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Statistics Year 1 Chapter 5 Booklet

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18 views7 pages

Statistics Year 1 Chapter 5 Booklet

Uploaded by

ahatfield
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name: ________________________________

Statistics Year 1
Chapter 5 – Probability
5.1 Calculating Probabilities
Definitions
Experiment -

Event -

Sample Space -

Equally likely Outcomes


The probability of an equally likely event is the number of outcomes in the event divided by
the total number of possible outcomes.
Example 1
Two fair spinners each have four sectors numbered 1 to 4. The two spinners are spun
together and the sum of the numbers indicated on each spinner is recorded.
Find the probability of the spinners indicating a sum of
(a) exactly 5 (b) more than 5

1
Example 2
The table shows the times taken, in minutes, for a group of students to complete a
number puzzle.

Time, t (min) 5 ≤ t<7 7 ≤ t< 9 9 ≤ t<11 11≤ t<13 13 ≤ t<15

Frequency 6 13 12 5 4

A student is chosen at random. Find the probability for a group of students to complete a
number puzzle
(a) In under 9 minutes (b) in over 10.5 minutes.

5.2 Venn Diagrams


The following notation is used in relation to calculating probabilities:
P( A) -

P( A ∪ B) -

P( A ∩ B) -

P( A ’) -

P( A∨B) –

2
Venn Diagrams
Venn Diagrams help us find probabilities involving two different events. It is important to
understand what each region in a Venn Diagram represents

S S
A B A B

S S
A B A B

Example 3
Given that P( A)=0.6 and P( A ∪ B)=0.85, find the probability of:
a) P( A ' ∩ B)
b) P( A ∪ B)'

3
Example 3
A vet surveys 100 of her clients. She finds that:
25 own dogs, 15 own dogs and cats, 11 own dogs and tropical fish, 53 own cats, 10 own
cats and tropical fish, 7 own dogs, cats and tropical fish, 40 own tropical fish.

a) 𝑃(𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑜𝑔 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)


Fill in this Venn Diagram, and hence answer the following questions:

b) 𝑃(𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑠ℎ)


c) 𝑃(𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑔𝑠, 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑠, 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑠ℎ)

4
5.3 Mutually Exclusive and Independent Events
Mutually Exclusive Events

Independent Events

Example 5

Events 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive and P( A)=0.2 and P(B)=0.4 .


a) Find P( A ∪ B)
b) Find P( A ∩ B ')
c) Find P( A ∪ B)'

5
Example 6

Events 𝐴 and 𝐵 are independent and P( A)= and P(B)= .


1 1
3 5
Find P( A ∩ B).

Example 7
The Venn diagram shows the number of students in a particular class who watch any of
three popular TV programmes.

a) Find the probability that a student chosen at random watches 𝐵 or 𝐶 or both.


b) Determine whether watching 𝐴 and watching 𝐵 are statistically independent.

6
5.4 Tree Diagrams
At GCSE we saw that tree diagrams were an effective way of showing the outcome of two
events which happen in succession.
Example 8
There are 3 yellow and 2 green counters in a bag. I take two counters at random.
Determine the probability that:
a) They are different colours.
b) Neither counter is green.

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