Module 2- Introduction to Digital India

Module Overview
This module aims to introduce Digital India. It aims to explain Digital Skills and Data science in detail.
With this, you will further understand different roles in data science industry.

Module Objective

At the end of the module, you will be able,

• To understand the meaning and importance of Digital India
• To understand Digital Skills.
• To understand Data Science and its processes.

Introduction to Digital India

Digital India can connect rural areas with high-speed Internet networks, allowing e-commerce to
reach parts of India, which are currently served only by unorganized retail.
It was not very long ago that people who shopped online in India were considered 'ahead of time'.
But, times have changed, and in today's world the question isn't "Have you ever shopped online"; it's
"How often you shop online." We can say with certainty that e-commerce has indeed arrived in
India, bearing in mind that we still have a long way to go.
Notwithstanding the phenomenal growth during the last two years, online shopping still represents
a minuscule 1-2 per cent of overall retail sales in India. By 2020, India's e-commerce market is
expected to reach $100 billion, and there is no doubt this sector will greatly contribute to the Indian
economy. The e-commerce industry in India is still in a nascent stage. To start with, in India there are
180 million Internet users and a small portion of them has the access to data connections. The e-
commerce industry will grow further with rising disposable incomes, affordable access to data, and
higher mobile penetration.
It is time to re-look at regulations for digital companies from a different lens. The policies and
frameworks that were designed for brick-and-mortar businesses many years ago need a fresh
evaluation for digital companies. For instance, online shopping sites face myriad tax regimes and, in
some cases, double taxation too because they deliver goods to customers across different states in
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India. It is crucial to implement a standardized tax structure so that issues like double taxation can
be avoided. Hopefully, the expected announcements related to the Goods & Services Tax (GST) will
result in simplification and standardization of the tax regime for digital companies.
Just like a new house needs a strong foundation, the e-commerce industry still needs a well-
developed ecosystem in India. Last mile delivery is one of the weakest links that is limiting the reach
to rural India. Therefore, any tax subsidies for logistics companies that would help develop this
ecosystem would in turn help fuel the growth of e-commerce in India. In the area of fashion e-
commerce, one specific opportunity is around standardization of sizes of clothing products. This
would make shoppers more comfortable buying online. However, this type of initiative requires
investment from the government into an independent body that sets such standards across the
industry

Introduction to Digital Skills

As we begin, it is important to have a common understanding of what is meant by digital skills.

The worldwide expansion of the digital economy and digital society requires us to be equipped with
an array of digital skills that will allow us to succeed in work and life. In the world of work, digital
skills not only qualify us for jobs in conventional sectors, but also open doors to participate in
emerging sectors and even to start our own businesses. People with more advanced digital skills can
take advantage of an even wider range of opportunities brought about by ongoing advances in
digital technologies, platforms, and devices. Digital skills are particularly important when considering
the changing nature of the work environment, including the sharp growth in the use of freelancers
and people participating in the gig economy, as well as broader structural changes that will
profoundly impact the jobs of the future.

People with relevant digital skills can safely access news and information, communicate with friends
and family, and access important services related to e-health, e-government, digital finance,
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agrotech, smart transportation, and otherwise enjoy the many benefits of participating in the global
knowledge society.
The kinds of digital skills required to succeed are dramatically different today from those required
even just five years ago. We used to be able to identify a discrete set of digital skills and have
confidence that training programs would equip citizens with those skills. These typically covered
topics like basic hardware and software operations, email, and search.
Today, we need continually to review and update those digital skills being taught as a result of new
technologies and innovations – artificial intelligence, big data, block chain, cloud computing,
Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, and mobile applications. This fast-changing backdrop
makes it important for countries with existing digital skills training programs to update their
strategies and for those countries who have yet to launch a national digital skills program to take
action.

What are Digital Skills?

➢ Using email appropriately and effectively
➢ Developing a range of online research strategies
➢ Using statistical software
➢ Using word processing packages to produce, format and present written work professionally
➢ Optimizing use of presentation packages to support the development and delivery of
presentations
➢ Managing personal online identity
➢ Using a range of tele-communication technologies
➢ Using technology to support collaborative working
➢ Utilizing online bookmarking tools to improve online productivity
➢ Creating or editing video and image

Digital skills are becoming increasingly important and a priority for many industries, include:
➢ Coding and programming
➢ Developing and using robotic and automation technologies
➢ Leveraging information and communication technologies (ICT) skills in business
➢ Exploring the world of cloud computing and the Internet of Things.

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21st century skills
Digital skills take their place within a broader framework, often referred to as ‘21st century skills’.
According to a World Economic Forum report, 21st century skills are comprised of three ‘pillars’:
foundational skills, competencies, and character qualities, as set out in the graphic below.
Sometimes
21st century skills are called ‘soft skills’. As shown here, digital skills (referred to in the graphic as
‘ICT literacy’, fall under the Foundation category. This underlines the great importance of the
connection between digital skills and other competencies and character qualities – all within an
overall system of lifelong learning

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Mozilla is one organization that has explicitly designed its framework to embrace 21st century skills.
As shown below, each of the skill areas is connected to one or more 21st century skills. Each skill
area contains a number of curricular offerings where, for instance, one develops problem-solving
and creativity competencies while learning how to code.

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Emerging and specialized skills
In many respects, emerging and specialized skills represent the direction in which digital skills
programmes are heading, and thus offer future-oriented opportunities for countries to consider.
Research undertaken in 2016 underlines how critically important the teaching of such skills is at
school level: estimates of numbers graduating from coding bootcamps, while encouraging, are falling
way below what is needed to bridge the anticipated shortfall in digital skills. Thus if we are to ever
achieve scale on developing intermediate and advanced digital skills, such skills need to be
integrated into schools’ curricula around the world. The topics are: computational thinking, data
literacy and mobile literacy.
Computational thinking and coding
Recent years have witnessed burgeoning interest in the teaching of computational thinking as a
basic literacy, on a par with reading and writing. Computational thinking is ‘a problem solving
process that includes a number of characteristics and dispositions. Computation has also been
described as ‘a way of solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior that
draws on concepts fundamental to computer science. To flourish in today's world, computational
thinking has to be a fundamental part of the way people think and understand the world.’
In terms of content, computational thinking involves ‘problem solving, examining data patterns,
decomposing problems, using algorithms and procedures, making simulations, computer modelling,
and reasoning about abstract objects.’
In practice, teaching computational thinking can begin when children are of primary school age, and
many countries are doing this as described later in the toolkit. Thus, computational thinking starts at
a basic level, but rises through to advanced topics. Teaching computational thinking can be
introduced with exercises that require no technology and which then gradually add the use of
computers and other devices. As with all skills included in this toolkit, there are many online
resources that can be used to teach computational thinking such as Google’s Computational
Thinking for Educators.

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Data literacy
People who can derive meaningful information from data are in high demand in every sector, a
trend driven by the global explosion in big data and the proliferation of sophisticated tools to
manage, analyse, and visualize data. Some observers suggest that in 10 years, data experts will have
replaced computer experts as being a desirable profession. As such, people with data skills will be
found in every industry -- from SMEs to large corporations -- just as people with computer skills are
now needed across all job sectors. While data scientists with advanced mathematical and statistical
expertise represent the top tier, many organizations are demanding data-based literacy and specific
skills from employees:

➢ Knowing what data is appropriate for a particular purpose

➢ Interpreting data visualizations, such as graphs and charts
➢ Thinking critically about information yielded by data analysis
➢ Understanding data analytic tools and methods, and when and where to use them
➢ Recognizing when data is being misrepresented or used misleadingly
➢ Communicating information about data to people lacking data literacy, an ability sometimes
referred to as data storytelling

Mobile literacy
Of the five billion people with mobile phones, nearly half (47 percent) “mainly use their device to
place a voice call or send a text message.”
As increasing numbers of these people move from feature phones to smartphones, and as the next
billion comes oncloline, many will skip the stage of using personal computers (PCs) and feature
phones entirely, moving directly to powerful handheld computers, i.e. smartphones. There is a
critical need to bridge the gap between using a phone for basic functions and using sophisticated
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smartphones. Mobile literacy has emerged to meet this need by identifying the necessary digital
skills smartphone users need in order to optimize their mobile internet experience.

Trainer will divide the participants into five groups and ask them to prepare and present chart
paper activity on Digital Skills. Post this activity, each group will present chart in front of the class.
After the trainer’s feedback, participants will write their understanding in the space given below

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 Introduction to Data Science

Let’s Understand Why We Need Data Science?

Traditionally, the data that we had was mostly structured and small in size, which could be analyzed
by using the simple BI (Business Intelligence) tools. Unlike data in the traditional systems which was
mostly structured, today most of the data is unstructured or semi-structured. Let’s have a look at the
data trends in the image given below which shows that by 2020, more than 80 % of the data will be
unstructured.

This data is generated from different sources like financial logs, text files, multimedia forms, sensors,
and instruments. Simple BI tools are not capable of processing this huge volume and variety of data.
This is why we need more complex and advanced analytical tools and algorithms for processing,
analyzing and drawing meaningful insights out of it.
Let’s dig deeper and see how Data Science is being used in various domains.
How about if you could understand the precise requirements of your customers from the existing
data like the customer’s past browsing history, purchase history, age and income. No doubt you had
all this data earlier too, but now with the vast amount and variety of data, you can train models
more effectively and recommend the product to your customers with more precision. Wouldn’t it be
amazing as it will bring more business to your organization?
Let’s take a different scenario to understand the role of Data Science in decision making. How
about if your car had the intelligence to drive you home?

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The self-driving cars collect live data from sensors, including radars, cameras and lasers to create a
map of its surroundings. Based on this data, it takes decisions like when to speed up, when to speed
down, when to overtake, where to take a turn – making use of advanced machine learning
algorithms.
Let’s see how Data Science can be used in predictive analytics. Let’s take weather forecasting as an
example.
Data from ships, aircrafts, radars, satellites can be collected and analyzed to build models. These
models will not only forecast the weather but also help in predicting the occurrence of any natural
calamities. It will help you to take appropriate measures beforehand and save many precious lives.
Let’s have a look at the below infographic to see all the domains where Data Science is creating its
impression.

Different parts within data science can be as following, the topics will be explained in detail.
➢ Big Data: Collecting and processing any data which is huge in volume, arrival/processing rate
or invariant in structure.

➢ Data Mining: Process of finding out hidden patterns in the structured data and find hidden
information in the data

➢ Data Analytics: It is a process which is one step above data mining. Data analytics identifies
the type of the analysis to be performed within which data mining techniques will be
performed.

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 ➢ Data Analysis: It is a more general approach of finding insights out of the raw data by
forming a hypothesis and proving them using statistical tests.

➢ Data Science: It defines the process of understanding the business problem to deliver the
solution

➢ Machine Learning: It is a tool used in data analytics to predict/find out a hidden layer of
information in data. An example can be predicting the attrition rate of an
organisation/whether an employee will stay in the organisation or leave it.

What is Data Science?

Data Science is a blend of various tools, algorithms, and machine learning principles with the goal
to discover hidden patterns from the raw data.

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As you can see from the above image, a Data Analyst usually explains what is going on by processing
history of the data. On the other hand, Data Scientist not only does the exploratory analysis to
discover insights from it, but also uses various advanced machine learning algorithms to identify the
occurrence of a particular event in the future. A Data Scientist will look at the data from many
angles, sometimes angles not known earlier.
Data Science is primarily used to make decisions and predictions making use of predictive causal
analytics, prescriptive analytics (predictive plus decision science) and machine learning.
➢ Predictive causal analytics: If you want a model which can predict the possibilities of a
particular event in the future, you need to apply predictive causal analytics. Say, if you are
providing money on credit, then the probability of customers making future credit payments
on time is a matter of concern for you. Here, you can build a model which can perform
predictive analytics on the payment history of the customer to predict if the future
payments will be on time or not.

➢ Prescriptive analytics: If you want a model which has the intelligence of taking its own
decisions and the ability to modify it with dynamic parameters, you certainly need
prescriptive analytics for it. This relatively new field is all about providing advice. In other
terms, it not only predicts but suggests a range of prescribed actions and associated
outcomes.

The best example for this is Google’s self-driving car which we had discussed earlier too.
The data gathered by vehicles can be used to train self-driving cars. You can run algorithms
on this data to bring intelligence to it. This will enable your car to take decisions like when
to turn, which path to take, when to slow down or speed up.

➢ Machine learning for making predictions: If you have transactional data of a finance
company and need to build a model to determine the future trend, then machine learning

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 algorithms are the best bet. This falls under the paradigm of supervised learning. It is called
supervised because you already have the data based on which you can train your machines.

For example, a fraud detection model can be trained using a historical record of fraudulent
purchases.

➢ Machine learning for pattern discovery: If you don’t have the parameters based on which
you can make predictions, then you need to find out the hidden patterns within the dataset
to be able to make meaningful predictions. This is nothing but the unsupervised model as
you don’t have any predefined labels for grouping. The most common algorithm used for
pattern discovery is Clustering.
Let’s say you are working in a telephone company and you need to establish a network by putting
towers in a region. Then, you can use the clustering technique to find those tower locations which
will ensure that all the users receive optimum signal strength.
Let’s see how the proportion of above-described approaches differ for Data Analysis as well as Data
Science. As you can see in the image below, Data Analysis includes descriptive analytics and
prediction to a certain extent. On the other hand, Data Science is more about Predictive Causal
Analytics and Machine Learning.

Lifecycle of Data Science

Here is a brief overview of the main phases of the Data Science Lifecycle:

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 Phase 1—Discovery: Before you begin the project, it is important to understand the
various specifications, requirements, priorities and required budget. You must possess the ability to
ask the right questions. Here, you assess if you have the required resources present in terms of
people, technology, time and data to support the project. In this phase, you also need to frame the
business problem and formulate initial hypotheses (IH) to test.

Phase 2—Data preparation: In this phase, you require analytical sandbox in which
you can perform analytics for the entire duration of the project. You need to explore, pre-process
and condition data prior to modeling. Further, you will perform ETLT (extract, transform, load and
transform) to get data into the sandbox. Let’s have a look at the Statistical Analysis flow below.

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 Phase 3—Model planning: You will determine the methods and techniques to draw
the relationships between variables. These relationships will set the base for the algorithms which
you will implement in the next phase. You will apply Exploratory Data Analytics (EDA) using various
statistical formulas and visualization tools. Let’s have a look at various model planning tools.

➢ R has a complete set of modeling capabilities and provides a good environment for building
interpretive models.

➢ SQL Analysis services can perform in-database analytics using common data mining
functions and basic predictive models.
➢ SAS/ACCESS can be used to access data from Hadoop and is used for creating repeatable
and reusable model flow diagrams.

Phase 4—Model building: In this phase, you will develop datasets for training
and testing purposes. You will consider whether your existing tools will suffice for running the
models or it will need a more robust environment (like fast and parallel processing). You will analyze
various learning techniques like classification, association and clustering to build the model.
You can achieve model building through the following tools.

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 Phase 5—Operationalize: this phase, you deliver final reports, briefings, code and
technical documents. In addition, sometimes a pilot project is also implemented in a real-time
production environment. This will provide you a clear picture of the performance and other related
constraints on a small scale before full deployment.

Phase 6- Communication results: Now it is important to evaluate if you have

been able to achieve your goal that you had planned in the first phase. So, in the last phase, you
identify all the key findings, communicate to the stakeholders and determine if the results of the
project are a success or a failure based on the criteria developed in Phase 1.

Different Roles in the Data Science Industry

There are multiple roles a professional can take in the data science industry which are in a lot of
demand too. These roles all deal with data in some way or the other but are different from each
other depending on what you do with data.
The Data Scientist
He/she masters a whole range of skills and talents going from being able to handle the raw data,
analysing that data with the help of statistical techniques, to share his/her insights with his peers in a
compelling way. No wonder these profiles are highly wanted by companies like Google and
Microsoft.
The Data Analyst
He/She is a master of languages like R, Python, SQL and C. Main responsibility is collecting,
processing and performing statistical data analysis.
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The Data Engineer
The data engineer often has a background in software engineering and loves to play around with
databases and large-scale processing systems.
The Data Architect
With the rise of big data, the importance of the data architect’s job is rapidly increasing. The person
in this role creates the blueprints for data management systems to integrate, centralise, protect and
maintain the data sources. The data architect masters technologies like Hive, Pig and Spark, and
needs to be on top of every new innovation in the industry.
The Data Statistician
The historical leader of data and its insights. Although often forgotten or replaced by fancier
sounding job titles, the statistician represents what the data science field stands for: getting useful
insights from data
The Machine Learning Engineer
Artificial intelligence is the goal of a machine learning engineer. They are computer programmers,
but their focus goes beyond specifically programming machines to perform specific tasks. They
create programs that will enable machines to take actions without being specifically directed to
perform those tasks. An example of a system a machine learning engineer would work on is a self-
driving car. They take the key role of providing the intelligence to the work done by analysts, for
example, forecasting sales of products, segmenting different types of customers based on their
habits and traits etc
The Business Analyst
Less technically oriented, the business analyst makes up for it with his/her deep knowledge of the
different business processes. (S)he masters the skill of linking data insights to actionable business
insights and is able to use storytelling techniques to spread the message across the entire
organization.

Trainer will take the participants to the computer lab and ask the participants to do internet
research on different types of Data Science Technologies.

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