Distillation

Recently, approximately 759 million individuals are without access to energy and 771

million lack access to safe drinking water (Almehmadi, 2021). In addressing water and energy

shortage in distant places, distillation is one of the technologies used. Distillation is a widely

used tool and method for separating liquid mixtures into their components and is also one of the

oldest separations for purification methods. It was first used for desalination by the inhabitants of

Babylon in Mesopotamia found from the Akkadian tablet of c. 1200 BCE. Later on, Aristotle

(384-322 BC) started a theory that when seawater evaporates, it produces vapors, which becomes

sweet, and the condensate is salt free. In fractionation of multicomponent mixtures, the most

important and effective process used is the distillation method Stitchkmair et al., 2021). Due to

its great importance, it is considered as a highly developed technology for mass transfer between

a gaseous and liquid phase.

In over many centuries, distillation has been one of the most important separation

techniques used. A study of Isah et. al, 2021, states that this technique is various and applicable

in different fields and substances. In their study, it discusses the modes and principles and current

development on the different types of distillation incorporated in desalination, the existing

problems and limitations, as well as the possible future improvement in this technology. One of

the modes of distillation introduced and also the first and primary mode is the passive type which

is the cheapest among all- as this only uses energy from the sun, and other modes that belongs to

active distillation were introduced as time went by. However, each modes have advantages,

disadvantages and limitations that needs improvement and proper attention. Moreover, the

different types of solution such as vapor compression also have advantages and disadvantages.
Collectively, distillation is an effective and efficient solution for the clean water supply which

can help improve the quality and sustainability of the filtration to be used in this study.

In remote areas of Vietnam, a study of portable water provision is conducted. The most

appropriate process for small scale seawater desalination, specifically Membrane distillation

(MB) is recommended at such locations, which can be used to counterbalance the fresh water

supply in a way (Duong, 2021). In this study, a pilot seawater Membrane distillation (MD) was

investigated for potable water on a remote island in Vietnam. Through the air gap membrane

distillation (AGMD) process, the study exhibited a technical feasibility as well as economic

viability in the field of implementation from converting seawater into portable water on An Bihn

island in Vietnam.

Solar assisted-distillation is considered as one of the most promising solutions to fresh-

water supply in off-grid communities (Wang et.al, 2021). This study used a passive and flexible

multistage membrane distillation (F-MSMD) which provided an alternative way in producing

fresh water by solar distillation with heat recycled of latent heat of vapor condensation for energy

savings. This study also utilized recycled papers as the primary material in the flexible multistage

membrane distillation (F-MSMD) and achieved a highly efficient solar water desalination, which

helped develop the solar water distillation to become portable, flexible and lightweight suitable

for hiking and camping.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/18/9137

Almehmadi, F. A., Najib, A., Ali, E., Al-Ansary, H., & Orfi, J. (2022). Sustainable Approach of

Generating Water and Energy: Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Solar Photoactive

Thermal System Coupled with Direct Contact Membrane Distillation for Water Purification and

Electricity Generation. Applied Sciences, 12(18), 9137. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189137

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/79199

Isah, A. S., Takaijudin, H., & Singh, B. S. M. (2022). Principles and Modes of Distillation in

Desalination Process. In IntechOpen eBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100855

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00910

Wang, W., Shi, Y., Zhang, C., Li, R., Wu, M., Zhuo, S., Aleid, S., & Wang, P. (2021). Solar

Seawater Distillation by Flexible and Fully Passive Multistage Membrane Distillation. Nano

Letters, 21(12), 5068–5074. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00910

Ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration is considered to be one of a pretreatment of reverse osmosis (RO).

Ultrafiltration was first utilized as a pretreatment for reverse osmosis (RO) in the context of milk

concentration processes, as demonstrated by F.A Glover in the early 1980’s. The main

application of ultrafiltration is its capacity to eliminate bacteria and viruses, as well as reducing

turbidity, suspended particles, colloids, and some total organic carbons (Oriol, 2021). This

membrane-based technology is substantial for the desalination process and the treatment of

seawater from various application.

In the arid regions of Middle East, they re-evaluate their resource water management

from ground and surface water to seawater desalination, and ultrafiltration was used as a

pretreatment of reverse osmosis in seawater desalination for a more sustainable water supply and
to improve the quality of water. As a result, seawater can be pretreated using ultrafiltration (UF)

technology before being desalinated by RO technology, however fouling membranes must be

carefully managed by design and operational parameters, in order to make them competitive

(Brover et.al, 2022).

Currently, in the city of Jakarta, needs a higher demand for safe drinking water due to its

growing population and economy. Since Jakarta’s seawater is the estuary of 13 rivers, their

seawater as the potential drinking source is highly vulnerable to organic pollutants. One of the

technologies which are used to purify seawater at high rates to meet such demands is the

Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO). To ensure the efficiency of the SWRO, ultrafiltration (UF)

combining with activated carbon (AC) was optimized. The control of Irreversible fouling was

greatly improved by Combination AC/UF, and thus the filtration performance and removal

efficiency for organic substance were significantly higher. Accordingly, in the SWRO field a

hybrid AC/UF configuration may be considered as an efficient system for pretreatment

(Budiningsih et.al, 2024).

Hence, incorporating ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) is crucial for creating

a sustainable and effective device for the purification of seawater into a portable and safe

drinking water.

https://books.google.com.ph/books?

hl=en&lr=&id=C9MuEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=ultrafiltration+for+seawater+desalin

ation&ots=iY-vRrgbsd&sig=ea8-

32I1lZv_pbAB4ueXbRh0bes&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ultrafiltration%20for%20seawater

%20desalination&f=false
Gilabert-Oriol, G. (2021). Ultrafiltration Membrane Cleaning Processes. In De Gruyter eBooks.

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110715149

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001191642100549X

Brover, S., Lester, Y., Brenner, A., & Sahar-Hadar, E. (2021). Optimization of ultrafiltration as

pre-treatment for seawater RO desalination. Desalination, 524, 115478.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2021.115478

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

377926816_Combination_of_activated_carbonultrafiltration_as_pretreatment_for_seawater_reve

rse_osmosis_plants?

_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6Il9kaXJlY3QiLCJwYWdlIjoiX2RpcmVjdCJ9fQ

Budiningsih, S., Laksono, S., Adityosulindro, S., & Suciningsih, L. (2024). Combination of

activated carbon/ultrafiltration as pre-treatment for seawater reverse osmosis plants. E3S Web of

Conferences, 485, 02011. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448502011

Health Conditions of Fishermen

Fishermen exposure to full-body vibrations and extreme weather, such as cold, heat, and

wind, can lead to specific health issues (Dewi, 2023). Particularly, small-scales fishermen

activities take place in a marine setting, which could contribute to the development of specific-

work related illnesses, specifically dehydration-related health problems. In protecting small-scale

fisheries, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) provided guidelines, especially with

regard to the issues of occupational health.

Fishermen is considered the most dangerous occupation globally, supporting more than

half of a billion people. Concurrently, it is also one of the toughest sectors to comprehend the

struggles being undertaken by workers who engage in this traditional job (Yan et al., 2022).

Fishermen frequently suffer conditions, such as physical stress and risky conditions, and it is also

common for the fishermen to suffer from musculoskeletal disorders due to the overexposure

from their loco-motor systems. According to their statistics, 80 of every 100, 000 fishermen die

yearly due to economic, cultural, and social risk factors.

Aside from physical stress and risky conditions, fishermen also suffer from dehydration

and natural heat pressure during fishing. According to the study of (Allayanur et al., 2023), heat

exposure, workload, rehydration, and rest periods are several factors that causes stress to

fishermen. Moreover, fishermen are subjected to natural heat pressure since they are most

casually exposed to it. Based on their study, the access to clean water was found to be the

significant contributor of heat stress on fishermen in Indonesia, which causes the relationship

between heat stress and incidence of dehydration insignificant.

The health conditions of fishermen bear great consequences on the sociability and

economy of fisheries including the environmental aspects, as it affects the productivity directly.

Therefore, it is important to acknowledge the problems and hindrances that are affecting

fishermen to work efficiently and productively, especially the issue in water scarcity.
https://openpublichealthjournal.com/VOLUME/16/ELOCATOR/e187494452304140/

FULLTEXT/

Dewi, F. S., Kusnoputranto, H., Purwana, R., & Soesilo, T. E. B. (2023). Identification of Work-

related Diseases in Small-scale Fishermen in Batam Island, Indonesia. The Open Public Health

Journal, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/18749445-v16-e230505-2022-218

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13100

Yan, J., Xue, Y., & Mohsin, M. (2022). Accessing Occupational Health Risks Posed by

Fishermen Based on Fuzzy AHP and IPA Methods: Management and Performance Perspectives.

Sustainability, 14(20), 13100. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013100

https://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?

article=3343444&val=9148&title=Environmental%20Factors%20that%20are%20at%20Risk

%20of%20Heat%20Stress%20Exposure%20to%20Fishermen%20in%20Indonesia

Alayyannur, P. A., Ramdhan, D. H., & Tejamaya, M. (2023). Environmental Factors that are at

Risk of Heat Stress Exposure to Fishermen in Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of

Occupational Safety and Health, 12(1SI), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v12i1si.2023.20-

24

Fishermen

Fishermen is one of the main important contributors to the global food supply, supporting

billions of people. They are the instruments in harvesting and capturing fishes and any other sea

species for living. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN
FAO), 10% of the worldwide population rely on fishing for living, and about 50% of seafoods

that is imported worldwide comes from the undeveloped countries.

According to the study of (Tahiluddin & Terzi, 2022), Philippines is one of the major

contributors to global fisheries, and also ranked 13 th globally in terms of fish production and

ranked 4th in seaweed production. The fisheries sector in the Philippines made a great

contribution to the national economy, catering the income of almost 2 million Filipino

fishermen’s livelihood sources and foreign investments.

Since Philippines is considered to be one of the major producing countries, it is crucial to

acknowledge the physical health and risky conditions of the fishermen. Providing a sustainable

and financially-friendly tumbler that converts seawater to drinking water would benefit most

fishermen, preventing dehydration and physical stress during fishing.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

354390979_An_Overview_of_Fisheries_and_Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines

Tahi̇ Luddi̇ N, A., & Terzi̇ , E. (2021). An Overview of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the

Philippines. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(4), 475–486.

https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.944292