Litchi chinensis;

Although litchi trees arc usually 'Sweet Cliff (right), and 'Brewster'
self-fruitful, more male flowers arc (below)
produced than female flowers. In
rare cases trees may produce only
male flowers and therefore won't
set fruit.
Site Selection and
Planting
Plant litchis in full sun and well-
drained soil that is rich in organic
matter. A soil pH between 5.5 and
7.5 is acceptable, but plants grow
much better in soils with a ph at
the low end of this range. Apply a
thick layer of organic mulch, to the
soil after planting.

Caring for Litchi Trees

Watering The litchi will not tol­
erate standing water, but requires
very moist soil, so water the tree
regularly when it is growing ac­
tively. Litchi trees are very sensitive
to damage from salts in the soil or
in water. Leach the soil regularly in
the Southwest. Litchi Varieties
Fertilizing Young trees tend to VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION’ COMMENTS

grow slowly, and many gardeners Ambana Medium, bright red. borne in dusters of 6 to 20. Slow-growing tree; bears
Ripens April to May. regularly in warm dimates.
give them too much fertilizer in an
Bengal Large, bright red. borne in dusters of 8 to 30. Largo, very vigorous tree Easy
attempt to push them along. Young Large seed. Ripens in June. to grow.
trees should receive only light ap­ Brewster Medium, bright red. spiny, borne in dusters of Large, vigorous, upnght tree.
plications of a complete fertilizer, if 6 to 20. Large seed. Ripens June to July.
anything at all. Mature trees are Groff Small, ddt red. spiny, borne in dusters of 20 to Latest-ripening variety. Upright
heavier feeders and should be fer­ 40. Small seed. Ripens August to September. tree.
tilized regularly from spring to late Hap Ip Medium, dark red. smooth, borne in dusters of Slow growing, compact tree
15 to 25. Large seed. Ripens in Juty. with spreading branches.
summer. Use fertilizers formulated
Kwai Mt Small, bright red. sSghtly spiny, borne in dusters Large, spreading tree with
for acid-loving plants such as rho­ (Kuei Wei) of 15 to 30. Large seed. Ripens May to June. bnttle branches.
dodendrons and azaleas. Chelated Mauritius MeOum. bright red. smooth, borne in dusters of Vigorous, spreading tree with
iron and soil sulfur may be neces­ 15 to 30. Large seed. Ripens May to June. weak branches. Co'd-sonsitivo
sary soil amendments in areas with No Mai Tsz Medium, bright reddish yellow, borne in dusters of Poor in Hawaii. Slow-growing,
alkaline soils. (No Mai Tze. 10 to 25. Bnttle skin, smal seed. Ripens in July. spreading tree.
No Mai Chi)
Pruning Prune young trees to
Pat Po Hung Smal. bright red. borne in dusters of 10 to 25. Slow-growing tree with
establish a strong, permanent struc­ Thin, rough skin Ripens May to June sprawling branches.
ture for easy harvest. After :hat, Sweet Cliff Smafl. pMkish yellow to red. borne in dusters of Recommended for Florida. Poor
removing crossing or damaged 4 to 8. Seed small to medium. Ripens in Juno. in alkaline soils. Smal. Siow-
branches is all that is necessary, growing tree.

although the trees can be pruned

•Harvest dates are for Florida and Hawaii. The fruit will ripen 3 to 4 months later m California.
more heavily to control size.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Loquat 57

Harvest and Storage them in the sun, in a gas oven with Small, white, fragrant flowers
Fruit must be allowed to ripen fully only the pilot light on, or in an are borne at the ends of the
on the tree. You will probably have electric oven set at the lowest tem­ branches in the fall or early winter.
to do some experimenting to deter­ perature. Turn fruit several times Before they open, the flower clus­
mine at what stage you like the each day so they dry evenly. If ters have an unusual woolly tex­
fruit best. Fruit of each variety has drying outside, do not let the litchis ture. In full bloom the trees will be
a characteristic color change as it get wet; cover or bring them in­ alive with bees.
ripens. Overly mature fruit darken doors at night.
in color and lose their luster. The The time it takes for the litchis to Adaptation
flavor lacks the richness associated dry properly varies according to Loquats produce the best fruit in
with a certain amount of acidity. the drying method, but it usually areas with mild winters and mild
Immature fruit arc very acidic. takes several days. Properly dried summers. Although the tree is
To harvest, snip off entire fruit litchis are shriveled but moist, light quite hardy, temperatures near
clusters, keeping a short piece of brown, and delicious. They can be 28° F. will usually damage the
stem attached. Be careful to leave stored for up to a year. flowers and ripening fruit. Pro­
the fruit casing intact, because longed high summer temperatures
damaged fruit will decay quickly. Loquat can inhibit flowering. Intense heat
Litchis can be stored for up to Loquats arc easy-to-grow plants and sunlight during the winter
five weeks in the refrigerator. They with boldly textured foliage and usually result in sunburned fruit.
can also be frozen or dried (see clusters of small, orangeish yellow The white-fleshed varieties are bet­
"Litchis at the Table," below). Li­ fruit 1 to 2 inches in diameter. Each ter adapted to cool coastal areas.
tchis will begin to deteriorate with­ fruit contains three to five large The varieties with yellow flesh
in three days at room temperature. seeds surrounded by sweet, tangy, need more warmth to produce
and aromatic flesh. This flesh may sweet fruit.
Litchis at the Table be orange, yellow, or white, de­
Fresh litchis are delicious when pending on the variety.
combined with other tropical fruit Loquat trees are often grown as
in salads. They can also be cooked ornamentals. Their large, promi­
in a sweet syrup and canned. An­ nently veined leaves contrast well
other easy way to handle a big with plants having smaller, softer
harvest of litchis is to dry them. leaves. The undersides of the leaves
are light green and often covered
Dried Litchi Nuts with a soft down. The new growth
Pick the litchis without breaking is sometimes tinged with red. Ma­
off the stem end. Remove them ture trees are roundheaded and can
from the shell. Spread the shelled be used to shade a patio. Loquats Common Name: Ixxjuat, Japanese
nuts on a tray one layer thick. Place also make attractive espaliers. medlar, Japanese plum.
Botanical Name: Eriobotrya japonica.
Origin: China and Japan.
Growth Habit: Large evergreen
shrub or tree to 25 feet high and 30
feet wide under ideal conditions.
Adaptation: Foliage is hardy to
20° F, but mature trees have sur­
vived at 12° F. The fruit and flowers
can be damaged by hard frosts.
Widely grown in the West and
Southeast.
Harvest Season: January to May in
Southeast. March to June in West.
Begins Bearing: In 3 to 4 years.
Propagation: Easily grown from
seed, but the fruit quality will be
unpredictable. Selected varieties are
usually grafted onto seedling
rootstocks.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Self-fruitful.
Suitability for Containers: Well-
suited.
Landscape Quality: Good.
Nurseries: E, I, O, P, Q, S, U, Y.
Information: 1, 2, 13, 14.
Loquat: Eriobotrya japonica
58 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Loquat

Propagation sionally remove crossing branches Loquats at the Table

Loquat varieties selected for quality and thin any dense growth to let Loquats are delicious when eaten
fruit are usually propagated by light into the center of the tree. The fresh but can also be dried or used
shield-budding or side-veneer tree also responds well to more to make jams, jellies, preserves, and
grafts. Small plants can be cleft- severe pruning and can be trained the following spicy sauce.
grafted. Many nurseries sell seed­ as an espalier.
ling-grown plants for use as orna­ Pests and Diseases In California, Spicy Loquat Sauce
mentals, but these trees seldom loquats have few' problems. In Flor­
ida, the Caribbean fruit fly is a 4 quarts fresh loquats
produce quality fruit.
serious pest. (6Vi pounds)
Site Selection and In areas with late spring and Ground cinnamon
Planting summer rains or high humidity, Ground nutmeg
Loquats will grow best in full sun the trees may get fire blight. To Sugar (optional)
but also do well in partial shade. control fire blight, remove the
They will adapt to almost any well- scorched-looking branches, cutting 1. Wash loquats; halve fruit and
drained soil. well into live wood. Sterilize the discard seeds. Place in kettle, add
shears between cuts by dipping water to partially cover. Cover ket­
Caring for Loquat Trees them in a 10 percent solution of tle and bring water to a boil. Boil
Watering Loquat trees are household bleach or in undiluted gently until fruit is tender, about 3C
drought tolerant, but they will pro­ rubbing alchohol. Burn the prun- minutes. Remove from heat and let
duce higher-quality fruit with reg­ ings or seal them in a plastic bag cool. Puree fruit by pressing it
ular, deep watering. The trees will before disposal. through a food mill, colander, or
not tolerate standing water. Anthracnose may also infect sieve. Add ground cinnamon and
Fertilizing Loquats benefit from loquats. nutmeg to taste. Add a little sugar,
regular, light applications of nitro­ if desired.
gen fertilizers, but too much nitro­ Harvest and Storage 2. Place the mixture in a saucepan
gen will reduce flowering. Fertilize Loquats should be allowed to ripen and bring it to a boil. Pour into hot,
two or three times from spring to fully before they are harvested. The sterilized jars. Seal and process in
early summer. Do not fertilize after fruit develops a distinctive color boiling water for 15 minutes. Serve
midsummer. (depending on the variety) and be­ the sauce chilled on roasts, as a
Pruning Loquats get along fine gins to soften w'hen ripe. Ripe fruit substitute for applesauce, or as a
with a minimum of pruning. To may be stored in the refrigerator topping for ice cream.
make the tree more attractive, occa­ for one to two weeks. Makes 3 cups.

Loquat Varieties
VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIP’ION COMMENTS

Advance Large, oblong, yefow skin, white flesh. Good Self-unfruitful. Pollinate with
quality. Ripens mdseason. •Gold Nugget
*.
Bartow (Fletcher Pale yevow skn, white flesh. Good quality.
White) Ripens midseason
Big Jim Large, oblong. pete orange skin, orange flesh. Vigorous, upright growth
Very sweet. Ripens late in season.
Bradenton Large, oblong, pile yeiow skin. Rpens Vigorous, upright tree.
(Hastings) midseason. Excelent quality.
Champagne Light yellow skm. white flesh. Good tart flavor. Self-unfruitful
Ripens late.
Fletcher Red Large, oblong, thick orange-red skin, orange- Slow-growing, upnght tree.
red flesh. Excelent flavor. Ripens midseason. Fruit stores well.
Gold Nugget Round, deep-orange skin, yellow-orange flesh Vigorous, upnght growth.
Good sweet-tart flavor. Ripens late.
Hardee Round, pale yellow skm. Fair quality. Ripens Vigorous wee.
midseason
Oliver Round, deep-yellow skin. Excellent flavor. Vigorous tree.
Ripens midseason.
Premier Oblong, pale yeik-w skin. Very sweet.
Ripens early. Dwarf, slow-growing tree.
Ses2 Oblong, pale yellow skin. Good flavor. Ripens Vigorous tree.
mdscason
Tanaka Large, oblong, deep-yellow skin, yellow-orange Vigorous tree.
flesh, very good, sweet-tart flavor. Ripens late. Experiment with your harvests. Many
Thales Round, yellow skn. yellow-orange flesh Good, Self-pollinating. Vigorous tree. subtropical fruits can be preserved,
sweet-tart flavor Ripens midscason. producing treats such as these dried
Wolfe Oblong, pale yellow skin. Excellent flavor. Excelent for cooking loquats. Halved loquats take 2 to 3
Ripens midseason
days to dry in the sun, 16 to 36 hours
in a dehydrator.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Macadamia 59

Macadamia whorls of three. The juvenile leaves throughout the year, such as the
There are two species of macada­ of seedlings are usually spiny, but climate found in parts of Hawaii.
mia that produce nuts with edible the leaf margins of older trees are Both species, however, will also
kernels. The smooth-shelled maca­ most often smooth. grow well in the coastal areas of
damia, Macadamia integrifolia, is the Macadamia tetraphylla is usually California and in Southern Florida.
species grown commercially in Ha­ grown as a rootstock for the Also, macadamia varieties respond
waii and marketed as the macada­ smooth-skinned macadamia. Its differently depending on where
mia nut. Its common name de­ rough, pebbled seed coat accounts they are grown. Varieties that grow
scribes the smooth, very hard seed for its common name, the rough- well in Hawaii may not do well in
coat. This shell is enclosed in a shelled macadamia. The quality of California or Florida. The Califor­
green husk that splits open as the the kernel of the rough-skinned nia Macadamia Society (see page
nut matures. The creamy white macadamia is more variable than 94) and your local cooperative ex­
kernel contains up to 80 percent oil that of the smooth-skinned maca­ tension agent are good sources of
and 4 percent sugar. When roasted, damia. Oil content ranges from 65 information on what varieties are
it develops a uniform color and percent to 75 percent and sugar best for your area.
texture and a delicious flavor. content ranges from 6 percent to 8 Mature macadamia trees are fair­
Smooth-shelled macadamias de­ percent. These characteristics result ly hardy, tolerating temperatures as
velop from creamy white flowers in variable color and texture when low as 24° F, but the flower clusters
borne in clusters 6 to 12 inches the nut is roasted, making the are usually killed at 28° F. Young
long. The trees have shiny, leathery, rough-skinned macadamia less de­ macadamia trees can be killed by
deep green leaves ranging from 5 sirable commercially. It is, howev­ light frosts.
to 10 inches long, arranged in er, well suited to the home garden The brittle branches of the maca­
and has been planted for commer­ damia can be damaged by the
cial production in California. The wind, particularly when laden
flowers are pink and borne in clus­ with a heavy crop of nuts.
ters up to 15 inches long. The
leaves are deep green, 8 to 20 inch­
es long, and arranged in whorls of
four. The edges of the leaves are
spiny or toothed, and the new
growth has an attractive pink tinge.

Adaptation
Macadamias are ideally suited to a
Common Name: Macadamia,
mild, frost-free climate with abun­
Queensland nut, Australian nut.
dant rainfall distributed evenly
Botanical name: Macadamia species.
Origin: Coastal rain forests of
Australia.
Growth Habit: Evergreen trees
reaching 30 to 40 feet high and al­
most as wide.
Adaptation: Mature trees can sur­
vive temperatures as low as 24° F,
but young trees can be killed by a
light frost. Consistently high sum­
mer temperatures reduce yields.
Harvest Season: Late fall to spring.
Begins Bearing: Grafted varieties
begin bearing within 4 to 6 years.
Seedlings may take 10 to 12 years.
Propagation: Grafting used most
often. Cuttings and air-layering are
also successful. Seedlings are
unreliable.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Self-fruitful, but plant­
ing two different varieties often re­
sults in higher yields.
Suitability for Containers: For a
short period or in a large box.
Landscape Quality: Good.
Nurseries: E, I, O, S, Y.
Above: Macadamia 'Beaumont' draped with lacy flowers. Top right: Smooth-
Information: 1, 2, 6, 8, 13.
shelled macadamia: Macadamia integrifolia.
60 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Macadamia

Propagation
Macadamias are easily grown from
seed, but the seedlings may take 8
to 12 years to bear a crop and the
quality of the nuts is unpredictable.
Grafting is the most common
method of producing nursery trees.
Seedling rootstocks, about % inch
in diameter, are grafted to selected
varieties with a side-veneer or side­
wedge graft. The scion wood
should be girdled 6 to 8 weeks
before being cut and grafted (see
page 86).
Macadamias can also be propa­
gated from softwood cuttings or by
air-layering. Cutting-grown trees
will need staking when young.
Site Selection and
Planting
Full sun is best, but in windy or hot
climates, provide protection and
partial shade. A deep, rich soil with
a pH of 5.5 to 6.5 is ideal. Macada­
mias will not tolerate soil or water
with high salt concentrations. In
areas with low annual rainfall,
leach the soil regularly.

Caring for
Macadamia Trees
Macadamia nuts and mangoes combine to make a light, flavorful stuffing for Watering Macadamias can with­
chicken. See page 61 for the recipe. stand periods of drought, but the
harvests will be small and of low
quality. Water regularly and deeply
Macadamia Varieties during dry periods.
VARIETY NUT DESCRIPTION____________________COMMENTS Fertilizing Because macadamias
Varieties for Hawaii
* grow slowly, they do not require
Hinde Large nut. fair-quality kernel sticks to Upright tree. large quantities of nitrogen fertiliz­
shell. Medium-thick shell.
er. Micronutrient deficiencies are
Ikaika Medium nut. poor-quality kernel. Medium- Round, conical, vigorous tree. Bears early in
thick shell year.
common in some areas, particularly
Kakea Large nut. excellent-quality kernel. Upoght tree is difficult to graft. Faxly cold-
southern Florida, but these can be
Medium-thick shell. Productive tolerant. corrected with chelated sprays.
Kau Large nut. Medium-thick she
*. Upright, conical tree tolerates cold. Pruning Prune young trees to
Keaau Smal nut. very high-quality kernel. Upright, conical tree. encourage strong branching. Ma­
Thin Shen ture trees need little pruning other
Kcauhou Large nut. fair kernel quaMy. Medium­ Spreading, cold-sensitive tree. than removing crossing or dam­
thick shell. aged branches. Heavy pruning
Makai Very large nut. good kernel quality. Spreading, cold-sensitive tree. drastically reduces yields.
Medium-thick shell.
Pests and Diseases Few pests or
Mauka Medium-sized nut. Medium-thick she
*. Spreading, cold-tolerant tree. diseases cause serious problems to
Pahala Medium-sized nut. good-quality kernel. Very upright tree macadamias in home gardens. Oc­
Medum-thick shell
casionally, thrips or mites may be
Varieties for California
** troublesome. Anthracnose may in­
Beaumont Good quality, medium-thick shell. Nuts ripen over a long period. Excellent fect leaves and nuts in humid
home garden tree. Hybnd between smooth-
shewed and rough-she
*ed species. climates.
Upright habit.
Burdick Fair quality, thick shell. Usually used as a rootstock. Harvest and Storage
Cate *.
Excellent quality, thin she Widely planted commercially. Nuts ripen
Mature macadamias will fall to the
over 2-month period. Spreading tree. ground from late fall to spring.
Ehmbah Good quality, thin shell. Ripens late. Upright tree is difficult to graft. Gather them as soon as possible
‘These are selecttons of Macadamia irtegnfoha. “Most of these are selections of Macadamia tetraphylla. and remove the husks immediately.
To ease the harvest, place a tarp
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Mango 61

under the tree and give the Mango

branches a gentle shake to disiodge The mango is the apple of the
the mature nuts. tropics. For many years, mangoes
Harvested nuts should be air­ have been one of the most com­
dried at temperatures not exceeding monly eaten fruits in tropical coun­
110° F. They can be stored for six to tries around the world. Mangoes
eight months in a cool, dry area. are also becoming increasingly
When the nuts are dry, remove popular in America, where they are
the shells with a nutcracker. available in supermarkets almost
Smooth-shelled macadamias can the year around.
be dry-roasted at 300° F for 16 to Mangoes vary in size, shape, and Common Name: Mango.
20 minutes or roasted in refined color. They can be round, oblong,
Botanical Name: Mangifera indica.
coconut oil for the same time. Roast or kidney shaped. Sometimes the
Origin: India and Southeast Asia.
rough-shelled macadamias at fruit has a small, pointed beak.
275° F for 12 to 15 minutes. They can weigh as little as 4 to 5 Growth Habit: Evergreen tree
reaching 50 feet under ideal condi­
Salt the roasted macadamias and ounces or as much as 2 pounds.
tions. Usually spreading to 30 feet
store in airtight jars at 40° to 65° F. The skin color can be green, yellow, but tree shape differs according to
red, or purple, but usually it is a variety.
Macadamia Nuts combination of several shades. The Adaptation: Best adapted to frost-
at the Table fibrous flesh is yellow to orange free climates of Florida, Hawaii, and
Macadamias are excellent raw or and when perfectly ripe, also has Southern California.
roasted. They can be used in almost the texture of a peach. The flavor Harvest Season: Varies by area: May
any recipe calling for nuts, includ­ also resembles that of the peach, to July in Florida and Hawaii; fall to
ing stuffings, fruit salads, breads, but it also has a distinctive tropical winter in California.
cakes, and pies. Crushed macada­ sweetness. Begins Bearing: Grafted trees begin
mia nuts are an excellent topping Mango trees make handsome bearing in 2 to 3 years. Seedlings
for baked fish or meat and combine landscape specimens and shade take 4 to 5 years.
very well with coconut milk in trees. The leaves are long, narrow, Propagation: Some varieties grow
sauces. and a lustrous deep green. The new true to type from seed. Others are
growth, which comes out in grafted or budded.
Chicken With Macadamia- flushes, is often tinged with red. Maintenance: Low.
Mango Stuffing The fragrant yellow-to-red flowers Pollination: Self-fruitful.
are borne in terminal sprays. Al­ Suitability for Containers:
!6 cup chopped macadamia nuts though each flower cluster may Unsuitable.
'6 cup white seedless grapes or have hundreds of blooms, only a Landscape Quality: Excellent.
golden seedless raisins few will set fruit. As a result, the Nurseries: E, I, O, P, Q, S, U, Y.
2 mangoes, peeled, seeded, and fruit dangle at the ends of interest­ Information: 1, 2, 13, 14.
cut into small pieces (1
*6 cups) ing stringlike stalks.
*4 cup finely chopped onion
2 tablespoons white wine
1 tablespoon brown sugar
1 tablespoon soy sauce
1 whole chicken (3 to 3’6 lbs)
Vegetable oil
Sait and pepper

1. Preheat oven to 350° F. In a

medium bowl combine macada­
mias, grapes, mangoes, onion,
wine, brown sugar, and soy sauce;
mix thoroughly.
2. Remove giblets from cavity of
chicken and stuff chicken with
macadamia mixture. Truss chicken.
Rub chicken with oil; sprinkle with
salt and pepper to taste. Place
chicken in a roasting pan and bake,
uncovered, until done, about 1
hour. When done, the juices will
run clear when you pierce the
thigh with a fork.
Serves 4 or 5. Mango: Mangifera indica 'Keilt', a variety for Florida.
62 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Mango

There are two types of mangoes: Adaptation set. Also, if the temperature falls
Indian and Indo-Chinese. Indian Mangoes should be grown in frost- below 55° F, insect activity is dras­
mangoes usually have brightly col­ free climates. Flowers and small tically reduced.
ored fruit, are susceptible to an­ fruit can be killed if temperatures
thracnose, and produce monoem- drop below 40° F, even if only for a Propagation
bryonic seeds, which do not grow short period. Young trees may be Indo-Chinese mangoes have poly­
true to type. Indian mangoes are seriously damaged if the tempera­ embryonic seeds, which produce
the type most often grown com­ ture drops below 30° F, but mature two or more seedlings from each
mercially in Florida. Indo-Chinese trees may withstand very short pe­ seed. Because most of these seed­
mangoes usually do not develop riods of temperatures as low as lings are identical to the parent,
brightly colored fruit, but the trees 25° F. Indo-Chinese mangoes are com­
are resistant to anthracnose. Indo- Mangoes must have warm, dry monly grown from seed.
Chinese mangoes are also usually weather to set fruit. In California To grow mangoes from seed, re­
polyembryonic, meaning that most the first bloom of the season usual­ move the husk and plant the seed
of the seedlings are identical to the ly occurs during the cool, wet (before it dries out) with the hump
parent plant. spring weather and results in poor at soil level. Transplant the seed­
Some mangoes do not fall clearly fruit set. Later in the summer the lings carefully, making sure not to
into either the Indian or the Indo- second growth flush and bloom sever the taproot.
Chinese types. These natura.ly oc­ produce a crop that ripens in the Although most Indo-Chinese
curring seedlings are found in the fall and winter. seedlings are true to type, some
tropics. Some of these, such as Tur­ may be quite different from the
pentine', 'Number 11', and 'Julie', Pollination parent, so for best results plant
are named, cultivated varieties. Mangoes are self-fruitful, but the grafted or budded trees. If you
Most mangoes have a tendency amount of fruit set depends largely want to graft your own trees, do it
to bear heavily in alternate years. on warm temperatures, low hu­ when the tree is in a growth flush.
To minimize alternate bearing, thin midity, and the activity of pollinat­ Side-wedge or side-veneer grafts
the fruit and fertilize more heavily ing insects. Wet, humid weather are commonly used, but whip or
in a heavy crop year. favors anthracnose and poor fruit cleft grafts can be used on larger
plants. Many Florida nurseries also
Mango Varieties for Florida use shield- or chip-budding.
VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
Site Selection and
Adams Small, red. fiberless Ripens June to July Upright, sightly spreading tree.
Susceptible to anthracnose.
Planting
Cart# Medium, green and yetow. fibertess. Ripens Small tree. Suscepbbte to anthracnose.
Plant mangoes in full sun and well-
June to July. drained soil. A soil pH between 5.5
Eartygold Medium, pnk and yellow, fibertess. Mostly Upright tree, light producer. Resists and 7.5 is preferred. When planting
seedless. Ripens May to June. anthracnose. mangoes, take care not to damage
Flongon Medium, yellow, fiberless. Ripens May to July. Upright, rounded, very productive tree. the taproot.
Moderately resistant to anthracnose
Irwin Medium, red. fiberless. Small seed. Ripens Smail tree. Susceptible to anthracnose. Caring for Mango Trees
June to July. Watering Mangoes require con­
Keitt Large, green and pink. firm. Small seed. Long, arching branches. Moderately sistent moisture if they are to pro­
Ripens August to September. resistant to anthracnose.
duce high-quality fruit. Water reg­
Kent Large, green, red. and yellow, fiberless. Small Upright tree. Susceptible to
seed. Ripens July to Ajgust. anthracnose.
ularly in areas with low annual
Osteen Large, pink and red. ahiost fibertess. Ripens
rainfall.
Resists anthracnose.
July to September. Fertilizing Mango trees require
Palmer Large, red and yellow, almost fibertess Open, upright tree. Susceptible to regular applications of nitrogen fer­
Ripens July to August. anthracnose. tilizer to promote healthy growth
Parvin Large, pink and red. atnost fiberless. Ripens Light producer. Resists anthracnose. flushes and flower production; fol­
August to October.
Upright. open, very productive tree. low the feeding program recom­
Ruby Small, red. fibertess. Ripens July to August Susceptible to anthracnose mended for citrus (see page 31).
Saigon Small, green and yellow, fibertess. Ripens Upright, rounded tree. Resists Chelated micronutrients, especially
May to Juty. anthracnose iron, are also often necessary.
Sensation Medium, pink and red. some fiber. Smal Moderately open tree. Tends to bear in Pruning Healthy trees require
seed. Ripens July to August. alternate years. Susceptible to
anthracnose.
little pruning, although pruning to
Tommy Atkins Largo, red and yellow, firm. Smal seed. Dense, rounded tree. Moderately
stimulate new growth promotes
Ripens June to July. resistant to anthracnose. uniform annual bearing. Removing
Van Dyke Medium, red and yeiow. almost fibertess. Open tree. Moderately resistant to some flower clusters during a
Ripens July to August anthracnose. heavy bloom year may also allevi­
ate alternate bearing. Mangoes may
be pruned to control size in late
winter or early spring without a
loss of fruit.
Pests and Diseases Fungal dis-
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Mango 63

eases, including anthracnose, pow­ burning. Allow the mixture to boil, with cheesecloth and place in the
dery mildew, and scab, can be seri­ stirring constantly, until slightly sun. Dry until leathery. (This may
ous problems in Florida and Ha­ thickened, about 2 minutes. Re­ take 2 or 3 days.) Do not allow
waii. Consult your local coop­ move from heat, and let cool. trays to get wet; bring them inside
erative extension office for preven­ 2. Cover 6 cookie sheets or trays at night.
tive measures. Mites, thrips, and with plastic wrap, taping the edges 3. Once leather is dry, remove
scale can be occasional problems. to the bottoms of the sheets. Spread cheesecloth and roll up leather in
Mexican, Mediterranean, and Ori­ 1W cups of the mixture in a 14- by the plastic wrap. Will keep in the
ental fruit flies may be serious pests 10-inch rectangle on each cookie refrigerator for up to 6 months.
in Hawaii and in the Southeastern sheet (about % inch thick). Cover Makes 6 sheets of leather.
United States.

Harvest and Storage

Mango fruit matures 100 to 150
days after flowering. The fruit will
take less time to ripen and will
have the best flavor if allowed to
ripen on the tree. Ripe fruit turns
the characteristic color of the vari­
ety and begins to soften to the
touch, much like a peach. Unripe
fruit tastes like turpentine.
Mature, well-colored fruit can be
picked firm and ripened at room
temperature or stored for 20 to 25
days at cool temperatures. Do not
store at a temperature below 55° F.

Mangoes at the Table

Despite the bothersome woody
seed that clings to the meat, man­
goes can be easily cut into large
chunks of ambrosial flesh, provid­
ed the fruit is properly ripe and
your knife is razor sharp.
To peel and seed a mango, make
four longitudinal cuts in the skin Mango: Mangifera indica 'Tommy Atkins', a variety for Florida.
and remove the sections of the peel
as you would peel a banana. Then
cut the flesh in slices parallel to the
Mango Varieties for Hawaii
VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS________________________
seed. Eat the slices out-of-hanc, use
Ah Ping Large, yellow and orange, fiberless. Small Upright tree. Susceptible to
them in an artful duck and mango
seed. Ripens in July. anthracnose.
salad, or let them marinate in Sau-
Edwards Large, dark yellow, fiberless. Small seed. Spreading tree bears lightly. Susceptible
terne and lime juice and serve Ripens June to July. to anthracnose.
chilled as a superb dessert. Fairchild Small, yellow, almost fiberless. Medium to Spreading tree bears lightly. Resists
A surfeit of underripe mangoes large seed. Ripens in July. anthracnose.
goes well in duck or pork stews. Georgiana Small, yellow with crimson blush, fiberless Upright tree. Susceptible to
Ripe mangoes are delicious in Large seed. Ripens June to July. anthracnose.
sweet breads, ice cream, sorbets, Gouvoa Large, maroon, fibertess. Small seed. Ripens Upright tree. Susceptible to
tarts, and chutneys. in August. anthracnose.
Joe Welch Large, yellow, fibertess SmaB seed Ripens Productive, spreading tree. Susceptible
in Juty. to anthracnose.
Mango Leather
Julio Small, dark green and red. some fiber. Small tree. Susceptible to anthracnose
15 mangoes, pureed (about Ripens August to September.
Ono SmaB. yellow and purple, fibertess. Ripens Upright tree. Susceptible to
8 cups) in July. anthracnose.
116 cups sugar Paid SmaB. green and yeBow. fibertess. Ripens Spreading tree bears lightly. Susceptible
2 tablespoons ascorbic acid in July. to anthracnose.
(available at pharmacies) Smith Medium to large. yeBow with crimson blush, Spreading tree. Susceptible to
fibertess. Moderately large seed. Ripens anthracnose.
2 teaspoons cream of tartar July to August
Zill SmaB. yeBow and crimson, fibertess. SmaB Dome-shaped tree. Susceptible to
1. Combine mango puree, sugar, seed. Ripens June to July. anthracnose.
ascorbic acid, and cream of tartar in
a saucepan and cook over high
heat, stirring constantly to prevent
64 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Papaya

Mango Chutney dry mustard Papaya

Yz teaspoon ground allspice The papaya is an unbranched, sin­
1 cup distilled white vinegar
Vi teaspoon cayenne pepper gle-stemmed herb that grows to a
1 cup water height of 6 to 20 feet. Its deeply
2 large onions, chopped (3 1. Combine vinegar, water, onion, lobed, dark green leaves have a
cups) and garlic in a large kettle; bring to boldly tropical look and reach 2
1 large clove garlic a boil. Boil 5 minutes. Remove and feet wide under ideal conditions.
10 cups pared, chopped, slightly discard garlic clove. There are three types of papayas:
green mango (13 to 15 man­ 2. Add mango, granulated and Hawaiian (Carica papaya), Mexican
goes; 7 Vi pounds) brown sugar, almonds, raisins, cur­ (Carica pubescens), and babaco (Car­
1 cup granulated sugar rants, cumin, salt, curry powder, ica pentagona). The Hawaiian variet­
ginger, mustard, allspice, and cay­ ies are the papayas commonly
1 cup brown sugar, packed found in supermarkets. These pear-
enne; return to boil. Continue boil­
1 cup slivered almonds ing gently until the chutney thick­ shaped fruit generally weigh about
Vi cup dark seedless raisins ens, about 30 minutes. Ladle into 1 pound and have a yellow skin
Vt cup dried currants hot, sterilized jars and seal. Process when ripe. The flesh is bright or­
lVi teaspoons cumin seed for 15 minutes in a boiling water ange or pinkish, depending on va­
bath. riety, with small black seeds clus­
1 teaspoon each salt, curry pow­
Makes 10 half-pints. tered in the center. 'Solo', the most
der, ground ginger, and
common variety, has orange flesh.
'Sunrise' has light pink flesh. Both
varieties have a very pleasant,
sweet flavor. Hawaiian papayas are
easier to harvest because the plants
seldom grow taller than 8 feet.
Mexican papayas are much larg­
er than the Hawaiian types. They

Common Name: Papaya.

Botanical Name: Carica species.
Mango: Mangifera indica 'Manila', a variety for California. Origin: Central America.
Growth Habit: Upright perennial
Mango Varieties for California herb reaching 6 to 20 feet high.
VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS Adaptation: Frost-free climates of
Abba Small to large, red. alnost fiberiess. Smal Spreading tree bears ightly Susceptible California, Florida, and Hawaii.
seed Ripens November to December to anthracnose. Must have warm weather all year.
Edgehfl Smal to medium, green with red blush, al­ Upright tree. Susceptible to
Harvest Season: Within 3 to 4
most fiberiess. Ripens December to February. anthracnose.
Kenny Smal. yellow, green, and pink, fiberiess.
months after pollination in warm
Rounded tree bears Ightly. Susceptible
Ripens October to November. to anthracnose. climates. About twice as long in coo)
Mania Smal. yellow, fiberiess. Smal seed. Ripens Bushy plant. Poiyembryonic seed. climates.
October to December. Susceptible to anthracnose. Begins Bearing: Often within a yeai
Pina Small, yellow and orange, almost fiber­ Uprght tree. Polyembrycoic seed. of planting.
iess. Ripens November to December. Susceptible to anthracnose.
Reliable Small to large, red and yellow, almost fiberiess.
Propagation: Usually by seed. Can
Dome-shaped tree. Susceptible to
Small seed. Ripens December to January. anthracnose. also be grown from cuttings.
Surprise Small to large, red and yellow, fiberiess. Smal Uprght tree. SusceptWe to Maintenance: High.
seed. Ripens October to December. anthracnose.
Pollination: Male and female flow­
T-1 Meoum to large, red. ye<ow. and green, Uprght. rounded tree. Susceptible to
fiberiess. Small seed. Ripens December to
ers must be present. See "Pollina­
anthracnose.
January. tion," on page 65.
Thomson Small to medium, yellow, fiberiess. Small seed. Polyembryomc seed. Spreading tree. Suitability for Containers: Excel­
Ripens December to January. Susceptible to anthracnose. lent. Ideal for greenhouses.
Vi'lasenor Medun. kght green with pink blush, fiberloss Spreading tree. Moderately resistant to
Small seed. Ripens December to January. anthracnose.
Landscape Quality: Excellent.
20222 Small to medium, red and yellow, fiberiess Polyembryonc seed Dome-shaped tree Nurseries: E, I, O, P, Q, R, S, U, Y.
(Winters) Ripens October to November bears Ightly. Susceptible to Information: 1, 2, 14.
anthracnose.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Papaya 65

plants don't grow taller than 8 feet. to another during their life cycle. In transplant well. Plant in large con­
Mountain papayas have small, any case, male and female flowers tainers so the seedlings will have to
attractive fruit about 3 to 4 inches must be present to produce fruit, so be transplanted only once—when
long. The fragrant fruit is not eaten plant at least three or four plants in they go into the ground. Trans­
raw, but is excellent when cooked a group to ensure pollination. The plant carefully, making sure not to
with sugar. Mountain papayas are illustrations on this page will help damage the rootball.
native to the high Andes, so are you identify which type of flowers To prevent damping off, drench
hardier than tropical papayas. you have. the potting mix with a fungicide
Babacos are long, seedless fruit Certain varieties have a propen­ containing benomyl or captan.
with yellow, melon-flavored flesh. sity for producing certain types of Papayas can be propagated from
They need warm winters and part flowers. For example, 'Solo' seed­ semihardwood cuttings, but this is
shade in areas with hot summers. lings have flowers of both sexes 66 difficult and rarely done for types
Babacos are ideally suited to con­ percent of the time, so two out of that grow well from seed.
tainer culture. three plants will produce fruit,
Papayas grow quickly and begin even if planted singly. Site Selection and
producing fruit within a year of Planting
germination. Because the fruit qual­ Propagation Choose a planting site with an eye
ity declines as the plants age, how­ Most papayas are grown from seed. toward maximizing heat and sun.
ever, they should be replaced every To start a papaya plant, extract the If possible, plant your papayas
three to four years. seeds from ripe papayas, wash along a south-facing wall. Papayas
them to remove the gelatinous cov­ also require well-drained soil; the
Adaptation ering, and plant them at once. The smallest amount of excess moisture
Papayas have exacting climate re­ reason for immediate planting is can kill them. Many gardeners go
quirements for vigorous growth that the seeds lose their viability to great lengths to provide excellent
and fruit production. They must rapidly in storage. Plant the seeds drainage, such as installing drain
have warmth throughout the year in warm (80° F), sterile potting tiles and planting on beds of per­
and will be damaged by light mix. They will germinate in 10 to lite. Papayas do not tolerate salty
frosts. Cold, wet soil is almost al­ 15 days. Seedling papayas do not water or soil.
ways lethal. Cool temperatures will Plant papayas carefully without
alter fruit flavor. Thus, for most of Papaya Flowers breaking the rootball. Set the plants
the country, papayas are limited to a little high to allow for settling.
greenhouses. Use a mulch, but keep it away from
the trunk. A plastic mulch will
Pollination help keep soil warm and dry in wet
Papayas have an interesting flower­ winter areas, but remove it as soon
ing habit. Plants may produce only as the weather becomes warm.
female flowers, only male flowers,
or both. To complicate matters, the Caring for Papaya
plants may change from one form Plants
Watering Watering is the most
critical aspect in raising papayas.
The plants should be kept on the
dry side to avoid root rot, but also
need enough water to support their
large leaves.
Fertilizing Papayas require reg­
ular applications of nitrogen fertil­
izers but the exact rates have not
been established. Feed monthly
and adjust the rate according to the
plants' response.
Pruning Papayas do not need to
be pruned, but some growers pinch
the seedlings or cut back estab­
lished plants to encourage multiple
trunks. To ensure cross-pollination
and high-quality fruit, however,
plant three or four separate plants
and replace them every four years.
Seedlings usually begin flowering 9
to 12 months after they germinate.
Pests and Diseases Fruit flies
can ruin fruit in Hawaii and Flori­
Papayas often surprise with their unusual fruit arrangement. da. Consult local university exten­
66 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Passion Fruit

sion agents for control measures. fan, served with a few of its pretty, five white sepals with green out­
Thrips, mites, and whiteflies are bitter seeds on a bed of watercress sides, five white petals, and a coro­
potential problems in some areas, with a wedge of lime; papaya sliced na of hairlike filaments, purple at
as are powdery mildew, anthrac­ and pared with smoked duck, the base and white above. The sta­
nose, and various virus diseases. toasted walnuts, and a walnut oil mens are united to form a tube that
Avoid root rot and nematodes by vinaigrette; papaya halves filled supports the ovary and three prom­
planting in well-drained so.ls. with aioli (homemade mayonnaise inent styles. The ten petals and
with crushed garlic), shredded sepals were thought to represent
Harvest and Storage chicken, and cilantro; papaya the ten Apostles present at the Cru­
Harvest papayas when most of the chunks and scallops tossed with cifixion, Peter and Judas being ab­
skin is yellow-green. After several Greek lemon sauce; papaya pureed sent. The corona of filaments repre­
days of ripening at room tempera­ in a food mill, mixed with a little sents a crown of thorns or possibly
ture, they should be almost fully lime juice, and poured over ice a halo. The stamens represent the
yellow and slightly soft to the cream; papaya chunks with can­ five wounds and the styles symbol­
touch. Dark green fruit will not died ginger bits and sugar wafers; ize the hammers used to drive the
ripen properly off the tree, even papaya mousse; and papaya pie. three nails.
though it may turn yellow on the Papayas contain an enzyme The fruit are egg-shaped, l'/i to 2
outside, nor will it contain viable called papain ("pa-pa-yin") which, inches in diameter, and dark pur­
seed. Fully mature fruit will have when extracted from the fruit, is ple when ripe. The rind is inedible.
edible dark brown-to-black seeds, sold as a meat tenderizer. The orange pulp surrounds small
the size of small peas, completely Papayas are also rich in vitamins black seeds, which are usually
filling the internal cavity. The seeds A and C, and some say they aid
have a spicy flavor that comple­ digestion.
ments many sauces and sated dress­
ings. Mature fruit can be stored at Passion Fruit
45° F for about three weeks. The passion fruit is a member of a
large family of vining plants, many
Papayas at the Table of which are grown as ornamentals
When combined with mangoes, for their beautiful flowers and deli­
peaches, Indian spices, citrus, sug­ cate leaves. Several species and va­
ar, and vinegar, papayas make a rieties produce edible fruit, but the
chutney that enhances a myriad of most widely available is the purple
dishes, whether they be Indian cur­ granadilla, Passiflora edulis. The Common Name: Passion fruit,
granadilla.
ries or kabobs or French-style pork purple granadilla is discussed in
or game. But the papaya is so beau­ the paragraphs that follow; other Botanical Name: Passiflora species.
tiful, sweet, and fragrant that cre­ species and varieties are described Origin: Tropical America.
ative cooks also make use of it in in the chart on page 67. Growth Habit: Vigorous, climbing
simple dishes that don't recuire The passion vine (and its fruit) evergreen vine that clings by ten­
cooking. was named by Spanish missionar­ drils. Can grow 15 to 20 feet per year
once established. Must have strong
Papayas are incredibly versatile. ies to whom its intricate and strik­
support. Generally short-lived (5 to 7
Here are just a few ideas: papaya ingly beautiful flowers represented years).
served with raw-cured hair.; papa­ the passion of Christ. The blooms
Adaptation: Prefers a frost-free cli­
ya pared, sliced, and spread into a are 2 to 3 inches in diameter, have mate. Won't take high heat.
Harvest Season: Within 60 to 80
days after bloom.
Begins Bearing: Within 2 to 3 years
from seed.
Propagation: Most commonly from
seed. Disease-free plants can be
propagated by cuttings. Some variet­
ies grafted.
Maintenance: High.
Pollination: Purple passion fruit is
self-fruitful, but pollination is best
under humid conditions. Some other
varieties may require cross­
pollination.
Suitability for Containers: Excel­
lent. Good indoors.
landscape Quality: Excellent. Often
grown as an ornamental.
Nurseries: A, I, O, P, Q, S, U, Y.
Passiflora alata. The leaves, flowers, and fruit of the passion vine are all Information: 1, 2, 8, 13, 14.
ornamental.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Passion Fruit 67

strained from the pulp prior to its low light. Place the plant outdoors, Fruiting occurs in the leaf axils of
use as a juice or flavoring. leaving it there for a longer period the current season's growth, so reg­
The passion vine has delicate, each day, after the graft has taken. ular pruning to maintain vigorous
three-lobed leaves with serrated Semihardwood cuttings will root growth from main branches will
edges and a glossy, light green easily under mist. Be sure to propa­ keep the plants productive. As a
sheen. It grows extremely fast and gate only disease-free plants. general rule, remove all weak
requires heavy pruning to keep it growth and cut back vigorous
in bounds. The tendrils of the vine Site Selection and growth by at least one third. Left
cling to almost any support. Planting unpruned, passion vines will grow
Excellent drainage is absolutely out of control and produce fruit
Adaptation necessary. Also, the soil should be well out of reach. However, in very
Passion fruit grows best in frost- rich in organic matter and low in hot climates, allow a thick canopy
free climates, although the vines salts. Because the vines are shallow- of foliage to grow around the fruit
may survive for very short periods rooted, they will benefit from a to prevent sunburn.
at temperatures below freezing. thick layer of organic mulch. Plant Pests and Diseases Snails can be
The vines may lose some of their in full sun except in very hot areas, a serious problem in California.
leaves in cool winters. The roots where partial shade is preferable. They can completely strip a vine of
may resprout if the top is killed. Plant the vines next to a chain leaves and bark, killing young
The passion vine does not grow link fence or install a strong trellis plants or predisposing them to dis­
well in intense summer heat. before planting. ease. Passion vines are also suscep­
tible to nematodes and viruses as
Propagation Caring for Passion well as the diseases that thrive in
Fresh seeds from superior fruit usu­ Vines cool soils, such as fusarium.
ally produce vines with good fruit. Watering Plants must have con­
Seeds germinate in 10 to 20 days sistent moisture, or harvest and Harvest and Storage
and should not be exposed to light fruit quality will be reduced. The fruit will quickly turn from
during germination. Seed stored for Fertilizing These vigorous green to deep purple when ripe
more than 8 to 12 months loses plants require regular applications and then fall to the ground within
viability quickly. of balanced fertilizer. Too much a few days. They can either be
Nematode and soil disease prob­ nitrogen, however, results in vigor­ picked when they change color or
lems of the purple granadilla have ous foliage growth at the expense gathered from the ground each day.
led to the use of the more resistant of flowers. To store passion fruit, wash and
yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edu- Pruning Pruning is necessary to dry them gently and place them in
lis flavicarpa) as a rootstock. The keep the vines within bounds and polyethylene bags. They should
plants are tip-grafted when each is to make harvesting easy. In warm last two to three weeks at 50° F.
about Vt inch in diameter. After winter climates, prune immediately Even slightly shriveled fruit can
grafting wrap the graft in plastic to after harvest. In areas with cool still be eaten. Both the fruit and the
keep it moist, and keep the plant in winters, prune in early spring. juice freeze well.

Passion Fruit Species

SPECIES FRUIT DESCRIPTION FLOWER DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
Passiflora alata O/ai. 3 to 5 inches long, yellow skin Large and fragrant. Red. green, and Oval, unlobed leaves. Winged stems.
Fragrant granadiia wth white pulp. Aromatic. white. Setf-pollnatng.
Passiflora cocdnea Oral. 2 inches, skin is yeiowish Scarlet to orange, pink. Serrated leaves, no lobes. Fruit hard
Rod granadiia orange with green stripes. Sweet. white, and purple. and brittle at maturity. Requires cross-
wide pulp. pollination.
Passiflora eduHs Oral. 2 inches, skin is purple, pulp Large White and purple Flowers open in morning, dose by noon.
Purple granadilla yellow, seeds black. Highly aromatic. Leaves attractive, lobed. and deeply
good quality. toothed. Best in cooler dimates. Self-
pollinating.
Passiflora edtAs flavicarpa Round to oval. 2 to 3Vi inches, skin Large. White and purple. Flowers open at noon during spring.
Yellow passion fruit yellow, flesh dark orange, seeds summer, and fan. May require cross­
brown. Fair quaMy. pollination.
Passiflora incamata Oral. 2 inches, yerow skin. Tart. White, lavender, and pinkish purple. Deeply lobed. toothed leaves. Native to
Maypop apricot flavor. the eastern United States. Freezes to
the ground in winter.
Passiflora iaurrfoba Oral. 2 to 3W inches, skin lemon Purple, blue, and rose. Produces few flowers. Undivided
Yellow granadiia yellow to orange, pulp white. leaves. Requires cross-pollination
Pear flavor.
Passiflora kguSahs O/ai. 2V4 to 4 inches, skin is purplish Greenish white. Best in cool dimates.
Sweet granadilla yellow, pulp white. Sweet, distinctive
ftevor.
Passiflora maMortnis Globe shaped. Inches, skin ts Long, narrow, undivided leaves.
Sweet calabash yellowish green, pulp white. Grape Self-pollinating,
flcvor.
Passiflora mottssima O/al. 2Vi inches. Skin is yellowish. Whrte. pink, and purple. Best in a cool climate. Prized for making
Banana passion fruit flesh white. juice. Lobed. serrated leaves.
Passiflora quadrangufaris Oolong. 8 to 12 inches, skin is Reddish purple and white. Largo fruit weighs up to 1 pound.
Giant granadilla ydlowrsh green with pink tint. Whiteish rind eaten kke watermelon.
Oval, unlobed loaves.
68 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Oriental Persimmon

Passion Fruit Varieties of Oriental persimmons the seedling rootstock. Many nurs­
at the Table are divided into two types: astrin­ ery-grown trees have had their tap­
You can cut passion fruit in half gent and nonastringent. Astringent root cut. Such plants are less
and scoop out the meat with a persimmons are inedible when drought resistant and should be
spoon in order to eat it out-of-hand, hard and must be allowed to soften thinned when planted.
make jelly, or, with the help of a before they develop their full Eastern nurseries often graft Ori­
juicer and the addition of a ittle sweetness and flavor. Nonastrin­ ental persimmons onto American
sugar, make passion fruit juice. The gent varieties can be eaten when persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)
juice can also be used in ice cream, hard, as soon as they develop their rootstocks because of the native
sorbet, or mousse. characteristic color. species's extra hardiness. This is not
recommended in the southern
Oriental Persimmon Adaptation United States where the American
The Oriental persimmon may seem The Oriental persimmon does best species has been ravaged by per­
a bit out of place in a book on in areas that have moderate winters simmon wilt.
subtropical fruit. It's the hardiest and relatively mild summers. It can Consult your local extension
fruit described and can be grown tolerate temperatures of 0° F when agent for more information.
outdoors in more areas than any fully dormant, but because of its
other plant in this book. But it also low chilling requirement (less than Site Selection and
has much in common with other 100 hours) may break dormancy Planting
fruit discussed here. Probably most during early warm spells only to be Full sun and well-drained soil with
important is that it is a fruit that is damaged by spring frosts later. a pH range of 5.0 to 6.5 is ideal, but
unappreciated and unfamilar to Trees generally do not produce persimmons are fairly adaptable
many people. It's rarely seen in well in the high summer heat of trees that can withstand a wide
supermarkets, and most people desert regions. range of conditions as long as the
wouldn't know how to eat one if it soil is not overly salty.
were. Like many of the fruits de- Pollination
cribed in this book, persimmons Most of the varieties described here
deserve a more important place in will set seedless fruit without being
the American diet. pollinated; when pollination does
The Oriental persimmon is an occur, the fruit will have seeds.
extremely handsome tree that Most named varieties produce only
lights up the landscape in the fall female flowers. When male flowers
when its glossy, deep green leaves arc present, the fruit is seedy. Most
turn brilliant shades of yellow, or­ gardeners prefer seedless fruit, but
ange, and red. When the leaves some insist that persimmons devel­
drop they reveal the bright orange op peak flavor only when the fruit
fruit dangling among the bare results from pollination. Common Name: Oriental persim­
branches. The fruit ranges from the mon, Japanese persimmon.
size of a baseball to that of a small Propagation Botanical Name: Diospyros kaki.
grapefruit. They can be round, Budding or grafting your own trees Origin: Asia. Most varieties devel­
heart shaped, flattened, or ridged. allows you to take special care of oped in Japan or China.
Growth Habit: Multitrunked or sin­
gle-stemmed deciduous tree to 25
feet high and at least as wide.
Adaptation: Widely adapted to areas
where winter temperatures do not
drop below 0° F. Very low chilling
requirement.
Harvest Season: Fall to early winter
Begins Bearing: In 4 to 5 years.
Propagation: Can be grown from
seed, but grafting or budding of
named varieties is most common.
Maintenance: Low.
Pollination: Most varieties are self­
fruitful.
Suitability for Containers: Suitable
only for very large containers.
Landscape Quality: Excellent.
Nurseries: B, D, F, G, H, 1, J, K, L, N,
O, T.
Information: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12,
13, 14.
The weeping habit of the persimmon is accentuated by a load of fruit.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Oriental Persimmon 69

Persimmons have a strong tap­ Pests and Diseases Persimmons also be frozen for six to eight
root, which will, hopefully, be in­ are relatively problem-free. months. They will be soft and
tact when you are planting. This ready to eat when thawed.
may mean you will have to dig a Harvest and Storage Nonastringent persimmons dete­
deeper hole than usual in ord?r to Harvest astringent varieties when riorate quickly in the refrigerator,
plant the tree. Trees are usually they are still hard but fully colored. but they can be stored for a short
available bare root or in containers. They will soften on the tree and period at room temperature.
improve in quality, but you will
Caring for Persimmon probably lose many fruit to the Oriental Persimmon
Trees birds. Astringent persimmons will Relatives
Watering Persimmon trees will ripen off the tree if stored at room The American persimmon, Dio-
withstand short periods of drought, temperature. They are ready to eat spyros virginiana, is a hardy tree
but the fruit will be larger and of when they soften to a texture like native to the United States, and can
higher quality with regular water­ that of pudding. be found from Connecticut south to
ing. Extreme drought will cause the Nonastringent persimmons are Florida and west to Texas and Kan­
leaves and fruit to drop premature­ ready to harvest when they are sas. It can withstand temperatures
ly. /\ny fruit left on the tree will fully colored, but for best flavor, as low as -20° F but also has a low
probably sunburn. allow them to soften slightly before chilling requirement, making it a
Fertilizing Most trees do well harvest. good choice for the Southeast and
with a minimum of fertilizing. Ex­ Both kinds of persimmons for Southern California. The tree is
cess nitrogen can cause fruit crop. should be cut from the tree with similar to the Oriental persimmon,
If leaves are not deep green and hand-held pruning shears, leaving but is slightly larger. The fruit is
shoot growth is less than a foot per the calyx (the leaflike collar) and a smaller and astringent, so it must
year, apply a balanced fertilizer small piece of stem attached to the be allowed to soften completely
such as 10-10-10 at a rate of I fruit. Even though the fruit is rela­ before it can be eaten. Planting two
pound per inch of trunk diameter tively hard when harvested, it will trees ensures pollination and heavy
at ground level. Spread the fertiliz­ bruise easily, so handle with care. yields.
er evenly under the canopy in late Mature, hard astringent persim­ American persimmons can be
winter or early spring. mons can be stored in the refrigera­ grown from seed, but the fruit
Pruning Prune to develop a tor for at least a month. They can quality is unpredictable. Selected
strong framework of main
branches while the tree is young. Oriental Persimmon Varieties
Otherwise the fruit, which is borne VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
at the tips of the branches, may be
Chocolate Small, skin reddish orange, flesh Named for flesh color. Vigorous,
too heavy and cause breakage Ma­ brown-streaked when cross-pofcnatcd upnght tree.
ture Oriental persimmons require Astringent.
very little pruning other than the Eureka Medium, bright red. flattened. Very One of the best for southern gardeners.
removal of broken or crisscrossing productive Astringent. Bears earty Vigorous, small, dense tree.
branches and suckers. Occasional Fuyu (Fuyugaki) Medium, orangish red. slightly flattened. Tree vigorous, spreading. New growth has
Nonastringent *ow
ye toge. Giant Fuyu- resembles
thinning will reduce the load on
'Fuyu'. but bears inferior fruit.
the branches.
Hachiya Large, yellow-orange, heart-shaped One of the most common. Upnght and
Even though the trees grow well Astringent. slightly spreading.
on their own, persimmons can be Tanenashi Medium, yellowish orange, cone- Vigorous, rounded tree. Common in
pruned heavily as a hedge, as a shaped. Ripens early. Astringent. Florida.
screen, or to control size. They even
make a nice espalier.

Persimmon fruit decorate the tree after Astringent persimmons are sweet and American persimmon: Diospyros
the leaves have fallen. flavorfid only after they become soft. Virginians
70 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Tree Tomato

varieties are sometimes hard to 2. Grease and flour a 10-inch tube

find, but are worth seeking out. pan; spoon batter into prepared
'Meader' is almost seedless and pan. Bake until a skewer inserted
very hardy. 'Early Golden' and into center of cake comes out clean,
'Griffith 11' ripen in mid-Septem- about 1 hour.
ber. 'John Rick' ripens about a Serves 8 to 10.
month later. Other selections in­
clude 'Woobright', 'Miller', Killen', Tree Tomato
and 'Ennis Seedless'. The tree tomato is a member of the
The black sapote, Diospyros di- Solanaceae family, which includes
gyna, is a tender evergreen shrub or many useful edible plants, such as Common Name: Tree tomato,
small tree that can be killed by the eggplants, tomatoes, and potatoes. tamarillo.
slightest frost. The fruit weighs As you would expect, this family of Botanical Name: Cyphomandra
from 3 to 8 ounces and has the plants is receiving considerable at­ betacea.
shape of a 'Fuyu' persimmcn. The tention from breeders who hope to Origin: Peruvian Andes.
fruit remains dark olive green develop new types of edible fruit Growth Habit: Fast-growing ever­
when mature. The pulp is soft, and vegetables. Another interesting green or partially deciduous shrub or
dark, and chocolate brown—hence fruiting member of the Solanaceae, small tree. Hasan upright form 10 to
the name "black sapote." It is non­ the pepino, is decribed at right 12 feet tall.
astringent and sweet, with a texture under "Tree Tomato Relatives." Adaptation: Frost-free climates.
similar to an Oriental persimmon. The fruit of the tree tomato faint­ Harvest Season: Varies, but usually
The trees are usually grown from ly resembles its close relative, the winter.
seed, but some superior selections common garden tomato. Both red- Begins Bearing: Within 2 to 3 years
are available. fruited and yellow-fruited types are from seed.
available. They are generally egg- Propagation: Usually grown from
Persimmons at the Table shaped and range from 1% to 3 seed, but can also be propagated by
Soft, astringent fruit are delicious inches in diameter. A thin skin cuttings under mist.
and attractive simply halved and covers an orange flesh containing Maintenance: Low.
eaten with a spoon. They are also a edible seeds. The flavor is sweet­ Pollination: Self-fruitful.
common ingredient in puddings, tart, with yellow types usually be­ Suitability for Containers: Well
pies, and quick breads. Nonastrin­ ing a little sweeter. Most people suited.
gent varieties, which can be eaten sweeten the fruit before eating. Landscape Quality: Good.
hard, are appropriate for salads, as The tree tomato produces large, Nurseries: E, I, O, Y.
an accompaniment to cured or oblong leaves that may reach 10
game meats, or as a garnish. They Information: 1, 2, 13, 14.
inches long. It is partially decidu­
are also quite enjoyable quartered ous in cold climates. Small, pink plant will usually survive tempera­
and eaten plain. flowers are usually borne in late tures several degrees below freez­
summer and fall, but may appear at ing. Otherwise, tree tomatoes are
Persimmon Cake almost any time. Tree tomatoes adaptable to a variety of climates.
% cup butter or margarine have been grown as houseplants
1 cup sugar for years. Site Selection and
3 eggs, beaten
Planting
Adaptation Tree tomatoes grow best in full sun
1 teaspoon vanilla extract The foliage of the tree tomato is except in hot, dry climates, where
2 cups flour damaged in a light frost, but the partial shade is better. They prefer
1 teaspoon baking soda
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1 teaspoon ground nutmeg
1 teaspoon ground cloves
1 cup buttermilk
116 cups persimmon pulp
16 cup shredded coconut
Vi cup chopped nuts
1. Preheat oven to 350° F. In large
bowl of electric mixer, cream to­
gether butter and sugar. Beat in
eggs and vanilla. Sift together flour,
baking soda, cinnamon, nutmeg,
and cloves, and add to creamed
mixture a little at a time, alternat­
ing with buttermilk. Stir in persim­
mon pulp, coconut, and nuts. Tree tomato: Cyphomandra betacea
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—White Sapote 71

a well-drained soil that is rich in slice the peeled fruit, sprinkle it let alone consume it. Unpicked
organic matter. Protect the plants with sugar to taste, and chill it fruit can be a problem because it
from strong winds. overnight. The fruit also makes a drops from the tree as it ripens,
good sauce for topping cheesecake, making a mess and attracting bees
Caring for Tree Tomatoes ice cream, or cake. A splash of and other insects.
Water and fertilize regularly to sherry lends extra character.
keep the plants healthy and grow­ Adaptation
ing vigorously. White Sapote Although the trees are hardy to
Pinch the plants when they are The white sapote is a distinctive, 24° F, blooming occurs during late
young to encourage branching, and large tree with glossy, bright green, winter and frosts may destroy
prune them as they mature to keep hand-shaped leaves. It produces an flowers and young fruit. Young
them from growing too tall. abundance of round yellow fruit, 3 trees can be damaged at 30° F.
Aphids and nematodes are po­ to 4 inches in diameter. The flesh White sapotes do poorly in areas
tential problems. has a smooth texture and delicious with high summer heat, such as the
flavor reminiscent of peach or ba­ deserts of the Southwest, and in the
Harvest and Storage nana, and contains 3 to 5 large high humidity of the tropical low­
Tree tomatoes are ready to harvest seeds. Green-skinned varieties have lands of Florida and Hawaii. They
when they develop the yellow or white flesh. Yellow-skinned variet­ are well adapted to southern and
red color characteristic of the par­ ies have yellow flesh. central Florida and Southern
ticular variety. Harvesting is easy— Mature white sapotes produce California.
simply pull the fruit from the tree such a huge crop that it is almost
with a snapping motion, leaving impossible for one family to pick it, Propagation
the 1- to 2-inch stem attached. You Fresh seed will usually germinate
can store the fruit in the refrigera­ in 3 to 4 weeks at 70° to 80° F.
tor for up to 10 w'eeks, but tem­ When the rootstock is % inch in
peratures below 38° F can cause the diameter, it can be side- or veneer-
skin to discolor. grafted, or shield- or T-budded.
Spring is the best time for grafting
Tree Tomato Relatives outdoors, but it can be done any­
The pepino (Solatium muricatum) is time in a greenhouse.
also known as the melon shrub,
melon pear or pear-melon. These Site Selection and
names hint at the fruit's flavor: a Planting
combination of cantaloupe and White sapote prefers a well-drained
honeydew melon. It is most often Common Name: White sapote, Mex­
ican apple, zapote bianco.
soil with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5,
eaten fresh. The oblong fruit are but the trees will grow in almost
usually 2 to 4 inches long, but may Botanical Name: Casimiroa edulis.
any soil as long as it is well-drained
grow to 6 inches. The skin is pur­ Origin: Mexico and Central
and the trees are not overwatered.
America.
plish green when ripe and the flesh Before planting, consider the
ranges from light greenish yellow Growth Habit: Upright, fast-grow­
mess made by unpicked fruit:
to a darker yellow-orange. ing evergreen tree reaching 25 to 50
feet high and 25 to 30 feet wide.
Planting over a patio could be a big
The pepino is an upright, spread­ mistake. Fallen fruit can be raked
Partially deciduous in some areas.
ing plant that grows 2 to 3 feet from a lawn, but this is still a chore.
Adaptation: Best adapted to relative­
high with silky green leaves. The
ly frost-free climates, but mature
small, bright blue flowers will not trees will withstand brief periods of
set fruit unless the night tempera­ temperatures as low as 24° F.
tures are above 65° F. The fruit Harvest Season: August through
matures 30 to 80 days after pollina­ November in California. May to
tion. The plant may need to be June or later in Florida.
staked like a tomato plant. Begins Bearing: Grafted plants bear
Pepino varieties include 'Toma', in 3 to 4 years. Seedlings take 5 to 8
'Corazona Oro', 'Vista', 'Rio years.
Bamba', and 'Misiki Prolific'. Propagation: Seeds germinate easily,
but for quality fruit, choose budded
Tree Tomatoes at or grafted varities.
the Table Maintenance: Moderate.
Tree tomatoes can be served fresh, Pollination: Selected varieties are
cut in half and eaten with a spoon, self-fruitful.
but most people prefer to sweeten Suitability for Containers: For a
them a little. Skin the fruit as you short period or in a large box.
would a tomato by dipping it in Landscape Quality: Good.
boiling water for 20 to 30 seconds. Nurseries: E, I, O, P, R, S, U, Y.
The skin will then peel off easily. Information: 1,2, 13, 14.
White sapote: Casimiroa edulis
One easy method of serving is to 'Blumenthal'
72 The Best Subtropical Fruits—White Sapote

Caring for Sapote Trees White Sapote Crumb Squares mix flour, brown sugar, butter and
Watering White sapote trees are cinnamon until crumbly.
1 cup flour
drought tolerant but produce better 2. Oil an 8-inch baking dish. Ar­
fruit with regular, deep watering. 1 cup brown sugar, packed
range half the fruit in bottom, and
Deep watering is also necessary to Vi cup butter or margarine, spread half of crumb mixture on
keep greedy roots where they be­ softened top. Layer in remaining fruit, and
long—deep. Shallow watering can 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon top with the remaining crumb mix­
encourage surface roots that will 3 cups sapote pulp ture. Bake 40 minutes.
break pavement or ruin lawns. If
1. Preheat oven to 350° F. In a bowl Makes 1 dozen squares.
you plant in a lawn area, mulch the
area under the tree and water
deeply.
Fertilizing Sapotes require regu­
lar applications of nitrogen fertiliz­
er to maintain healthy growth. In
years when trees carry a heavy
crop, apply a little extra nitrogen to
help offset alternate bearing.
Pruning Young trees tend to
grow vertically, without much
branching. Thus, after planting,
pinch out the terminal bud to en­
courage branching. As the tree ma­
tures, prune it to encourage com­
pact growth and to control size.
Pests and Diseases The white
sapote has few pest or disease
problems.

Harvest and Storage White sapote trees bear their crop over a long period in summer.
Like avocados, white sapotes
should be picked when still hard White Sapote Varieties
and allowed to ripen at room tem­ VARIETY FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS
*
perature. The green-skinned fruit Blumenthal Medium, greenish yellow Ripens Recommended for southern Florida. Must be
September to November cross-pollinated; plant with Dade
undergoes a very subtle color
Chapman Medium to large, round, slightly ribbed, Very good quakty.
change as they reach maturity, and yellowish green White flesh. Ripens
it is difficult to tell when they are September to January.
fully ripe. This is one reason why Chestnut Medium to large, round, skin green, flesh Large, tai tree. Tends to bear heavily in
golden Ripens August to September. alternate years Good-quality frurt.
people prefer the yellow-skinned
Cucoo Medium, green. Ripens October to Precocious tree; often bears second year
varieties, which develop a yellow­ November after planting. Heavy producer
ish cast when they are ready to Dade Medium, yellowish green. Ripens Excellent quality. Recommended for southern
pick. Fruit will soften if picked too September to October Florida. Must be cross-pollinated; plant with
Blumenthal. Skin not bitter.
soon, but the flavor will be astrin­
Denzler Small, yellow Ripens October to Recommended for Hawaii. Bears lightty.
gent. Mature fruit can be stored for December. Good dooryard tree.
brief periods only, but mashed pulp Ecke Smail, bright yellow. Ripens October to Skin becomes colored several weeks before
can be frozen and stored for 8 to 12 November. opening
months. Fiesta Small, thick, green. Ripens September to Dependable production.
December
Most varieties of white sapote
Lemon Gold Medium, round, smooth, bght yellow. Dependably produces attractive. high-qm
*ty
ripen over a period of several Ripens October to November. fruit. Fruit keeps wei. resists brwsing
weeks. Some, however, such as Louise Smal to medium, yellow. Ripens January Ripens nearly the year around in frost-free
'Suebelle', ripen over a much long­ to September. areas Bears heavy crops of high-quality fruit.
er period, up to 6 months. This is McDH Medium to large, round. yellowish green. Excellent quality. Vigorous tree bears eary
Ripens November to December.
an advantage if you cannot use a Mchclc Small, light yellow, sight caramel flavor. Small tree bears light, good-quality crop
lot of fruit all at once. Ripens April to November.
Pike Largo, ponted, dark green. Thn. bitter Small, dependable tree.
Sapotes at the Table skm. Ripens September to December,
The best way to enjoy sapotes is to Suobdlc Small to medum, light golden yellow. Nearly everbearing in frost-free areas. Beirs
Ripens July to April. light, good-quality crop.
eat them fresh with a spoon, but Small, green to golden. Ripens October to Tall tree dependably produces fruit of
Sunnse
the pulp can also be mashed and November. excellent quality.
made into an interesting sauce with Vernon Medium to large, round, yellowish green Does well in coastal areas Dependable
a little lime or lemon juice. Ripens November to January, producer.
Vista Small, oblong, ight yellow. Ripens October Tends to bear in alternate years.
Sapotes are also delicious in to November.
baked goods such as White Sapote
’Unless otherwise noted, these varieties are best adapted to CaMoma.
Crumb Squares.
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Other Subtropical Fruits 73

Other Subtropical
Fruits
A tremendous number of plants
will produce edible fruit in sub­
tropical climates. The better cnes
that were not covered in the previ­
ous chapters are listed alphabetical­
ly by botanical name in the charts
below and on the following two
pages. They range in cold tolerance
from the hardy pawpaw, to the
sensitive acerola cherry. Some spe­
cies, such as the pineapple, can be
grown as houseplants throughout
the United States.
Coffee: Coffea arabica

Other Subtropical Fruit Species

SPECIES PLANT DESCRIPTION FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

Ananas canosus Evergreen, grows to 4 feet high by 6 Oval, yellow with tones of brown, Good indoor plant where temperatures
Pineapple feet wide, with rosettes of long, green, and orange Scaly texture. stay above 68’ F. Grown from division or
swordlxe leaves that have sharply by rooting leafy top of fruit « moist sand
toothec edges. Hardy to 28’ F. or peat.
Astmma tntoba Deoduous, shrublikc plant 15 to 25 Yellowish brown. 5 to 7 inches long, Good tor cold climates. Fruit fans to the
Pawpaw feet h>cfi by 10 to 15 feet wide. shaped tke a short, fat banana. ground when ripe. Select grafted plants
Purple towers. Hardy to - 25 * F. Sweet ftesh. large seeds. or grow from seed
Averrboa carambofa Evergreen tree grows to 25 feet high Yellow to orange. 5 inches long with Star-shaped when sliced in cross­
Star fruit by 20 feet wide. Pink to white flower with 5 lengthwise ridges. Flavor sections. Young trees are frost sensitive.
clusters. Hardy to 28’ F. ranges from very sour to sweet. Select grafted plants or grow from seec.
Needs we:i-drained sexi with low salt
content
Canssa macrocarpa Handseme, evergreen shrub. 6 to 12 Round fruit is red to purpie. 1 inch in Grow vaneties selected for good fruit
Natal plum feet hk/i and 4 to 6 feet wide. Shiny diameter, with juicy red flesh. quality. Propagate by semihardwood
green leaves Showy, white, fragrant cuttings. Drought tolerant
flowers Thomy. Hardy to 26' F.
Ceratoma stf/qua Evergeen tree grows to 25 feet high Grown for dark brown seed pods. Seed pod is baked, ground, and used as
Carob by 15 to 20 feet wide Deep green, chocolate substitute. Grown from seed
divided leaves with rounded leaflets. or semihardwood cuttings. Pods may
Hardy Io 20’ F. ferment on the tree in hot. humid
climates. Not a> trees are $e«-fruitfui.
Clausena lan&um Evergreen shrub to 15 feet high by 10 Yellowish, brittle shell-like skin en­ Propagated by softwood cuttings. Citrus
Wampi feet wide. Handsome foiage. Smal, closes white flesh. Slightly acid flavor. relative.
white fbwers in long clusters. Hardy
to 24
* F.
Coffea arabica Upright, evergreen shrub or small tree Smooth-skinned fruit is % inch in Seeds roasted to make coffee. Best in
Coffee grows to 12 feet high by 4 to 6 feet diameter, red when npe. Takes 7 to 9 partial shade outdoors, but also a
wide. Small, fragrant, white flowers. months to ripen. Contains two seeds. popular houseplant. Grown from seed cr
Handsome, deep green leaves. Hardy semihardwood cuttings.
to 32’=.
Oovya^s caffra Evergreen shrub or small tree. 10 to Round fruit is i «ch in diameter, deep Need male and female plants for
Keiappte 20 feet high by 10 feet wide. Sma« yedcrw-orange with juicy, yellow, poHnation. Seedlings only 50% true to
greenish yeiow flowers. Very thorny. aromatic flesh. Tart until fuBy ripe. typo; grow from semihardwcod Cuttings,
Hardy to 20’ F. or select grafted plants
74 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Other Subtropical Fruits

Gruntichanta: Eugenia brasiliensis Cherry of the Rio Grande: Eugenia Longan: Euphoria longan 'Kohala'
aggregata

Other Subtropical Fruit Species (continued)

SPECIES PLANT DESCRIPTION FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

Eugenia aggregate Everg-een shrub. 10 to 15 feet high Dark red. ottong fruit. 1 inch in Good for making pies. Usually grown
Cherry ot the Ro Grande and 4 to 6 feet wide White flowers. diameter, has a cherry flavor. from seed.
Peeling bark. Hardy to 20° F.
Eugenia brasthensis Attractive. smaB. evergreen tree. 10 to Purpish black fruit. inch in dia­ Unreliable from seed, but easy from
Grumichama 15 feet high by 6 to 8 feet wide. Small, meter. has sweet, white flesh. cuttings
white flowers. Hardy to 27’ F.
Eugenia luschnathiana Evergeen shrub. 10 to 15 feet high by Bright yellow fruit. 1 Vi inches in Usually grown from seed, but quality
Pitomba 8 to 10 feet wide. Attractive foliage diameter, has white flesh. Juicy, mildly unpredictable. Makes good jam.
Hardy to 27’ F. acidic.
Eugenia uniflora Everg-een shrub or small tree. 10 to Dark red to black fruit. % inch in Popular ornamental. Unreliable from
Sunnam cherry 15 fert high by 6 to 8 feet wide. Small, diameter, with eight ribs. seed, but easily grown from cuttings.
white flowers. Handsome foliage. Select plants with quality fruit. Good for
Hardy to 30’ F. making jellies or jams.
Euphoria longan Everg-een tree. 25 to 40 feet high and Yellow to brown fruit. 1 inch in dia­ Seedlings slow to bear fruit. Propagate
Longan equally as wide. Upnght dusters of meter. hang in grapelike clusters. by air-layering. Related to Stchi.
yellowish white flowers. Hardy Sweet, white flesh.
to 24' F.
Garanta mangostana Evergreen tree. 10 to 20 feet high by Dark, reddish purple fruit is round. 3 Yellow latex produced by all plant parts.
Mangosteen 8 to 12 feet wide. Large, yellow-red inches in diameter, with thick skin. Grow from seed or select grafted plants
flowers. Hardy to 32
* F. Segmented, translucent, sweet flesh.
Hovena du/ds Deedjous tree. 15 to 25 feet high by Grown for fleshy flower stems, which Usually grown from seed.
Raisn tree 8 to 12 feet wide. Small, greenish taste like raisins. Small brown fruit not
purple flowers. Hardy to -10
* F. used.
Maipighia g’atxa Evergreen to semideoduous shrub. 6 Bnght red. tnged yellow, cherryhke. High in vitamin C. Fruit tends to drop ir
Acerda cherry to 10 feet high by 4 to 6 feet wide. Sweet to acid. cool climates. Tomato-set hormone
Small white to pink Howers. Hardy to sprays may increase yields. Propagate
30’F. by hardwood or semihardwood cuttings.
Manikara zapota Evergreen tree. 20 to 40 feet high by Gray to brown, oval fruit, 2 to 4 inches Milky sap used to flavor chewing gum.
Sapod.Ha 15 to 30 feet wide. Smail, green to diameter, with sweet, yellowish, Can be grown from seed, but selected
brown flowers are fragrant at night. translucent flesh. varieties are preferable.
Hardy to 28’ F.

Pitomba:
Eugenia luschnathiana
 The Best Subtropical Fruits—Other Subtropical Fruits 75

Prickly pear: Opuntia ficus-indica Tamarind: Tamarindus indica Miracle fruit: Synsepalum
dulcificum

Other Subtropical Fruit Species (continued)

SPECIES PLANT DESCRIPTION FRUIT DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

Morus nigra Fast-growing, deciduous tree. 20 to Deep reddish purple, berryfike fruit. Best pruned regularly to keep tree small
Black mulberry 25 feet nigh and spreading at least as Very productive. Sweet. and easy to harvest. Frut stains
wide. Hardy to 18“ F. pavement. Easy to grow from hardwooc
cuttings.
Myrciaria cautfora Evergreen tree. 15 to 30 feet high by Reddish purple fruit is 1 inch in dia­ Unusual fruiting habit. Seedlings fruit in
Jabotcaba 18 to 12 feet wide. Smai. white meter. borne on small branches and about 8 years. Can be air-layered.
flowers produced directly on bark trunk. Juicy, translucent white flesh
Hardy to 25’ F. similar to a grape
Opuntia ficus-md>ca Evergreen, mostly thornless cactus Yellow to reddish purple fruit is oval. Handle fruit carefully, skin covered with
Prickly pear with uptight growth to 7 to 15 feet 3 to 4 inches in diameter, with sightly spines. Easy to propagate by rooting
high. Attractive, yellow flowers. Hardy tart, red flesh. small padhke branches.
to 26’ F.
Pacbra aquatica Evergreen shrub to small tree. 10 to Large, brown fruit contains several Fruit splits open when ripe, seeds may
Malabar chestnut 15 feet nigh by 8 to 10 feet wide. small, edible nuts. fan out. Edible raw or roasted. Grown
Large, f-agrant, greervsh white to pink from seed.
and red flowers. Hardy to 28’ F.
Prunus sabdfoba Evergreen to semdeoduous tree. 20 Cherryhke. dark purple with green Very low chilmg requirement. Will set
Capulin cherry to 30 feet high by 10 to 20 feet wide. flesh. Good quality. fruit in 3 to 4 years from seed, but quakty
Very fast growing. Shiny foiage and is variable. Can be air-layered. Self-
fragrant white flowers. Hardy to 20’ F. fruitful.
Sacctwwn offionarum Upright, evergreen herb 6 to 10 feet Grown for sweet, thick, green or Highest sugar content in midsummer to
Sugar cane high. Forms spreading clumps. Shoots purple canes late fall. Will root at stem nodes. Can
hardy to 32’ F. roots slightly hardier. also be propagated by root division.
Synsepalum dutoteum Evergreen shrub. 6 to 10 feet high by * inch m diameter.
Red. oval fruit is V Sour flavors taste sweet after eat<rg
Miracle fruit 3 to 6 feet wide. Small, white flo-wer Succulent flesh. miracle fruit. Propagate by seed,
dusters. Hardy to 32’ F. semihardwood cuttings, or air-layering.
Tamarindus indca Evergreen tree. 20 to 40 feet high and Grown for reddish brown. 5-inch-long Usually grown from seed. Can be grown
Tamarind at least as wide. Smai clusters of pods with edib’e flesh surrounding from semhardwood and softwood
yelow-red flowers. Hardy to 26’ F. small, hard seeds. Swoot-tart flavor. cuttings. Young trees are cold sensitive.
Ziziphus fujuba Deciduous tree. 20 to 25 feet high by Light green to reddish brown, apple Good for hot or cold climates. Can be
Jujube 15 to 20 feet wide. Clusters of smai. flavor. eaten crisp or dried Grow from seed or
yeaow flowers. Gnarled branches. by airJayenng.
Hardy to -20’ F.

Jaboticaba:
Myrciaria cauliflora
 ’ll

Caring for Subtropical Fruits

Subtropical fruits, like any other plants, will thrive when given proper care. In
this section you'll find all you need to know about soils, fertilizers, watering,
pruning, planting, propagation, and pest control.
The plants described in this book and kiwi fruit, are sold bare-root. well. You know you have a clay
originate from all over the wcrld Bare-root plants are usually decidu­ soil if it is hard as a rock when dry
and, as a group, have cultural re­ ous. They are dug up while dor­ and a sticky mess when wet.
quirements that cover the spectrum mant and sold with their roots Sandy soils, on the other hand,
of horticultural practices. Thus it is packed in sawdust. Some mail-or­ absorb water rapidly and also drain
important to consider all the re­ der nurseries also sell evergreen rapidly, leaving plenty of air, but
quirements of a species—climate, plants such as citrus bare-root in little water. Also, because sandy
soil, water, and pest control—be­ order to minimize shipping costs. soils don't hold nutrients well,
fore you plant. When selecting bare-root plants, plants growing in sandy soils need
look for well-formed root systems to be fertilized more frequently.
Choosing Plants with laterals extending in all direc­ You can tell you have a sandy soil
at the Nursery tions. Avoid plants with damaged if its texture is gritty.
Most subtropical plants are sold in or dry roots. Bare-root plants must Most soils have properties be­
the containers in which they were be kept cool and moist and should tween those of sand and those of
grown. An exception to this gener­ be planted as soon as possible. clay. These soils, called loams, vary
al practice are standard-sized citrus Container plants can be planted greatly in texture and structure, but
trees, which may be grown in field anytime as long as they are kept often have a desirable combination
nurseries, then dug up and placed moist prior to planting. of good aeration and high water
in containers (usually tall, narrow and nutrient holding capacity.
plastic containers called sleeves) for Soil Sense The only way to improve exces­
sale in nurseries. Field-grown For healthy growth, plants need sively sandy or clayey soils is to
plants have usually been pruned to three things from soil: moisture, add organic matter. Peat moss,
compensate for roots lost during nutrients, and air. Most clay soils compost, and other organic materi­
digging and do not have the full absorb water slowly and drain als loosen and aerate clay soils and
appearance that plants grown in a poorly. As a result, these soils tend help sandy soils hold moisture and
container have. Both types grow to be poorly aerated, especially af­ nutrients. Sand is not a good
well once in the ground, as long as ter watering. If water fills too many amendment for clay soils; the parti­
they have not been in the container of the air spaces for long, the roots cles of sand aggregate with the clay
too long. will die, causing the top to die as and make the soil less permeable.
When selecting container plants,
look for healthy specimens that
show signs of active growth. Avoid
plants with signs of stagnation.
These signs include yellow or poor­
ly colored leaves, dead branches, or
large, circling roots near the soil
surface.
Some plants, such as persimmon

W/rcn you first plant a tree,

construct a small basin a little larger
than the rootball to hold water when
you irrigate. As the tree grows, this
basin should be enlarged.
78 Caring for Subtropical Fruits

Planting From Containers Before planting, blend 4 to 6

inches of organic matter into the
top 10 to 12 inches of soil in the
planting area. You may also mix
organic matter with the backfill soil
when planting, but avoid ma­
nure—it can burn the roots. Keep
the soil under the canopy covered
with mulch (see page 81). If you
use an organic mulch, it will slowly
decompose and continue to im­
prove the soil.
If your soil has a hardpan or
other impervious layer below the
topsoil, organic matter will not im­
prove the drainage. In such cases,
When moving the tree, hold both the it's best to plant in containers or
container and the trunk.
raised beds.
Cut the container and lift the tree
gently so as not to break the rootball. Soil pH
The pH of a soil is a measure of its
acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale
runs from 1 (extremely acidic) to 14
(extremely alkaline). The middle of
the scale (7) is the neutral point.
Cut or pull away any curled and Soil pH is important because it
matted roots so they radiate out from affects the availability of essential
the rootball. nutrients. For instance, plants
adapted to acidic soils often show
signs of iron chlorosis when grown
in alkaline soils. Most subtropical
fruit grow best in slightly acid soils,
but many will tolerate slightly al­
kaline conditions, especially if they
Dig the hole approximately twice are given foliar feedings of micro­
the diameter of the rootball and nutrients.
equal to its depth. Testing the pH of a soil is easy
when you use an inexpensive kit,
available at most nurseries and sci­
entific supply houses. Most cooper­
ative extension offices will perform
soil tests or refer you to someone
who can. A fee is usually charged
Set the tree in the hole so the '.op of the for these tests, but they give you
rootball is even with the surrounding more data than you can get with a
soil level. Add backfill soil, firming it kit, including such helpful infor­
as you go. Construct a double basin as mation as soil texture and nutrient
shown on page 79, and water content.
thoroughly. Adjusting soil pH is relatively
easy. If your soil is too acidic, a
common condition in areas with
heavy rainfall, the most reliable
cure is to add ground limestone to
the soil. If alkalinity is the problem,
add sulphur, aluminum sulfate, or
ferrous sulfate, or fertilize with an
ammonium fertilizer such as am­
monium phosphate.
These soil amendments are avail­
able in most nurseries. Application
rates vary according to the pH and
soil type, so ask the people at your
nursery or a cooperative extension
agent for exact rates.
 Caring for Subtropical Fruits 79

Soil Salts Water Deeply Apply enough measure how deeply an irrigation
Most subtropical plants are sensi­ water to wet the entire root zone. has penetrated by pushing a stiff
tive to salts. Salty soils are most For most citrus trees, this is at least piece of wire or a steel rod into the
commonly found in areas with low 24 inches deep. Larger trees may soil after watering. It should move
annual rainfall and alkaline soil, need to be watered to a depth of 4 easily through the moist soil and
such as portions of the desert feet or more. Deep watering en­ become difficult to push when it
Southwest. These salts may origi­ courages deep rooting and extends reaches the dry soil.
nate in irrigation water or fertilizer the period the plant can go be­ Direct Water to the Roots Use
residues. In areas that receive am­ tween waterings. basins, furrows, or drip irrigation
ple rainfall, salts are naturally Soil tubes and soil augers are to direct water to the roots. If you
leached through the root zone. useful tools for determining how use a basin adjust the size of the
The first symptom of salt dam­ deeply water is penetrating and basin as the plant grows. During
age is slow growth. In severe rases, how much moisture is in the soil wet seasons make small breaks in
the edges of the leaves become between irrigations. These tools are the walls of the basin to allow
burned. If you suspect that high used to remove a core of soil from excess water to drain away.
levels of salt are damaging your the root zone and examine it for Mulches Mulches conserve soil
plants, leach the soil by watering moisture. In loose soils you can moisture. Spread the mulch about 4
very deeply every third or fourth
irrigation. Of course, a well-drained Planting Bare-Root Plants
soil is necessary for successful
leaching. If your soil is both salty Prune away damaged,
and poorly drained, consider grow­ tivisted, or dead roots.
ing your subtropical plants in
raised beds or containers.

Planting
The best time to plant subtropicals
is in spring, after the danger of Dig the hole just big enough to accom­
frost has passed, so the plants can modate the roots. Set the tree in the
become established before winter. hole so the soil line on the trunk (the
place where a color change indicates
The illustrations on this page
show how to plant container and the original planting depth) is above
the surrounding soil. Spread the roots
bare-root plants.
out evenly.

Watering Work the backfill

How often you have to water and soil between and
how much water you have to apply around the roots,
depends on a number of factors: firming it as you go.
Soil Type Plants grown in sandy
soils need to be watered more often Water thoroughly to eliminate air
than those grown in clay soils. pockets and to settle the soil. Check the
Weather Naturally, if you live in soil level and build a basin around the
an area with abundant rainfall, you rootball.
won't have to water as often as
someone in a dry climate. It's also
true that plants need more water in
hot weather than in cool weather.
Also, wind dries out plants more
rapidly than still air does.
Type of Plant Fast-growing,
shallow-rooted plants with big
leaves, such as bananas, need much
more water than slow-growing,
deep-rooted plants, such as persim­
mons. Also, because of their limited
root systems, young plants need
more frequent watering than estab­
lished plants.
By understanding how thes? fac­
tors affect your specific situation, construct a vasin me size oj me root- six wecxs. ns me tree grows, expuna
you'll be able to develop a watering ball for watering until some roots have the basin so it extends at least to the
schedule that suits the needs cf the grown into the surrounding soil, about drip line.
plants in your yard.
80 Caring for Subtropical Fruits

inches thick, but keep it away from for maximum fruit quality and for information on soil laboratories
the trunk. (See page 81 for more quantity. If you are growing peach­ in your area.
about mulches.) es, apples, or cherries, your cooper­
ative extension office can supply Reading Fertilizer Labels
How To Water you with a specific fertilization pro­ Fertilizers are labeled according to
Water can be applied in several gram developed for your area. This how much of the three major nutri­
ways: in basins, by sprinklers, or is also true for several of the species ents, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P),
by drip systems. in this book, including citrus, per­ and potassium (K) they contain.
simmons, and figs. The descrip­ The percentages may change, but
Basins tions of these fruits in the encyclo­ they are always listed in this order:
Soil basins simplify watering and pedia section include specific N, P, K. This listing, called the
are easy to construct. Once you information on when and how analysis, reveals two important
know how deeply 1 inch of water much fertilizer to apply. Unfortu­ things. Most importantly, it tells
will penetrate, you can adjust the nately, few other subtropical fruits how much of a nutrient is in a
height of the walls of the basin or have been so carefully studied in fertilizer, by weight. For example, a
the number of times you fill it up North America. To fertilize these 5-pound box of 5-10-10 fertilizer
according to how deeply you want plants properly, you need to know contains 5 percent nitrogen (or 0.25
to irrigate. In a sandy soil 1 inch of how fertilizers affect plants. Each pounds of actual nitrogen), 10 per­
water will usually penetrate to a essential element plays a specific cent phosphate (a form of phospho­
depth of 12 inches. In a clay soil it role in plant growth. Nitrogen rus), and 10 percent potash (a form
may reach only 3 to 4 inches. stimulates leafy growth, often at of potassium). By comparing the
the expense of flower production. It price per pound of actual nitrogen
Sprinklers must be applied regularly, because of different fertilizers, you can de­
To be effective, sprinklers must be it is quickly leached through the termine which fertilizer is the best
selected carefully. The application soil. Phosphorus and potassium buy. It also helps to know the
rate of the sprinkler should match tend to promote flowering and amount of nitrogen in a bag of
the soil's ability to absorb water. fruiting. Because they are less mo­ fertilizer, because most fertilizer
Sprinklers that apply water :oo fast bile, they don't need to be applied recommendations are given in
can cause erosion and wasteful run­ as frequently as nitrogen. pounds of actual nitrogen per plant
off. Care must be taken not to wet Overfertilization can be more or given area.
the tree trunks. Low-volume sprin­ damaging than underfertilization. The analysis also tells the relative
klers, often called spitters, are usu­ Fertilizers are salts that leave acidic proportions of N, P, and K. For
ally most effective. Sprinklers have or alkaline residues; excessive use example, ratios of 2-1-1 (such as
one important advantage: They can of fertilizer may burn plants and 10-5-5 or 20-10-10) indicate that
also be used for frost protection (see drastically alter the soil pH. there is twice as much nitrogen as
page 13). phosphate and potash. Choose the
Soils and Fertilization fertilizer that contains the best pro­
Drip Systems Soil and climate directly influence portions of N, P, and K for your
Drip emitters discharge water at fertilization practices. Sandy soils growing conditions.
very low rates, usually between V4 are less fertile than clay soils, and
and 1 gallon per hour, to a very problems caused by poor fertiliza­ Types of Fertilizers
precise area. Evaporation and waste tion practices can develop more There are three basic types of fertil­
are kept to a minimum. A tree will rapidly in sandy soils. izers: dry, liquid, and organic.
need at least 4 emitters evenly dis­ Soils in areas with high annual Dry fertilizers are available in
tributed beneath its canopy. rainfall, such as Florida, are gener­ soluble and slow-release formula­
Perhaps a better solution is to use ally well leached and low in fertil­ tions. Soluble formulations are the
a modified drip system called trick­ ity. These soils are usually acidic least expensive, but they may burn
le irrigation. In this method, low and are deficient in many nutri­ the plants. Slow-release fertilizers,
volume (5 to 50 gallons per hour), ents. They are generally deficient in although expensive, are safest to
low-pressure minisprinklers, which nitrogen, phosphorus, boron, zinc, use because they are less likely to
emit a fanlike spray with a radius iron, manganese, copper, and burn plants.
of 3 feet or more, are substituted for molybdenum. Slow-release fertilizers are only
emitters. The larger coverage area Soils in arid regions, such as Cali­ slightly soluble in water and release
wets the root zone more evenly and fornia or Arizona, receive low an­ nutrients to the plants over a peri­
the larger orifices of the minis­ nual rainfall. Little leaching has od of time. These fertilizers remain
prinklers are less susceptible to taken place, so these soils are alka­ effective in the soil for 6 weeks to 2
clogging, which is a constant prob­ line and most essential nutrients years, depending on the type.
lem of drip emitters. are available in sufficient amounts. The most common type of slow-
In general, nitrogen, iron, and zinc release fertilizer, urea formalde­
How to Fertilize may be the only nutrients required. hyde, is broken down by bacteria
Most fruit trees grown commercial­ A soil test is the best way to into a soluble form available to
ly in North America have been determine exactly what nutrients plants. Other slow-release fertiliz­
studied carefully to determine pre­ are available in your soil. Call your ers are coated to reduce their solu­
cisely which nutrients they need local cooperative extension office bility, or formulated with slightly
 Caring for Subtropical Fruits 81

soluble materials that become avail­ delay dormancy in subtropical if the plants are producing only a
able without bacterial activity. plants and increase the chance of few inches of new growth each
The amount of slow-release ni­ damage from sudden cold weather season and the lower leaves are
trogen in a fertilizer is shown on in the fall. yellow, step up the feeding.
the label as a part of the nitrogen Second, subtropical fruits can be
analysis. It is called water-insoluble categorized as light or heavy feed­ Mulching
nitrogen and is shown as a percent­ ers. Light feeders include avocado, Mulches are useful in many gar­
age of the total fertilizer. For exam­ fig, pineapple guava, loquat, maca­ dens, but they are particularly ben­
ple, a fertilizer that is 10 percent damia, and persimmon. They need eficial to subtropical plants. Mulch
nitrogen might contain 8 percent little or no fertilizer. Banana, cheri- materials may be black plastic,
water-soluble nitrogen and 2 per­ moya, citrus, guava, kiwi fruit, li­ ground fir bark, cocoa bean hulls,
cent water-insoluble nitrogen. tchi, mango, papaya, passion fruit, decomposed sawdust, composted
Liquid fertilizers are often pre­ white sapote, and tree tomato are grass clippings, gravel, or leaves.
ferred for container plants. considered heavy feeders. When properly applied, mulches
Organic fertilizers are expensive, We recommend the following improve the garden for plants and
but their residues may last a long program for heavy feeders: For the people in a variety of ways:
time in the soil, improving its first and second seasons, apply 1 to • They conserve soil moisture.
structure. Manures contain salts 2 tablespoons of a complete fertiliz­ • They protect soil from being
which may burn the plants. er three or four times during the compacted by foot traffic.
growing season. Fertilizers labeled • They reduce soil erosion.
Micronutrients for citrus and avocados are good • They moderate soil
Many complete fertilizers (contain­ general purpose fertilizers for all temperatures.
ing N, P, and K) contain micronu­ subtropical plants. Because you are • They inhibit weed growth.
trients. Sometimes, however, plants applying such small amounts, the • If organic, they help improve
need micronutrients only. In these analysis doesn't really matter at this the soil structure and fertility.
cases, apply a foliar spray contain­ point. From the third to the sev­ •Some mulches reflect extra heat
ing chelated micronutrients in the enth or eighth year, gradually in­ into a tree to ripen fruit in cooler
early spring, when the new leaves crease the feedings from % pound climates.
are fully expanded. Chelated mi­ to 1 pound actual nitrogen per On the other hand, plants in
cronutrients are bound to a chemi­ year, spread out over three or four mulched areas may be more sus­
cal that improves their absorption applications. From the eighth or ceptible to frost damage because
by the plant. ninth year onward, plants should less heat is absorbed by the soil and
receive between 1 and 114 pounds re-radiated at night. For best frost
Fertilizer Rates of actual nitrogen per year. protection, rake the mulch away to
Here are some general guidelines expose the ground around the
for applying fertilizers. Judging the Results plant during cold spells, or use a
First, it's safest to apply fertilizers The best way to tell how much gravel mulch, which, like soil,
three or four times during the fertilizer to use is to look at the stores heat during the day and re­
growing season, beginning in late plants. Nitrogen promotes vegeta­ leases it at night.
winter and ending in late summer. tive growth, and too much of it can Never pile any mulch against a
Fertilizing after late summer can reduce your fruit crop. Conversely, tree trunk or plant stem, because it
82 Caring for Subtropical Fruits

can cause rot. Keep it at least 6 plant. By thinning main shoots the plant flat and productive from
inches away. An exception to this back to shorter side branches, you top to bottom. Espaliers are particu­
rule is in very cold climates, where can decrease the size of a plant larly effective in areas where space
a mulch is piled extra high Io pro­ without destroying its natural is limited.
tect the trunk. character.
Heading cuts remove the termi­ Pest and Disease
Pruning nal or top of a branch, resulting in Control
Unlike most temperate fruit trees, vigorous growth from dormant Most plants, when properly cared
which must be pruned carefully buds just below the cut and a dens­ for, will resist attacks from insects
and frequently for best fruit pro­ er, more compact plant. Shearing to and diseases. Many pesticides have
duction, most subtropical fruit spe­ form a hedge is a type of heading. been approved for use on commer­
cies do not require drastic annual Both thinning and heading will cially important subtropical fruits
pruning. Kiwi fruit and passion control the size of a plant, but such as citrus and avocados, but
fruit are two exceptions; they must thinning usually produces a health­ other less-common fruits are rarely
be pruned regularly to promote ier, more attractive plant. listed on chemical labels. In either
flowering, to keep the plants under Some subtropicals, such as citrus, case, the best advice for insect and
control, and to keep the fruit with­ figs, and persimmons, can be disease control is to prevent prob­
in easy reach. trained as informal espaliers. An lems by following good cultural
Even though pruning may not espalier is a plant trained in a flat, practices. Drought-stressed, im­
always be necessary, in most cases vertical plane, usually against a properly planted, or overfertilized
you will want to prune your plants fence, wall, or trellis. Formal de­ plants are more susceptible to pest
to control their size, make them signs, which have a recognizable and disease problems than vigor­
more attractive, or stimulate new geometric pattern to the branches, ously growing plants.
growth and heavier yields. are often used for apples and pears If your plants do become infested
There are two types of pruning but are not practical with most with insects or infected by a dis­
cuts: thinning and heading. Thin­ subtropicals. An informal espalier ease, use only chemicals that are
ning cuts remove branches or limbs often ends up looking like a hedge, approved for use on that specific
where they join the rest of the although it is usually more open. plant and follow label directions
plant, resulting in a more open Frequent pruning and tying keeps precisely. Pay particularly close at­
tention to how close to harvest a
Pruning Techniques spray can be used safely. Pest con­
trol regulations vary from state to
state; if you have questions, consult
your cooperative extension office.
Listed below are some of the
pests and diseases that may trouble
subtropical plants and recommen­
dations for control. If a chemical
control is mentioned, it does not
mean it can be used on all subtropi­
cal fruit. Check the label first.
Aphids Aphids are small, soft-
Heading cuts remove Thinning cuts remove bodied insects that feed on plant
the ends of branches. branches at their origin. sap. They may be yellow, green,
This causes buds just This invigorates the red, purple, brown, or black, and
below the cuts to grow, remaining shoots, pro­ are usually clustered on plant
producing a fuller, ducing an open, airy tree. leaves, stems, and flowers. Some
denser tree. aphids are covered with a white,
waxy coating.
Aphids distort the parts of the
plant they feed on and, in severe
infestations, stunt the whole plant.
Aphids produce honeydew, a clear,
shiny, sticky fluid that coats plant
parts and attracts ants.
The easiest method of controlling
aphids is to knock them off the
plant with a hard spray of slightly
When pruning to devel­ Narrow crotches are Branches with wide soapy water. Malathion and Dia­
op a strong branch usually weak. A heavy crotch angles are stronger zinon are also effective controls
structure, remove limbs crop and a little wind and can support a registered for use on citrus.
with narrow crotch way cause them to break. heavier load. Caterpillars Caterpillars are lar­
angles. vae of moths and butterflies, and
include such pests as tent caterpil­
 Caring for Subtropical Fruits 83

lars and leaf rollers. Caterpillars parts. Their feeding causes the them. If the plants are cared for
may be smooth, hairy, or covered leaves to become stippled, discol­ properly, most will continue to be
with spines. They may feed on ored, and yellow. Eventually the productive regardless of the nema­
leaves, stems, flowers, or fruit. leaves may die. Mites thrive on todes. If you think nematodes are
Diazinon is recommended for water-stressed, dusty plants. Thus, causing you serious problems, con­
control of caterpillars on citrus. Ba­ the best way to prevent mite prob­ sult your local cooperative exten­
cillus thuringensis, a biological con­ lems is to water properly and occa­ sion office.
trol marketed under the names sionally spray the plants with wa­ Scale Scale look like small fish
Thuricide and Di pel, is an effective ter to keep them clean. Refined oil scales stuck to the plant. They may
control for the caterpillars when sprays are also effective for mite be brown, reddish, or gray, and
they are very young. control on citrus. The miticide, di- they may be covered with a white,
Mealybugs Mealybugs are oval, cofol (marketed under the name waxy material. Adult scales are im­
white insects that cluster in white, Kelthane), is recommended for use mobile and feed on the plant's sap.
cottony masses on stems and on citrus. Young scales have no shell and
leaves. Like aphids, mealybugs Nematodes Nematodes are mi­ move around on the plant.
suck plant juices. Infested plant croscopic worms that live in the Foliage infested with scale turns
parts may be distorted, yellowed, soil and infest plant roots. They yellow and may die. In severe in­
and stunted. Honeydew, a clear, usually stunt a plant and may pre­ festations, the insects may entirely
shiny secretion of the mealybugs, dispose it to infection by diseases or cover the trunk and branches. Like
may cover plant parts and attract infestation by other pests. other sucking insects, scale produce
ants. Malathion and Diazinon are In severe cases, nematodes can honeydew, a sticky, clear, shiny
registered for control of mealybugs kill a plant. Some types of nema­ material that attracts ants.
on citrus and figs. todes produce small nodules or The protective shells on adult scale
Mites Mites are tiny pests related bulges on the plant roots, but most makes them difficult to control. On
to spiders. In fact, some mite spe­ of the time it's hard to tell if you citrus, light oil sprays can be used
cies are commonly called spider have a nematode problem. Soil fu­ to smother adult scale and their
mites. Spider mites produce web­ migation prior to planting is the eggs. Malathion and Diazinon are
bing that covers the undersides of only way to control nematodes, but used to control scale in its young,
infested leaves and other plant usually it is easier just to live with crawling stage.

Top: Aphids may completely cover the

new shoots of citrus. Malathion and
Diazinon are recommended controls.

Bottom: Mealybugs may infest the

leaves, stems, and fruit of citrus. Mal­
Omnivorous looper, a pest of avocado and other plants, can be controlled with Ba­ athion and Diazinon are registered
cillus thuringensis when the loopers are small. controls.
84 Caring for Subtropical Fruits

Slugs and Snails Slugs and shiny, black spots. Malathion and ferred to as anthracnose) are usual­
snails feed on the flowers, young Diazinon are registered chemical ly caused by fungi. In many cases
shoots, leaves, and fruit of many controls. they do not seriously damage the
subtropical fruit species. They plant, but some leaf-spotting fungi
avoid direct sun and dry places, Diseases will defoliate a plant, causing it to
hiding during the day in damp, The most frequently occurring dis­ decline and eventually die. Leaf­
protected places. eases of subtropical fruit are en­ spotting fungi are most active in
Baits containing metaldehyde are couraged by poorly drained soil or mild, damp weather.
recommended for use on many excess water around the trunk of To control mild infections, sim­
tropical fruit trees. You can also the plant. Trunk cankers, foot rots, ply pick off the damaged leaves. If
keep slugs and snails under control and root rots can quickly kill plants the infection becomes serious,
by cleaning up the debris in which and are difficult to control once spray with a neutralized copper
they hide during the day. To reduce they have taken hold. Watering fungicide or another appropriately
snail problems on citrus, prune the properly, planting in well-drained labeled fungicide, such as benomyl,
lower branches so they don't hang soil, keeping wet soil and mulches captan, or chlorothalonil.
on the ground, and place a band of away from trunks, and breaking Fireblight Fireblight is a bacteri­
copper screen around the base of basins in rainy seasons so excess al disease that infects subtropical
the trunk. water can drain away are the best plants in the rose family, such as
Thrips Thrips are tiny, slender preventive measures. Various fruit loquats. It is spread by contaminat­
insects that infest the flowers, rots also cause problems in humid ed splashing water, pollinating in­
leaves, fruit, and shoots of many climates. Chlorothalonil is regis­ sects, and pruning shears. Fire­
kinds of plants. They damage tered for control of fruit rot on blight symptoms are unmistakable:
plants by rasping plant tissue and papaya and passion fruit. Other The tips of branches are blackened
then sucking the released sap. controls vary depending on the and appear to be burned (hence the
Thrips distort flower petals and area; consult your local extension name fireblight).
leaves. Damaged leaves may be specialists for appropriate control There are no cures for this dis­
flecked, streaked with yellow, and measures. ease, but you may reduce the sever­
have silvery undersides dotted with Leaf spots Leaf spots (often re­ ity of the infection by spraying the

Top: Brown soft scale on citrus. Light

oil sprays will smother the scale; mal­
athion and Diazinon will control scale
in its young, crawling stage.

Mites cause a chlorotic stippling of the leaves. Dicofol is recommended for mite Bottom: Snails eat the leaves and new
control on citrus. shoots of citrus and many other plants.
 Caring for Subtropical Fruits 85

plant several times while it is ally to make sure it doesn't slip or Anyone who becomes a serious
blooming with streptomycin or a girdle the tree. propagator will need additional in­
neutralized copper spray. Stop the formation. The best reference on
disease from spreading by pruning Propagating this subject is Plant Propagation,
out infected branches as soon as Subtropical Fruits Principles and Practices by Hudson
you see them. Cut the infected The more you experiment with Hartmann and Dale Kester, pub­
branches off several inches below growing subtropical fruits, the lished by Prentice-Hall. Ortho's
the blackened area. Sterilize your more you'll want to propagate your book How To Build & Use Green­
shears after each cut by dipping own plants. Nurseries will not al­ houses discusses the facilities that
them in rubbing alcohol or a 10% ways be the best source of the are often required for propagating
solution of chlorine bleach. varieties you desire, so you will subtropical fruit.
inevitably have to grow plants
Animal Pests from seed or propagate a friend's Growing Plants From Seed
Birds and rodents can be as trouble­ plant by rooting cuttings, budding, Most subtropical fruitscan be prop­
some as any insect or disease. or grafting. Grafting and budding agated from seed. Exceptions in­
Many bird species will feec on techniques can also be used to re­ clude the seedless citrus, persim­
ripening fruit. The most effective store the top of a tree that has been mon, pineapple, and banana.
way to deter them from devouring killed below the bud union or to Because fruit quality and other
your harvest is to cover the plants place pollinating limbs in trees that characteristics of most plants are
with protective netting, available in require cross-pollination. variable in seed-grown plants,
most nurseries and garden centers. There are five basic methods of however, this propagation method
Mice, voles, and rabbits will eat propagating plants: germinating is usually used only to produce
the bark of young trees. If enough seed, rooting cuttings, budding and rootstocks that will later be grafted
bark is removed to girdle the tree, other forms of grafting, layering, or budded to selected varieties.
the roots will die and the shoots and dividing. The success of each Papaya, passion fruit, and tamar-
will wither. Protect the trunk with method varies among species and illo are examples of fruit that can be
hardware cloth or narrow wire even among varieties of the same propagated from seed. You could
mesh. Check the material occasion­ species. take seed from supermarket fruit,

Top: Thrips rasp silvery patterns on

the leaves and fruit of citrus. Malathi­
on and Diazinon are registered for
control of thrips on citrus.

Bottom: Fireblight infects the shoots Anthracnose caused by Cercospora infects the leaves and forms sunken lesions on
of loquat and other plants in the rose the fruit of avocados in Florida and along the Gulf Coast. Spray with basic copper
family. sulfate.
86 Caring for Subtropical Fruits

germinate it, and expect the result­ 32° and 40° F before they will ger­ Most subtropical fruit seeds will
ing plant to produce good fruit. minate. Such chilling simulates the remain viable for several months,
With other fruit, you never know natural winter conditions necessary but some seeds, such as citrus, li­
what you'll get, and plants will to break dormancy. To stratify tchi, and mango, are quite perish­
probably take years to bear fruit. seeds, place them in a plastic bag able once they have been removed
Germination requirements differ filled with damp peat moss and from the fruit. Mango seeds are
for each plant, but in general, seeds store them for several months in enclosed in a husk that must be
need warm temperatures, moisture, the vegetable compartment of your removed before planting. Also, the
and a suitable medium to germi­ refrigerator. Kiwi fruit seeds should seeds will not be viable if the fruit
nate. Seeds from most subtropical remain in the fruit during the strat­ has been stored at a temperature
fruits germinate best if the soil ification process. below 55° F.
temperature is maintained between Germinate seeds in a nursery flat Grafting and Budding
70° and 80° F. To accomplish this, filled with sterile potting soil. Most Budding and grafting are vegeta­
you'll need to supply bottom heat seeds should be planted just below tive propagation techniques in
to keep the soil warm. There are the soil surface. Covering the flat which a piece of stem or a single
many products on the market de­ with clear plastic or a piece of glass bud of a selected variety (scion) is
signed to heat a flat of soil. will help maintain the high humid­ fused with a rootstock. To be suc­
Seeds from some deciduous ity necessary for germination. But cessful, the cambium areas (a thin
fruits, including kiwi fruit, persim­ be careful: Too much moisture en­ layer of growing tissue beneath the
mon and pomegranate, require a courages soil diseases that can at­ bark) of the scion and the rootstock
long period of cold storage (stratifi­ tack seeds and seedlings. Germina­ must be in contact. Formation of
cation) at temperatures between tion time varies by plant. callus (a hard, white tissue) at the
union between the scion and the
rootstock is a sign that the bud or
graft is "taking."
Deciduous plants are grafted
while dormant. Evergreen plants
are usually grafted in the spring.
Each piece of scion must have at
least one well-developed but dor­
mant bud. High humidity and
warm temperatures (common
greenhouse conditions) favor suc­
cessful grafting.
Macadamia and mango scion
wood should be wrapped tightly
with a piece of wire several weeks
prior to cutting it from the mother
tree. This girdling forces the scion
wood to store food and stimulates
1. Remove leaves from from each side of base. in rooting medium, development of latent buds.
bottom 3 inches of cutting. 3. Dip end of cutting in 4. Cover with plastic to Budding is probably the easiest
2. Slice a strip of bark rooting hormone and plant maintain humidity.
grafting method. It allows a large
number of plants to be propagated
from a small amount of scion
wood. It is also suitable for larger
trunks and stems. Budding can be
done whenever the bark is slipping
(when it separates easily from the
cambium). This is usually in the
spring, when plants are actively
growing, but budding can also be
done in summer and fall. The most
common forms of budding are il­
lustrated on page 87.
Although a variety of specialized
grafting tools are available, you can
make do with a sharp pocketknife,
grafting tape, a good pair of prun­
ing shears, and a can of commer­
1. Remove a ring of bark 2. Cover the ring with 3. When roots haw filled cially available grafting sealer. You
an inch wide and scrape slightly moist sphagnum the moss, cut the shoot and may also need a small cleaver, a
away the cambium layer. ntoss and plastic wrap. plant the new tree. hammer and nails, and a pruning
saw for grafting large limbs.
 Caring for Subtropical Fruits 87

Rooting Cuttings
Cuttings are short pieces of stem
that are removed from a plant and
stimulated to form roots at the bas­
al end. There are three types of
vegetative cuttings, but they differ
only in the maturity of the growth
being propagated. A cutting taken
from new growth at the tip of a
branch is referred to as a softt;>ood
culling; one taken from growth that
is six to eight weeks old is described
as a sentihardwood cutting; and a
stock so cambium layers
section taken from the oldest about an inch long on op­ downward into rootstock arc together.
growth of the current or past sea­ posite sides of the scion. and insert scion into 3. Cut after to 8 weeks.
son (if the plant is dormant) is
termed a hardwood cutting.
Subtropical fruit that can be
propagated by cuttings may form
roots on a softwood cutting but not
a hardwood cutting, or vice versa.
So it's very important to take cut­
tings at the right time and from the
right place. Use a rooting hormone
according to the label directions to
help stimulate root development
on the basal end of the cutting. Let
as many leaves remain on the cut­
ting as is practical, and maintain
high humidity. A 60-40 mix of same angle. from point and angling to­ cambium layers in contact
perlite and peat moss is a popular 2. Make slits in cut ends. ward center. and tape.
rooting medium for subtropical
fruit. Keep the temperature of the
medium between 75° and 85° F T-Budding or Shield-Budding
with one of the heating systems
designed for plant propagation.

Dividing Plants
Bananas cannot be propagated by
rooting cuttings, grafting, or air­
layering, but they do produce suck­
ers or offshoots identical to the
mother plant, which can be re­
moved and rooted. Remove as large
a piece of the mother root as possi­
I. Remove bud by cutting 2. Make a T-shaped cut in until the lop is even with
ble when removing the offshoot; from M inch below bud to slock and separate flaps. top of "T” and tape. Cut
small shoots may not have enough a cut M inch above bud. 3. Insert the bud into cut stock after o to 8 weeks.
stored food to establish new roots.
Remove one third to one half of the
foliage from the division, tie the
remaining leaves together, and
plant it in warm soil. Maintain
high humidity to keep shoots from
drying out.

Air-Layering
Litchis are best propagated by air­
layering. In this method, a shoot is
partially severed from the parent
plant and forced to grow roots.
After the shoot is rooted, it is re­
moved from the parent and plant­ 1. Cut chip containing bud shaped chip from stock. layers touch. Tape lightly,
ed. See page 86 for an illustrated from scion. 3. Insert scion bud into leaving bud exposed. Cut
2. Cut an identically rootstock so cambium stock after o to 8 weeks.
description of this technique.
 89

Subtropical Fruits in Containers

Container plantings offer the gardener versatility and opportunity.
Many plants that would not survive if planted in the garden will thrive in
containers—indoors and out.
Growing subtropical fruits in con­ A small plant, such as a calamon­ Container Soils
tainers solves many otherwise in­ din, can be grown for years in a The ideal container soil combines
surmountable problems of soil, site, gallon-sized pot. Many others optimal aeration and drainage with
and climate. If the soil in your yard should be moved to ever larger good moisture retention and the
is poorly drained, you can fill a containers until a 15-gallon size is ability to hold an available supply
container with a soil mix that will reached. Containers larger than 15 of necessary nutrients. It should
provide excellent aeration, mois­ gallons are unwieldy and difficult also be lightweight so that the con­
ture-holding capacity, and drain­ to move. tainers can be moved easily. Garden
age. You may not have a place in Large clay, stone, and ceramic soils are not good container soils.
your yard with sunlight suitable containers are very durable but can They rarely drain properly, are usu­
for year-round cultivation of a par­ be heavy. Wood containers are at­ ally too heavy, and often contain
ticular species, but if the plants are tractive and generally lightweight. disease organisms. Instead, use one
in containers they can be moved Unless treated with a nontoxic pre­ of the many potting soils available
about as the weather dictates. But servative, however, the constant in nurseries, or mix your own us­
most of all, if you live in a cold contact with wet soil causes them ing the following recipe.
climate, you can enjoy many af the to rot quickly. Plastic containers are To make about I cubic yard of
species in this book that would not light and durable and are available soil, take:
survive a winter outdoors. Contain­ in many designs. • 14 cubic feet of peat moss or
ers are wonderfully mobile. They composted fir or pine bark
can be moved indoors or to green­ • 14 cubic feet of perlite
houses for protection from the Dump the ingredients in a pile
coldest winters and then back out­ and roughly mix them. Dampen
doors when the weather is right. the mix as you go. Dry peat moss is
Container culture is also one of far easier to wet with warm water
the most attractive ways to enjoy than with cool water.
subtropical fruits. Matched with a Spread these fertilizers over the
handsome pot that complements rough mix:
their distinctive habit, they can be • 5 pounds of ground limestone
moved to center stage when in fruit • 5 pounds of 5-10-10 fertilizer
or flower, then shuttled back :o the containing calcium, magnesium,
best growing area as needed. sulfur, iron, manganese, and zinc.
Mix by shoveling (use a scoop
What Type of shovel) the ingredients into a cone-
Container? shaped pile, letting each shovelful
When choosing a container, consid­ dribble down the cone. To get a
er its size, durability, and weight. thoroughly mixed product, the
cone-building should be repeated
three to five times.
Left: Many subtropicals are well suit­ If you are not going to use the
ed for container culture indoors, out­ mix right away, store it in plastic
doors, or in solariums. From left to bags or plastic garbage cans. To mix
right: banana, 'Chinotto' sour orange, smaller quantities, reduce the
and calamondin. amounts of the ingredients propor­
tionately. The nutrients in the mix
Right: 'Marsh' grapefruit will last about three to four weeks.
90 Subtropical Fruits in Containers

Then, begin fertilizing according to gently tipping its container. If it though it may seem a drastic one, is
the instructions in "Fertilizing feels light, the plant needs water; if to prune the roots. First, and this is
Plants in Containers," at right. it feels heavy, the plant can proba­ the most important step, prune the
bly go a while longer. top of the plant, reducing its size
Watering Plants in by at least one third. This compen­
Containers Fertilizing Plants in sates for the roots you are about to
Plants grown in containers require Containers prune off. Next, remove the plant
more frequent watering than those Frequent watering leaches nutri­ from the container and cut off one
grown in the ground. Dark-colored ents rapidly. To compensate, fertil­ fourth to one third of the outside of
containers will dry out faster than ize once a month with a liquid the rootball with a sharp knife.
light-colored ones, and porcus pots fertilizer according to the instruc­ Then place the plant back in the
made of wood or clay will dry out tions on the label. Begin in early container with fresh soil, and water
faster than those of nonporous spring and stop in late summer or thoroughly. When done properly,
plastic. early fall to avoid encouraging late, root pruning quickly invigorates
Apply enough water so the en­ frost-sensitive growth. Fast-grow­ rootbound plants.
tire rootball becomes wet. This may ing plants such as bananas may Removing a large plant from a
take several passes with the hose. need more frequent feeding. Micro­ big container can be difficult. You'll
Make sure the water is not just nutrients can also be leached quick­ probably need help. A better idea is
running down the space between ly from container soils, so use a to plan ahead, and build a contain­
the rootball and container, a com­ complete fertilizer containing er with sides that are easily re­
mon occurrence if the plant has micronutrients. moved. With a little creative car­
gone too long without water. pentry you can build functional
In areas with salty water, such as Root Pruning and attractive containers with slip-
the Southwest, be sure to leach the Sooner or later your plants—even away sides or removal bolts.
soil well by adding enough water those well adapted to containers—
so that 10 to 20 percent of the water will begin to run out of root space.
applied drains from the bottom of When this happens, the dense root­ Below: 'Meyer lemons are popular
the container. ball becomes harder to water, the container plants because they bloom
You can get a good idea as to plant grows slowly, and fruit pro­ over a long period and bear bumper
whether a plant needs water by duction declines. A solution, al­ crops on small, compact trees.
 Subtropical Fruits in Containers 91

Growing Subtropical kitchen pot, oranges are there for Despite these variations, a few
Fruits in Cold Climates the picking, almost al) year round. guidelines apply to all container­
Tender fruiting plants, such as ba­ The calamondin has brought so ized tropicals.
nanas, papayas, and figs, have been much joyous promise of new
grown in cold climates for centu­ growth in the midst of winter— Make Smooth Transitions
ries. Orangeries, large greenhouses when snows are blowing or tem­ Take your time moving plants
for overwintering containerized cit­ peratures are below zero—that I from one location to another. If
rus, date back to sixteenth-certury can no longer imagine a house you're moving plants outside after
Europe. Some small-fruited types of without at least one citrus on a a long winter indoors, do it gradu­
citrus, such as calamondin and the sunny windowsill." ally. Place them in a shady spot
'Otaheite' orange, have been popu­ first. Then slowly give the plants
lar American houseplants for Providing the Best more sun over a period of several
decades. Conditions weeks. This will help prevent sun­
Today, perhaps because of the You'll have to follow a few rules burned foliage. Also, watch out for
increased use of greenhouses tor for growing subtropical fruit in late spring frosts.
solar heating, subtropical fruits are cold climates, especially if you ex­ Moving plants from outdoors to
becoming more popular in colder pect to enjoy fresh fruit. Each plant indoors should be done at an equal­
climates. New organizations and will require different conditions. ly slow pace. Give the plant less
clubs reflect this surge of interest. Some are best grown in warm and less sun until it's ready to come
For example, the Indoor Citrus and greenhouses the year around. Oth­ inside. Before bringing it indoors,
Rare Fruit Society (IC&RFS) is a ers should be grown outdoors in hose it down to wash off any dust
growing organization "dedicated to the summer, then moved to a cool or dirt on the leaves. If necessary,
the development and enjoyment of but frost-free location in the winter. spray to control pests.
indoor/outdoor fruit culture." Its
quarterly newsletter provides infor­
mation on growing all types of
tropical and subtropical fruit, in­
doors and outdoors. See page 94 for
the group's address.
Many of the common rules
change when you move subtropical
fruit indoors, whether it's into a
greenhouse, into a cool basement,
or onto a sunny windowsill. It can't
be denied that many of these plants
will need pampering and will re­
quire much more effort than the
average houseplant.
The rewards are there as well,
however. In one of their newslet­
ters, a member of the IC&RFS
wrote, "My wife and I are as con­
trary as any other Americans, and
one form that our contrariness
takes is the joy at seeing the cala­
mondin orange on our bedroom
windowsill when snow is falling
outside. There it is, a summer
thing, a tropic thing, mocking the
elements with orange-colored ripe
fruit, green fruit, an abundance of
evergreen leaves, and blossoms
breathing the citrus fragrance
called neroli. This orange tree, al­
though no more than 2 feet high
and 2 feet in branch span, is nearly
thirty years old, and for most of its
life has flourished. Like chives in a

Right: Citrus trees bring color indoors

when its needed most—in the midst of
winter. Here are 'Eureka' lemon (right)
and 'Fairchild' mandarin (left).
92 Subtropical Fruits in Containers

Maintain High Humidity need as much water, but don't al­ Most of them are small, so moving
The dry heat that circulates low them to dry out completely. If them to ever larger pots is done at a
through most homes during the you are just trying to keep plants leisurely pace, and they won't get
cold months of the year will severe­ cool and dormant until spring, they so large that they are difficult to
ly shock plants that have been out­ won't need much light either. If move. Bananas, dwarf citrus, figs,
side all summer. This usually you are trying to ripen fruit, how­ guavas, pineapple guavas, loquat,
means they lose all their leaves. Do ever, the more light the better. You papaya, passion fruit, and tree to­
everything possible to increase the may want to consider supplemen­ matoes are all perfectly suited to
humidity around the plants: Spray tal illumination with artificial containers.
the foliage with a fine mist of lights. Adjust your feedings accord­
water, place the containers on a ing to how you want the plant to Banana
tray of rocks partially submerged grow, but in general feed lightly, if The banana's fast growth rate
in water, group the plants so they at all. makes it a good choice for indoor/
can humidify each other, or buy a outdoor culture or for growing in a
humidifier. Also, keep plants away Which Fruit To Try? greenhouse the year around. Con­
from heater vents. Almost any plant can be grown in ditions must be exact to ripen fruit,
a container if the pot is large however—as hot and sunny as pos­
Adjust Care to Conditions enough. Some plants, however, sible with high humidity. The only
Once plants are indoors they won't adapt better to container growing. sure way to produce these condi­
tions is to put the plant in a green­
house. You also need to watch soil
moisture levels. A fast-growing
plant, such as a banana plant, in a
warm location needs lots of water.
Conversely, if the conditions are
cool, be careful not to overwater.
Choose dwarf varieties. If every­
thing goes according to plan, they
can bear fruit within 18 months of
planting.

Dwarf Citrus
More types of citrus are grown in
cold climates than any other sub­
tropical fruit. Many are grown in­
doors in winter and outdoors in
summer. Others are grown in
greenhouses or sunny windows the
year around.
Acid citrus types, such as lem­
ons, calamondins, and limes, are
most popular, simply because they
tend to be ever-blooming, don't
need heat to sweeten them, and
ripen in a relatively short time. If
you have a greenhouse, however,
almost anything is possible.
You can treat citrus a number of
different ways. If the trees are kept
in a cool location, below 55° F, they
will remain dormant but the fruit
will still ripen. This is usually the
least stressful way of overwintering
the trees. If you keep them warmer,
many will continue to grow and
bloom during the winter, but yrou
must supply' light and high humid­
ity for healthy growth. In this case,
a greenhouse is ideal.
Top: These are ideal conditions for growing citrus indoors—bright light front a Any citrus grown indoors will
large window and increased humidity from running water. have a greater chance of setting
fruit if hand-pollinated. Simply use
Bottom: Containers made of redwood are long lasting and make a handsome a small artist's brush to spread pol­
addition to a patio or deck. len from one flower to another.
 Subtropical Fruits in Containers 93

Feijoa more adaptable and can more easi­ fruit are good. Just remember to
The pineapple guava is one of the ly withstand the rigors of dramati­ plant at least three seeds to ensure
most rugged subtropical plants. If cally changing conditions. It is also the presence of male and female
the plant is kept cool (45° to 55° F) more likely to be ever-blooming, flowers for pollination. (See page
in winter it will remain dormant and the fruit ripens over a shorter 65 for more about papaya flowers.)
and will flower when taken out­ period. Treat guavas as you would Low-growing varieties of Hawaiian
doors the following spring. The citrus plants, but prune them regu­ papaya, such as 'Solo', are best.
fruit ripen in midsummer, usually larly to keep them compact. The
about four months after flowers tropical guava is best adapted to Passion Fruit
open. The feijoa can also be grown hot, humid greenhouse conditions. The passion fruit vine is a hand­
in a greenhouse. some addition to a greenhouse or to
Loquat a patio in the summer. Flowering is
Fig The loquat is one of the easier triggered by day length and seems
The fig is the easiest subtropical plants to bring to fruit indoors. It to be more prolific when the roots
fruit to grow in cold climates. It is grows well under a variety of in­ are cramped in a container. Fruit
deciduous and relatively hardy, and door conditions and is sometimes set is most likely under humid
in many areas it can be overwin­ sold as a houseplant. The plant conditions. The fruit ripens three to
tered if covered with a thick mulch, blooms in the fall and, if it is kept four months after flowering. Prune
or protected as illustrated on page cool after the fruit set, the fruit to keep the plant within bounds.
13. Also, it bears two crops and should ripen the following spring. Although the vine will grow in­
often bears fruit the first year after For best results, grow the loquat doors, it will seldom flower or set
planting. A plant grown in a con­ outdoors in summer and prune the fruit in the low light.
tainer can simply be moved to a plant in spring to keep it compact.
garage, greenhouse, or basement Tree Tomato
and brought back outside when the Papaya The tree tomato and its relatives in
weather warms. The papaya is best grown in a the Solanaceae family are good in-
greenhouse the year around; it is door/outdoor plants for cold cli­
Guava unlikely it would survive without mates. They grow quickly from
Both the tropical and the strawber­ 12 months of high heat and humid­ seed, fruit at a young age, and
ry guava can be overwintered in­ ity. If you can provide these condi­ adapt well to a variety of indoor
doors, but the strawberry guava is tions, your chances of enjoying conditions.
94 Sources

///////Ik
////////
I I
Plant and Seed Suppliers c? Information Sources
A LOGEE S GREENHOUSES $3 • • • • 1 CALIFORNIA RARE FRUIT
55 North Street GROWERS. INC.
Danielson. CT 06239 The Fullerton Arboretum
California State University. Fulerton
B ALBERTS & MERKEL Free • • • Fullerton. CA 92634
2210 South Federal Highway
Membership fee: $10
Boynton Beach, FL 33435
C ADAMS CITRUS NURSERIES Free • 2 RARE FRUIT COUNCIL
2020 Dundee Road INTERNATIONAL. INC.
Winter Haven. FL 33880 13609 O:d Cutler Road
Miami. FL 33158
D LOUISIANA NURSERY Free • • Membership foe: $20
Route 7. Box 43
Opelousas, LA 70570
3 NORTH AMERICAN FRUIT
E PLANT KINGDOM 50c • • EXPLORERS
Box 7273 Maw Kudo. Membership Chairperson
bncoin Acres. CA 92083 10 South 055 Madison Street
Hnsdaie. IL 60521
F NORTHWOODS NURSERY Free • • • Membership fee: $6
28696 South Gramer Road
Moiaia. OR 97038
4 CALIFORNIA AVOCADO SOCIETY
G PATRICKS NURSERY Free • • • Box 4816
Box 1590 Saticoy. CA 93004
TyTy, GA 31795 Membership fee: $10
H EASTVILLE PLANTATION Free • • • 5 NORTHERN NUT GROWERS
Box 337
Bogart. GA 30622 ASSOCIATION
Ken Bauman. Treasurer
1 EXOTICA SEED CO. 8 $2 9870 South Palmer Road
RARE FRUIT NURSERY New Carlisle. OH 45344
2508 East Vista Way Membership fee: $13
Vsta. CA 92083
J STARK BROTHERS NURSERIES Free • • 6 CALIFORNIA MACADAMIA SOCIETY
Louisiana. MO 63353-0010 Box 1290
Fallbrook. CA 92028
K HASTINGS Free • • • Membership fee: $12.50
Box 4274
Atlanta. GA 30303-4274 7 KIWIFRUIT GROWERS OF
L RAINTREE NURSERY Free • • • • CALIFORNIA. INC.
391 Butts Road 1151 Los Ros Dnve
Morton. WA 98356 Carmichael. CA 95608
Membership fee: $30
M FOUR WINDS GROWERS Free • •
Box 3538 8 AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
Fremont. CA 94539 HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE
N EDIBLE LANDSCAPING $1 • • • 701 North Saint Asaph Street
Route 2. Box 343 A Alexandria. VA 22314
Afton. VA 22920 Membership fee: $50

O PACIFIC TREE FARMS $1.50 9 HOME ORCHARD SOCIETY

4301 Lynwood Drive 2511 S W. Miles Street
Chula Vista. CA 92010 Portland. OR 97219
P GARDEN OF DELIGHTS Free • Membership fee: $5
2018 Mayo Street
Hollywood. FL 33020 10 FRIENDS OF THE FIG SOCIETY
840 Ralph Road
Q LYCHEE TREE NURSERY Free • Conyers. GA 30208
3151 South Kanner Highway Membership fee: $5
Stuart. FL 33494
R GARDEN WORLD SI • • • • • • • • 11 AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL
2503 Garfield Street SOCIETY
Laredo. TX 78043 103 Tyson Budding
Urwersity Park, PA 16802
S MAR VISTA NURSERY 50C • • • Membership fee: $12
Box 1056
Carpinteria. CA 93013 12 INTERNATIONAL DWARF FRUIT
T JERSEY CHESTNUT FARM Free TREE ASSOCIATION
58 Van Duyne Avenue 301 Horticulture Budding
Wayne. NJ 07470 Michigan State University
East Lans-ng, Ml 48824
U POSSUM TROT TROPICAL Free • • • • • • • • • • • Membership fee: $25
NURSERY
14955 S.W. 214th Street 13 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL
Miami. FL 33187 SOCIETY
V THE FIG TREE NURSERY 50C • 800 Lake Jessie Drive
Box 124 Writer Haven, FL 33880
Gulf Hammock. FL 32639 Membership fee: $15
W W.O. LESSARD NURSERY 50C • 14 INDOOR CITRUS & RARE FRUIT
19201 S.W. 248th Street SOCIETY
Homestead. FL 33031 176 Coronado Avenue
X THE BANANA TREE Free • Los Altos. CA 94022
715 Northampton Street Membership fee: $10
Easton. PA 18042
Y BROKAW NURSERY Free • • • • • • • • • • •
Box 4818
Saticoy. CA 93003
 Index 95

Note: Page numbers in italics refer

Cherry of the Rio Grande, 6, 73 Fertilizers, 80-81 I
Chicken With Macadamia- Fertilizing, 80-81 Indoor Citrus and Rare Fruit
to illustrations.
Mango Stuffing, 60, 61 avocado trees, 17 Society, 91
A Chilling requirements, 10 banana plants, 22 Indoor plants, 91-93
Acerola cherry, 74 Chutney cherimoya trees, 25 Insects, 82-84. See also Pests and
Actinidia argute, 55 Mango, 64 citrus trees, 30, 31 diseases
Actinidia chinensis. See Kiwi fruit papaya, 66 container plants, 90
Actinidia kcdoniikta. 55 Cit range, 30 feijoa plants, 45 J
Adaptation Ciirangequat, 28 Jaboticaba, 75, 75
fig trees, 47-48
avocado, 16 Japanese
Citron, 29, 32, 43 guava plants, 50
banana, 20-21 Citrus, 7, 26, 27 kiwi vines, 52 medlar. See Loquat(s)
cherimoya, 23-24 See also specific fruits persimmon. See
litchi trees, 56
citrus, 27-28 Persimmon(s), Oriental
adaptation, 27-28 loquat trees, 58
feijoa, 44-45 plum. See Loquat(s)
in cold climate, 92 macadamia trees, 60
fig, 46 Jelly, Guava, 50
dwarf, 92 mango trees, 62
guava, 49-50 Juice, citrus, 29
fruit shape, 28 papaya plants, 65
kiwi, 51-52 Jujube, 75
fruit size, 27, 28 passion vines, 67
litchi, 55 harvesting and storing, 31 persimmon trees, 69 K
loquat, 57 pollination, 29 tree tomato, 72 Kei apple, 73
macadamia, 59 propagation, 29-30 white sapote, 71 Key lime pie, 36
mango, 62 relatives, 40 Ficus carica. See Fig(s) Kiwi fruit, 51-55
papaya, 65 rootstocks, 30 Fig(s), 46-48 female varieties, 54
passion vine, 67 site selection and planting, 30 in cold climate, 93 hardy, 55
persimmon, 68 tree habit 29 Spiced, 48 male varieties, 55
tree tomato, 72 trees, 4, 7, 31 varieties, 47 relatives, 55
white sapote, 70 trees, caring for, 30-31 Fireblight, 84-85, 85 Kumquat(s), 28, 33-34
Air-layering, 87 types of, 32-40 Florida See also Citrus
Alligator pear. See Avocadofs) varieties, 41-43 avocados for, 19 hybrids, 33
Ananas comostts, 73 Chusena lansium. See Wampi citrus for, 28, 41-43 Sauce, Roast Duck With,
Animal pests, 85 Climate, 9-13 mango for, 62, 63 33-34
Annona cherimola. See cold, 9, 91-92 Forlunella species. See size, 27
Cherimoya(s) effects on citrus, 28-29 Kumquat(s) varieties, 43
Annona muncata, 25 and fertilizing, 80
G L
Annona squamosa, 25 regions, 10-11 Landscape design, 5-6
Garcinia mangostana, 74
Anthracnose, 84, 85 variables, 9-10 Leaf spots, 84, 85
Grafting and budding. 86, 87
Aphids, 82, S3 and watering, 79 Leather, Mango, 63
Granadilia. See Passion fruit
Apple-Banana Bread, 23 Coflea arabica, 73 Lemon(s), 28, 34-35
Grapefruit(s), 29, 32-33
Arizona, citrus for, 27 Coffee, 73 See also Citrus
in containers, 89
Asintina triloba, 73 Cold container plant, 90, 91
size, 27
Atemoya, 5, 25 dimate, 91-92 indoors, 91
varieties, 43
Australian nut. See protection, 12-13 Pork, Southern Style, 35-36
Grumichama, 6, 74
Macadamiafs) tolerance, 9 size, 27
Guacamole, 18, 19
Averrhoa carambola, 73 Color, citrus, 28-29 trees, 4, 12, 30, 90
Guava(s), 10, 49-50
Avocadofs), 16-19 Containers), 88, 89 varieties, 42
in cold climate, 93
Soup, 19 avocados for, 19 Limefs), 26, 28, 35-36
Jelly, 50
varieties, 19 choosing, 89 See also Citrus
pineapple. See Feijoa(s)
B choosing plants for, 92-93 Curd Tart, 36
varieties, 50
Banana(s), 20-23, 92 fertilizing plants in, 90 Gulf Coast, citrus for, 27, 41-43 pie, 36
Bread, Apple-, 23 planting from, 78 size, 27
pruning roots for, 90 II
Butter, Special Pink, 22 varieties, 43
soil for, 89-90 Harvesting and storing
in cold climate, 88, 92 Limequat(s), 28, 33
watering plants in, 90 avocados, 18
in containers, 88, 92 See also Citrus
Cultivars, 15 bananas, 22
Sorbet, Tropical, 23 variety, 43
Cuttings, rooting. 87 cherimoyas, 25
varieties, 21 Litchi(s), 55-57
Cyphomandra betacea. See Tree citrus, 31
Basin, watering, 76, 79, 80 dried, 57
tomatofes) feijoas, 45
Bergamot, 27 Longan, 74, 74
figs, 48
Birds, 85 D guavas, 50
Loquat(s), 57-58
Bloom, citrus, 28 Deserts, citrus for, 27, 41-43 in cold climate, 93
kiwis, 54-55
Bread, Apple-Banana, 23 Diospyros digyna. Sec Sapote, dried, 58
litchis, 57
Budding, grafting and, 86, 87 black Sauce, Spicy, 58
loquats, 58
Butter, Special Pink Banana, 22 Dnspyros kaki. See varieties, 58
macadamias, 60-61
Love fruit. See Avocadofs)
c Persimmon(s), Oriental
Diospyros virginiana. See
mangoes, 63
M
Cake papayas, 66
Persimmon, 70 Persimmon(s), American Macadamia(s), 59-61
passion fruit, 67
Diseases, 84-85. See also Pests -Mango Stuffing. Chicken
Sweet Orange and Almond, persimmons, 69
and diseases With, 60, 61
39-40 tree tomato, 72
California Dividing plants, 87 varieties, 60
white sapote, 71
avocados for, 19 Dcvyalis caffra. 73 Hawaii Malabar chestnut, 75
Drip systems, 80 Malpighia glabra, 74
citrus for, 27, 41-43 avocados for, 19
macadamias for, 60 E macadamias for, 60 Mandarin(s), 28-29, 36-37
mangoes for, 64 Eriobotrya japonka. See Loquat(s) mangoes for, 63 Sec also Citrus
Capulin cherry, 75 Eugenia aggregate, 6, 74, 74 Heat requirements, 9 hybrids, 36
Carica species. See Papaya(s) Eugenia brasiliensis, t>, 74, 74 Houseplants, 91-93 size, 27
Carissa macrocarpa, 73 Eugenia luschnalhiana, 6, 74, 74 Hownia juicina, 74 trees, indoors, 91
Carob, 73 Eugenia uniflora, f>, 74 How to Build & Use Greenhouses, varieties, 42
Casimiroa edulis. See Sapote, Euphoria longan, 74, 74 85 Mangifera indica. See Mangofes)
white Exposure, 12 How to use this book, 7 Mangofes), 61-64
Caterpillars, 82-83 Humidity, 9 Chutney, 64
Ceratonia siliqua, 73
F Leather, 63
indoors, 92
Feijoa(s), 44-45 Stuffing, Chicken With
Cherimoya(s), 23-25
in cold climate, 93 Macadamia-, oO, 61
relatives, 25
varieties, 45
varieties, 25 varieties, 62, 63, 64
96 Index

Mangosteen, 74 guava plants, 50 Recipes Stuffing, Chicken With

Manilkara zapota, 74 kiwi vines, 54 Apple-Banana Bread, 23 Macadamia-Mango, 60, 61
Maturity, citrus, 28 litchi trees, 56 Avocado Soup, 19 Subtropical climates, 10-11
Mealybugs, 83 loquat trees, 58 Chicken With Macadamia- Subtropical fruits, 5
Medlar, Japanese. See Loquat(s) macadamia trees, 60 Mango Stuffing, 60, 61 See also specific fruits
Melon pear, 72 mango trees, 62-63 Guava Jelly, 50 caring for, 77-87
Melon shrub, 72 papaya plants, 65-66 Lemon Pork, Southern Style, chart, 73-75
Mexican apple. See Sapote, passion vines, 67 35-36 choosing, 15
white persimmon trees, 69 Lime Curd Tart, 36 in containers, 88, 89-92
Microclimates, 11 tree tomato, 72 Mango Chutney, 64 encyclopedia of, 15-75
Micronutrients, 81 white sapote, 71 Mango Leather, 63 flavors, 15
Miracle fruit, 75, 75 Pie, Key lime, 36 Persimmon Cake, 70 harvest periods, 15
Mites, 83, 84 Pineapple, 73 Roast Duck With Kumquat plants, choosing, 77
Monts nigra, 74 Pitomba, 6, 74 Sauce, 33-34 pollination, 15
Mulberry, black, 74 Plantains. See Banana(s) Special Pink Banana Butter, propagation, 85
Mulches, 79-80, 81-82 Planting, 79. See also Site 22 reasons for growing, 5-7
Mur raya paniculata. See Orange selection and planting Spiced Figs, 48 selected varieties, 15
jessamine Plant Propagation, Principles and Spicy Ixxjuat Sauce, 58 at the table, 6-7
Musa species. See Banana(s) Practices, 85 Sweet Orange and Almond Sugar apple, 25
Myrciaria cauliflora, 75, 75 Plum Cake, 39-40 Sugar cane, 75
N Japanese. See Loquat(s) Tropical Banana Sorbet, 23 Sunlight, 10, 11-12
natal, 73 White Sapote Crumb Surinam cherry, 6, 74
Natal plum, 73
Pollination, 15 Squares, 71 Sweet Orange and Almond
Nematodes, 83
Nurseries avocado, 16-17 Roast Duck With Kumquat Cake, 39-40
banana, 21 Sauce, 33-34 Sweetsop, 25
choosing plants at, 77
cherimoya, 23, 24-25 Rodents, 85 Synsepalunt dulcifkum, 75, 75
names and addresses, 94
citrus, 29 Rootstocks, citrus, 30
Nuts. Sec Litchi(s), dried; T
guava, 50
Macadamia(s)
kiwis, 52
S Tamarillo. See Tree tomato(es)
O Saccharum officinarum, 75 Tamarind, 75, 75
litchi, 56
Opuntia ficus-indica, 75, 75 Sapodilla, 74 Tangelofs), 28, 36, 37
mango, 62
Orangefs), 38 Sapote, black, 70 See also Citrus
papaya, 65
See also Citrus Sapote. white, 71-72 size, 27
persimmons, 68
and Almond Cake, Sweet, Crumb Squares, 72 trees, 4
Poncirus trifoliata. See Orangefs),
39-40 varieties, 72 varieties, 43
trifoliate
blood, 27, 28, 38-39, 41 Sauce Tangorfs), 37
Prickly pear, 75, 75
common, 29, 38, 39, 39, 41 Roast Duck With Kumquat, See also Citrus
Propagation, 85
in containers, 88 33-34 varieties, 43
avocado, 17
jessamine, 40 Spicy Loquat, 58 Tara vine, 55
banana, 23
mandarin. See Mandarin(s) Scale, 83, 84 Tart, lame Curd, 36
citrus, 29-30
navel, 27, 29, 38, 39, 41 Seed, growing plants from, Temperate climates, 11
feijoa, 45
size, 27 85-86 Texas, citrus for, 27
fig, 47
sour, 27, 29, 38, 40, 41 Semitropical climates, 10 Thrips, 84, 85
kiwi, 52
at the table, 38-39 Site selection and planting Tomatoes, tree. See Tree
litchi, 56
trees, 4 avocado, 17 tomatofes)
loquat, 58
trifoliate, 7, 30, 40,40 banana, 21 Tree tomatofes), 70
macadamia, 60
varieties, 41 cherimoya, 25 in cold climate, 93
mango, 62
Orangequat, 43. See also Citrus citrus, 30 relatives, 71
papaya, 65
Organizations, names and feijoa, 45 Tropical
passion vines, 67
addresses, 94 figs, 47 climates, 10
persimmons, 68
Oriental persimmon. See guavas, 50 landscape, 5-6
white sapote, 70
kiwis, 52
Persimmon(s), Oriental Pruning, 82 W
litchis, 56
P avocado trees, 17-18
loquats, 58
Wampi, 40, 73
Pachira aquatica, 75 banana plants, 22 Watering. 79-80
macadamia, 60
Papaya(s), 64-66 cherimoya trees, 25 avocado trees, 17
mango, 62
in cold climate, 93 citrus trees, 30 banana plants, 21-22
papaya, 65
Passiflora species. See Passion feijoa plants, 45 basin, 76, 79
passion vines, 67
fruit fig trees, 48 cherimoya trees, 25
persimmons, 68-69
Passion fruit, 6, 66-68 guava plants, 50 citrus trees, 30
tree tomato, 72
in cold climate, 93 kiwi vines, 52-54 container plants, 90
white sapote, 70
varieties, 67 litchi trees, 56 feijoa plants, 45
Slugs, 84
Pawpaw, 73 loquat trees, 58 fig trees, 47
Smudge pots, 10
Pear-melon, 72 macadamia trees, 60 guava plants, 50
Snails, 84
Peel, citrus, 28 mango trees, 62 and humidity, 9
Societies, names and addresses,
Pepino, 72 papaya plants, 65 kiwi vines, 52
94
Persea americana. See Avocadofs) passion vines, 67 litchi trees, 56
Soil, 77-79
Persimmon(s) persimmon trees, 69 loquat trees, 58
for containers, 89-90
American, 68, 69-70 root, 90 macadamia trees, 60
and fertilizing, 80
Cake, 70 tree tomato, 72 mango trees, 62
and watering, 79
Japanese. See Persimmon(s), white sapote, 71 methods of, 80
Solatium niurieatum, 72
Oriental Prunus salicifolia, 75 papaya plants, 65
Sorbet, Tropical Banana, 23
Oriental, 68-69, 70 Psidium species. See Guava(s) passion vines, 67
Soup, Avocado, 19
relatives, 69-70 Pummelofs)/ 29, 40 persimmon trees, 69
Sources of plants and
varieties, 69 size, 27 tree tomato, 72
information, 94
Pests and diseases, 82-85 variety, 43 white sapote, 71
Soursop, 25
avocado, 18 White Sapote Crumb Squares,
banana, 22
Q Special Pink Banana Butter, 22
72
Queensland nut. See Spiced Figs, 48
cherimoya, 25 Wind, 10
Macadamia(s) Spicy Loquat Sauce, 58
citrus, 30-31
R Sprinklers, 80 Z
feijoa plants, 45 Star fruit, 73 Zapote bianco. See Sapote,
fig tree, 48 Radiation, sunlight, 11-12
Storing. See Harvesting and white
Rainfall, 9
storing Ziziphus jujuba, 75
Raisin tree, 74
AU About Other Books from Controlling Lawn & Shade Gardening
Garden Insects Color With Annuals
Citrus
& Subtropical Fruits
the Ortho Library
Arranging Cut Flowers
All About Pruning
All About Perennials
How to Select & Care
Landscaping With for Shrubs & Hedges
This book is for the gardener who Wildflowers & All About Landscaping
All About Bulbs Native Plants
wants to grow citrus and discover All About Roses
All About Azaleas, Gardening in
the unusual world of subtropical Containers All About Houseplants
Camellias &
fruits. It shows how to grow and Rhododendrons Easy Maintenance All About Trees
enjoy over 50 varieties of citrus and African Violets & Gardening The World of Herbs
16 exotic fruits, with tips on culti­ Flowering Houseplants All About Growing & Spices
vating these plants indoors in colder All About Evergreens Fruits, Berries & Nuts The World of Cactus
All About Vegetables & Succulents
climates. Gardening Techniques
All About Lawns How to Select, Use,
All About & Maintain Garden
Ground Covers How to Attract Birds Equipment