Q1.

This question is about fuels.

(a) Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

State the meaning of the term ‘fraction’ in this context.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Petrol for cars contains branched and cyclic alkanes produced by catalytic cracking.

Identify the catalyst used in this process.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) 3-Ethyl-4-methylhexane is a branched alkane in petrol.

Draw the skeletal formula of this alkane.

(1)

(d) Give the equation for the complete combustion of 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane.

Use the molecular formula for 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane in your equation.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Carbon dioxide is a product from the combustion of petrol in cars. Carbon dioxide
acts as a greenhouse gas when it absorbs infrared radiation.

Give one reason why carbon dioxide absorbs infrared radiation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Nitrogen monoxide (NO) is formed when petrol is burned in cars.

State one environmental problem that NO causes.

State what is used to remove NO from the exhaust gases formed in petrol-fuelled
cars.

Environmental problem _______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Removal of NO ______________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(g) Petrol sold in the UK contains 10% bioethanol. Bioethanol is ethanol made from
crops by fermentation and is considered to be carbon-neutral.

State what is meant by the term ‘carbon-neutral’.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q2.
Which compound has the greatest Mr?

(Total 1 mark)

Q3.

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 What is the IUPAC name for this compound?

A 2-dimethyl-3-fluoropentane

B 2,2-dimethyl-3-fluoropentane

C 3-fluoro-2,2-dimethylpentane

D 3-fluoro-2-dimethylpentane

(Total 1 mark)

Q4.
The alkanes nonane and 2,4-dimethylheptane are structural isomers with the molecular
formula C9H20
They are found in crude oil and can be separated by fractional distillation.
Both can be used in fuels or cracked to form other products.

(a) State the general formula of an alkane containing n carbon atoms.

Deduce an expression for the relative molecular mass (Mr) of an alkane in terms
of n.

General formula _____________________________________________________

Expression _________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain why nonane has a higher boiling point than 2,4-dimethylheptane.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

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 (2)

(c) Give an equation for the complete combustion of nonane.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Nonane is often found in fuel for jet engines. Combustion in jet engines produces
pollutants including nitrogen monoxide (NO).

Explain how this nitrogen monoxide is formed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Nonane can be cracked to form large quantities of propene.

Name the type of cracking used.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) The main use of propene, formed from cracking, is to make poly(propene).

Draw the repeating unit of poly(propene).

(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Q5.
Which correctly represents an incomplete combustion of pentane?

A C5H12 + 8O2 ⟶ 5CO2 + 6H2O

B C5H12 + 8O2 ⟶ 4CO + CO2 + 6H2O

C C5H12 + 6O2 ⟶ 4CO + CO2 + 6H2O

D C5H12 + 5O2 ⟶ 4CO + CO2 + 4H2O + 2H2

(Total 1 mark)

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Q6.
(a) The hydrocarbon but-1-ene (C4H8) is a member of the homologous series of alkenes.
But-1-ene has structural isomers.

(i) State the meaning of the term structural isomers.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Give the IUPAC name of the position isomer of but-1-ene.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Give the IUPAC name of the chain isomer of but-1-ene.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) Draw the displayed formula of a functional group isomer of but-1-ene.

(1)

(b) But-1-ene burns in a limited supply of air to produce a solid and water only.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) State one hazard associated with the solid product in part (b)(i).

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) One mole of compound Y is cracked to produce two moles of ethene, one mole of
but-1-ene and one mole of octane (C8H18) only.

(i) Deduce the molecular formula of Y.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Other than cracking, give one common use of Y.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) In cars fitted with catalytic converters, unburned octane reacts with nitrogen
monoxide to form carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen only.

(i) Write an equation for this reaction.

Page 5 of 11
 ______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Identify a catalyst used in a catalytic converter.

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

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Mark schemes

Q1.
(a) (mixture of) compounds/substances with similar boiling points
Allow similar number of carbon atoms / chain length / Mr /
size
Ignore same boiling point / number of C atoms / chain length
/ Mr / size
Ignore reference to similar melting points
Ignore reference to similar chemical properties
1

(b) zeolites / aluminosilicates

Ignore aluminium oxide
1

(c)

Must be skeletal formula

Ignore working, including other forms of structure of this
compound.
1

(d) M1 C9H20

M2 C9H20 + 14 O2 → 9 CO2 + 10 H2O

For M2 allow ECF from their molecular formula, providing it
is an attempt at the molecular formula of a hydrocarbon
Penalise M1 only for not using molecular formula
Allow multiples and fractions
2

(e) (C=O) bonds vibrate (at IR frequency) / (IR/it makes) bonds vibrate or

net change in dipole moment of molecule during (asymmetric) vibration or

(C=O) bonds are polar

Do not allow that CO2 is a polar molecule / has a dipole
1

(f) M1 acid rain / respiratory problems

M1 Allow direct consequences of acid rain; allow smog;
allow production of ground level ozone

M2 catalytic converters
M2 allow description of process that occurs in catalytic

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 converter but must include reference to a (named) catalyst
2

(g) no net emissions of carbon dioxide/CO2 to the atmosphere

Allow explanation showing that same amount of CO2 taken
in and released to the atmosphere
Answer needs to refer to carbon dioxide (not just carbon)
1
[9]

Q2.
A

[1]

Q3.
C
3-fluoro-2,2-dimethylpentane
[1]

Q4.
(a) M1 CnH2n+2
1

M2 14.0n + 2.0 or 14n + 2

or 2(7.0n + 1.0) or 2.0(7n + 1) or 2(7n + 1)
1

(b) M1 nonane has stronger / greater / more van der Waals’ forces between
molecules
or converse arguments for 2,4-dimethylbutane having lower
boiling point
question refers to nonane if not expressly stated by
candidate
intermolecular forces = forces between molecules
M1 ignore abbreviations vdW and/or imf
1

M2 nonane molecules pack closer together / more (surface) contact

M2 ignore reference to surface area alone
CE=0 reference to breaking (covalent) bonds / breaking
chain
1

(c) C9H20 + 14O2 → 9CO2 + 10H2O

allow multiples; ignore any state symbols; correct structures
rather than formulae are fine
1

Page 8 of 11
 (d) M1 nitrogen and oxygen from air react
M1 must be at least one reference to air and no reference to
nitrogen/oxygen coming from the fuel
1

M2 at high temperature
ignore reference to pressure, heat, hot, incomplete
combustion
if temperature is stated, must be over 1000°C
1

(e) thermal (cracking)

1

(f)
allow any correct structural representation
ignore any n or brackets
1
[9]

Q5.
C
[1]

Q6.
(a) (i) (Compounds with the) same molecular formula
Allow same number and type of atom for M1
Ignore same general formula.
1

But different structural formula / different displayed formula / different

structures / different skeletal formula
M2 dependent on M1
Not different positions of atoms / bonds in space.
1

(ii) But-2-ene
Allow but-2-ene.
Allow but 2 ene.
Ignore punctuation.
1

(iii) (2)-methylprop-(1)-ene
Do not allow 2-methyleprop-1-ene.
1

(iv)

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 Do not allow skeletal formulae.
Penalise missing H and missing C
1

(b) (i) C4H8 + 2O2 → 4C + 4H2O

Accept multiples.
1

(ii) Exacerbates asthma / breathing problems / damages lungs / smog /

smoke / global dimming
Ignore toxic / pollutant / soot / carcinogen.
Do not allow greenhouse effect / global warming / acid rain /
ozone.
1

(c) (i) C16H34

Allow H34C16
C and H must be upper case.
1

(ii) Jet fuel / diesel / (motor) fuel / lubricant / petrochemicals / kerosene /

paraffin / central heating fuel / fuel oil
Ignore oil alone.
Not petrol / bitumen / wax / LPG / camping fuel.
1

(d) (i) C8H18 + 25NO → 8CO2 + 12.5 N2 + 9H2O

Accept multiples.
1

(ii) Ir / iridium

OR

Pt / platinum

OR

Pd / palladium

OR

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Rh / rhodium
1
[11]

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