LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS

UNIT – I: MATRICES
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Define the rank of a matrix.
Sol: The rank of a matrix is the order of the largest non-vanishing minor of the matrix.
2. Define Echelon form of a matrix.
Sol: A matrix is said to be in Echelon form if
(i) all the non-zero rows, if any, precede the zero rows
(ii) the number of zero’s preceding the first non-zero element in a row is less than that
the number of such zero’s in the succeeding row.
3. What is a Normal form?
Sol: A matrix is said to be in Normal form if it is in any one of the following forms
I  Ir O
Ir ,  IrO ,  r  , O O 
where I r is unit matrix of order r .
O  
8 3 6
1

3 2 2 
4. Find rank of the matrix 0

 −8
−1 −3 4 
 8 1 3 6 8 1 3 6 

Sol: A = 0
 R3 + R1
3 2 2  ⎯⎯⎯ → 0 3 2 2 

 −8 −1 −3 4  0 0 0 10 
  ( A) = 3
1 2 3 
 
5. For what value of k , the matrix 2 k 7 has rank 2.
 
 3 6 10 
1 2 3
Sol: 2 k 7 =0
3 6 10
1(10k − 42) − 2 ( 20 − 21) + 3 (12 − 3k ) = 0
10k − 42 + 2 + 36 − 9k = 0
k = 4
6. When does the non-homogeneous system of equations AX = B have
i) unique solution ii) no solution.
Sol: i) unique solution if  ( A) =  ( A B ) = number of unknowns
ii) no solution if  ( A)   ( A B )
7. When does the homogeneous system of equations AX = O have
i) trivial solution ii) non-trivial solution.
Sol: i) trivial solution if  ( A) = number of unknowns
ii) non-trivial solution if  ( A)  number of unknowns
 1 −1
8. Find the inverse of a matrix A =   by elementary transformations
 −1 2 
1 −1 1 0
Sol:  A I  =  
 −1 2 0 1

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R2 + R1 1 −11 0
⎯⎯⎯ → 
0 1 1 1
R1 + R2 1 0 2 1
⎯⎯⎯ → 
0 1 1 1
=  I A−1 
9. Define Cauchy-Binet formula.
Sol: The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to the product of the determinant of the
matrices. i.e., det ( AB ) = det A  detB
10. Define Diagonally Dominant system, give an example.
( )
Sol: A square matrix A = aij is said to be diagonally dominant if aii  a ij for all i.
i j

5 1 3 

Ex: A = 2 9 1

 
 3 4 10 

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 2 3  2 0 1

1. Verify Cauchy Binet formula for the matrices 4 −2 3 and
  3 2 −3 .
   
 2 5 −1  −1 −3 5 
Sol: Cauchy Binet formula is det ( AB ) = det A  detB
1 2 3  2 0 1

Let A = 4 −2 3 and B = 3
  2 −3
  
 2 5 −1  −1 −3 5 
 2 0 1  1 2 3 
AB =  3 2 −3  4 −2 3 
 −1 −3 5   2 5 −1
 2+0+2 4+0+5 6 + 0 −1 

=  3+8−6 6 − 4 − 15 9 + 6 + 3 
 −1 − 12 + 10 −2 + 6 + 25 −3 − 9 − 5
4 9 5 
=  5 −13 18 

 −3 29 −17 
4 9 5
 det ( AB ) = 5 −13 18
−3 29 −17
= 4 ( 221 − 522) − 9 ( −85 + 54) + 5 (145 − 39)
= 4 ( −301) − 9 ( −31) + 5 (106)
= −1204 + 279 + 530
= −395

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1 2 3
det A = 4 −2 3
2 5 −1
= 1( 2 −15) − 2 ( −4 − 6) + 3 ( 20 + 4)
= −13 + 20 + 72
= 79
2 0 1
det B = 3 2 −3
−1 −3 5
= 2 (10 − 9) − 0 ( ) + 1( −9 + 2)
= 2−7
= −5
det ( A)  det ( B ) = 79  ( −5) = −395 = det ( AB )
Thus Cauchy Binet formula is verified.
1 2 3 −2 
 
2. Find the rank of the matrix 2 −2 1 3 by reducing it to Echelon form.
 
 3 0 4 1 
1 2 3 −2 

Sol: A = 2 −2 1 3

 
 3 0 4 1 
1 2 3 −2 
⎯⎯⎯→ 0
R2 − 2 R1
R3 −3 R1
−6 −5 7 
0 −6 −5 7 
1 2 3 −2 
R3 − R2
⎯⎯⎯ → 0 −6 −5 7 
0 0 0 0 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) = 2
5 3 14 4 

3. Reduce the matrix 0 1 2 1  to Echelon form and hence find it’s rank.

1 −1 2 0 
5 3 14 4

Sol: A = 0 1 2 1 

1 −1 2 0 
5 3 14 4 
⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 2 1 
5 R3 − R1

0 −8 −4 −4 

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5 3 14 4 
⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 2 1 
R3 +8 R2

0 0 12 4 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) = 3
1 3 6 −1
 
4. Find the rank of the matrix 1 4 5 1 by reducing it to Normal form.
 
1 5 4 3 
1 3 6 −1

Sol: A = 1 4 5 1

 
1 5 4 3 
1 3 6 −1
⎯⎯⎯ → 0
R2 − R1
R3 − R1
1 −1 2 
0 2 −2 4 
1 3 6 −1
⎯⎯⎯→ 0
R3 − 2 R2
1 −1 2 
0 0 0 0 

C2 −3C1
1 0 0 0
⎯⎯⎯→ 0
C3 − 6 C1
C4 + C1
1 −1 2 
0 0 0 0 
1 0 0 0
0 I O
C3 + C2
⎯⎯⎯→ 1 0 0  =  2
C4 − 2 C2  O O 
0 0 0 0 
which is in Normal form
  ( A) = 2
2 −2 0 6 
4 2 0 2 
5. Reduce the matrix  to the Normal form and hence find its rank.
1 −1 0 3 
 
1 −2 1 2 
 2 −2 0 6
4 2 0 2 
Sol: A = 
1 −1 0 3
 
1 −2 1 2
1 −1 0 3
1 2 1 0 1 

R1
⎯⎯2
⎯→
1
2
R2 1 −1 0 3
 
1 −2 1 2

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1 −1 0 3
R2 − 2 R1 0 3 0 −5
⎯⎯⎯→ 
R3 − R1
R4 − R1
0 0 0 0
 
0 −1 1 −1
1 −1 0 3
0 3 0 −5
⎯⎯ R34
→
0 −1 1 −1
 
0 0 0 0
1 −1 0 3
0 3 0 −5
3 R3 + R2
⎯⎯⎯→ 
0 0 3 −8
 
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 3 0 −5
C2 + C1
⎯⎯⎯ → 
C4 −3C1
0 0 3 −8
 
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 −5

C2
⎯⎯
3
⎯→
1
3
C3 0 0 1 −8
 
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 
C4 + 5C2
⎯⎯⎯→ 
0 0 1 −8
 
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 
C4 +8C3  1 I O
⎯⎯⎯→ = 3 
0 0 1 0 O O 
 
0 0 0 0
which is in Normal form
  ( A) = 3
6. Show that the equations x + y + z = 4 , 2 x + 5 y − 2 z = 3 , x + 7 y − 7 z = 5 are not consistent.
1 1 1 4 
 
Sol:  A B  =  2 5 −2 3 
1 7 −7 5 
1 1 1 4 
 
R2 − 2 R1
⎯⎯⎯→ 0 3 −4 −5
R3 − R1
0 6 −8 1 

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1 1 1 4 

R3 − 2 R2 
⎯⎯⎯→ 0 3 −4 −5
0 0 0 11 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) = 2   ( A B ) = 3
The equations are not consistent.
7. Solve the system of equations 3x + y + 2 z = 3 , 2 x − 3 y − z = −3 , x + 2 y + z = 4 by Gauss
elimination method.
3 1 2 3 
 
Sol:  A B  =  2 −3 −1 −3
1 2 1 4 
1 2 1 4 
 
⎯⎯→  2 −3 −1 −3
R13

 3 1 2 3 
1 2 1 4 

R2 − 2 R1 
⎯⎯⎯→ 0 −7 −3 −11
R3 −3 R1
0 −5 −1 −9 
1 2 1 4 

7 R3 −5 R2 
⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ 0 −7 −3 −11
0 0 8 −8 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) =  ( A B ) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent and has unique solution.
By back substitution,
8 z = − 8  z = −1
−7 y − 3z = −11  7 y = 11 − 3z = 11 + 3 = 14  y = 2
x + 2y + z = 4  x = 4 − 2y − z = 4 − 4 +1 = 1  x = 1
 x = 1, y = 2, z = −1 is the unique solution.
8. Test for Consistency and Solve: x + 2 y + z = 3 , 2 x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 , 3x − 5 y + 5z = 2 ,
3x + 9 y − z = 4 .
1 2 1 3 
 
 2 3 2 5
Sol:  A B  =
 3 −5 5 2 
 
 3 9 −1 4 
1 2 1 3
 
R2 − 2 R1
R3 −3 R1  0 −1 0 −1
⎯⎯⎯ →
R4 −3 R1
0 −11 2 −7 
 
0 3 −4 −5 

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1 2 1 3
 
R3 −11R2 0 −1 0 −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
R4 + 3 R2
0 0 2 4
 
0 0 −4 −8
1 2 1 3
 
0 −1 0 −1
⎯⎯⎯→ 
R4 + 2 R3
0 0 2 4
 
0 0 0 0 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) =  ( A B ) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent and has unique solution.
By back substitution,
2z = 4  z = 2
− y = −1  y = 1
x + 2 y + z = 3  x = 3 − 2 y − z = 3 − 2 − 2 = −1
 x = −1, y = 1, z = 2 is the unique solution.
9. Solve the system of equations: x + 2 z − 2 w = 0 , 2x − y − w = 0 , x + 2 z − w = 0 ,
4x − y + 3z − w = 0 .
1 0 2 −2 
 2 −1 0 −1
Sol: A =  
1 0 2 −1
 
 4 −1 3 −1
1 0 2 −2 
R2 − 2 R1 0 −1 −4 3 
⎯⎯⎯ R3 − R1
→ 
R4 − 4 R1
0 0 0 1 
 
0 −1 −5 7 
1 0 2 −2 
0 −1 −4 3 
⎯⎯⎯→ 
R4 − R2 
0 0 0 1 
 
0 0 −1 4 
1 0 2 −2 
0 −1 −4 3 
⎯⎯→ 
R34 
0 0 −1 4 
 
0 0 0 1 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) = 4 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent and has unique solution.
The solution is x = y = z = w = 0

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10. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Elimination method.
x + y + z = 6 , 3x + 3 y + 4z = 20 , 2 x + y + 3z = 13 .
1 1 1 6 
 
Sol:  A B  =  3 3 4 20 
 2 1 3 13 
1 1 1 6 

R2 − 3 R1 
⎯⎯⎯→  0 0 1 2 
R3 − 2 R1
 0 −1 1 1 
1 1 1 6 
 
⎯⎯→ 0 −1 1 1 
R23

0 0 1 2 
which is in Echelon form
  ( A) =  ( A B ) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent and has unique solution.
By back substitution,
z=2
− y + z = 1  y = z −1 = 2 −1 = 1
x + y + z = 6  x = 6 − y − z = 6 −1 − 2 = 3
 x = 3, y = 1, z = 2 is the unique solution.

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UNIT – II: Eigen values, Eigen vectors and orthogonal
transformation
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
5 4 
1. Find the Eigen values of the matrix A =  
1 2 
Sol: The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
5− 4
 =0
1 2−
( 5 −  )( 2 −  ) − 4 = 0
10 − 5 − 2 +  2 − 4 = 0
 2 − 7 + 6 = 0
(  − 1)(  − 6) = 0
 = 1,6 are eigen values of A.
2. Define Eigen vector of a matrix A.
Sol: The non-zero solution X of the equation AX =  X is called the eigen vector of the matrix A.
3. Show that A and its transpose A have the same Eigen values.
Sol: We have det A = det A
 det ( A −  I ) = det ( A −  I )
det ( A −  I ) = det ( A −  I )
det ( A −  I ) = det ( A −  I )
 A and A have same eigen values
 2 3 4
−1 
4. Find the Eigen values of A , if A = 0 4 2 .

 
0 0 3 
Sol: The eigen values of A are 2, 4, 3.
1 1 1
∴ The eigen values of A−1 are , , .
2 4 3
5. State Cayley-Hamilton theorem.
Sol: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
1 2 
6. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem, find A8 , if A =  .
 2 −1
Sol: The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
1−  2
 =0
2 −1 − 
− (1 −  )(1 +  ) − 4 = 0
− (1 −  2 ) − 4 = 0
 2 − 5 = 0
∴ By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, A2 − 5I = O
 A2 = 5I
 ( A2 ) = ( 5 I )
4 4

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625 0 
 A8 = 54 I 4 = 625I =  
 0 625
7. Define Rank of the quadratic form.
Sol: The rank of the quadratic form is equal to the number of non-zero Eigen values of the matrix of
quadratic form.
 2 −3 5 

8. What is the quadratic expression of the matrix A = −3 2 −2 .

 
 5 −2 2 
Sol: The quadratic expression of the matrix A is 2 x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 z 2 − 4 yz + 10 zx − 6 xy
9. Find the symmetric matrix corresponding to the quadratic form
x 2 + 2 y 2 + 3z 2 + 4 xy + 2 yz + 6 zx .
1 2 3

Sol: The symmetric matrix to the given quadratic form is A = 2 2 1

 
 3 1 3
10. What is the nature of the quadratic form x12 + 4 x22 + 4 x1 x2 .
1 2
Sol: The matrix of the quadratic form is A =  
2 4
The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
1−  2
 =0
2 4−
(1 −  )( 4 −  ) − 4 = 0
 4 −  − 4 +  2 − 4 = 0
  2 − 5 = 0
  (  − 5) = 0
  = 0,5
∴ The quadratic form is positive semi-definite.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 1 3
 
1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A = 1 5 1 .
 
3 1 1
Sol: The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
1−  1 3
i.e., 1 5− 1 =0
3 1 1− 
(1 −  ) ( 5 − 5 −  +  2 − 1) − 1(1 −  − 3) + 3 (1 − 15 + 3 ) = 0
(1 −  ) (  2 − 6 + 4 ) + (  + 2 ) + 3 ( 3 − 14 ) = 0
 2 − 6 + 4 −  3 + 6 2 − 4 +  + 2 + 9 − 42 = 0
− 3 + 7 2 − 36 = 0
 3 − 7 2 + 36 = 0

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 (  + 2 ) (  2 − 9 + 18) = 0  = −2 1 −7 0 36
 (  + 2 )(  − 3)(  − 6 ) = 0 0 −2 18 −36
  = −2,3, 6 are eigen values of A 1 −9 18 0
The eigen vectors are given by  A −  I  X = O
When  = −2 :
1 3 3 1
 3 1 3
A + 2 I = 1 7 1
7 1 1 7
x y z
3 1 3 = =
1 − 21 3 − 3 21 − 1
 −20  1
 
 X =  0  or  0  is the eigen vector
 20   −1
When  = 3 :
1 3 −2 1
 −2 1 3 
A − 3I =  1 2 1 
2 1 1 2
x y z
 3 1 −2  = =
1 − 6 3 + 2 −4 − 1
 −5 1
 
 X =  5  or  −1 is the eigen vector
 −5  1 
When  = 6 :
1 3 −5 1
 −5 1 3 
−1 −1
A − 6 I =  1 −1 1 
1 1
x y z
 3 1 −5 = =
1 + 3 3 + 5 5 −1
4 1 
 
 X = 8  or  2  is the eigen vector
 4  1 
Thus, the eigen values of A are −2,3,6
 1   1  1 
     
and the corresponding eigen vectors are 0 , −1 , 2 .
     
 −1  1   1 

3 1 4

2. Find the Characteristic roots and Characteristic vectors of the matrix A = 0 2 6 .

 
0 0 5 
Sol: The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
3− 1 4
i.e., 0 2− 6 =0
0 0 5−

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
(3 −  )( 2 −  )(5 −  ) = 0
 = 2,3,5 are eigen values of A
The eigen vectors are given by  A −  I  X = O
When  = 2 :
1 4 1 1
1 1 4 
A − 2 I = 0 0 6 
0 6 0 0
x y z
0 0 3  = =
6−0 0−6 0−0
6 1
 
 X =  −6 or  −1 is the eigen vector
 0   0 
When  = 3 :
1 4 0 1
0 1 4
−1 −1
A − 3I = 0 −1 6 
6 0
x y z
0 0 2  = =
6+4 0−0 0−0
10  1 
 
 X =  0  or 0  is the eigen vector
 0  0 
When  = 5 :
1 4 −2 1
 −2 1 4 
−3 −3
A − 5 I =  0 −3 6 
6 0
x y z
 0 0 0  = =
6 + 12 0 + 12 6 − 0
18 3
 
 X = 12  or  2  is the eigen vector
 6  1 
Thus, the Characteristic roots of A are 2,3,5
 1  1   3 
     
and the corresponding Characteristic vectors are −1 , 0 , 2 .
     
 0   0   1 
 8 −6 2 

3. Find the Latent roots and Latent vectors of the matrix A = −6 7 −4 .

 
 2 −4 3 
Sol: The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
8 −  −6 2
i.e., −6 7 −  −4 = 0
2 −4 3 − 
(8 −  ) ( 21 − 7 − 3 +  2 − 16 ) + 6 ( −18 + 6 + 8) + 2 ( 24 − 14 + 2 ) = 0
(8 −  ) (  2 − 10 + 5) + 6 ( 6 − 10 ) + 2 ( 2 + 10 ) = 0
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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
8 − 80 + 40 −  + 10 2 − 5 + 36 − 60 + 4 + 20 = 0
2 3

− 3 + 18 2 − 45 = 0

 3 −18 2 + 45 = 0
  (  2 − 18 + 45) = 0
 (  −15)(  − 3) = 0
 = 0,3,15 are eigen values of A
The eigen vectors are given by  A −  I  X = O
When  = 0 :
−6 2 8 −6
 8 −6 2 
−4 −6
A − 0 I =  −6 7 −4 
7 7
x y z
 2 −4 3  = =
24 − 14 −12 + 32 56 − 36
10  1 
 X =  20  or  2  is the eigen vector
 
 20   2 
When  = 3 :
−6 2 5 −6
 5 −6 2 
−4 −6
A − 3I =  −6 4 −4 
4 4
x y z
 2 −4 0  = =
24 − 8 −12 + 20 20 − 36
 16  2
 
 X =  8  or  1  is the eigen vector
 −16  −2
When  = 15 :
−6 2 −7 −6
 −7 −6 2 
−8 −4 −6 −8
A − 15I =  −6 −8 −4 
x y z
 2 −4 −12  = =
24 + 16 −12 − 28 56 − 36
 40  2
 
 X =  −40 or  −2 is the eigen vector
 20   1 
Thus, the Latent roots of A are 0,3,15
1   2   2 
     
and the corresponding Latent vectors are 2 , 1 , −2 .
     
 2   −2   1 
1 1 3

4. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix A = 1 3 −3 . Hence find its inverse and A4

 −2 −4 −4 
. Sol: The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
1−  1 3
 1 3− −3 = 0
−2 −4 −4 − 
 (1 −  ) ( −12 − 3 + 4 +  2 − 12 ) − 1( −4 −  − 6 ) + 3( −4 + 6 − 2 ) = 0
 (1 −  ) (  2 +  − 24) − ( − − 10) + 3( −2 + 2 ) = 0
 2 +  − 24 −  3 −  2 + 24 +  + 10 − 6 + 6 = 0
− 3 + 20 − 8 = 0
 3 − 20 + 8 = 0 is the characteristic equation of A.
∴By Cayley-Hamilton theorem
A3 − 20 A + 8I = O
 A2 − 20I + 8 A−1 = O
8 A−1 = 20I − A2
1 0 0   1 1 3  1 1 3
 
= 20 0 1 0 −  1  
3 −3  1  3 −3
0 0 1   −2 −4 −4   −2 −4 −4 
 20 0 0   1 + 1 − 6 1 + 3 − 12 3 − 3 − 12 
  
=  0 20 0  −  1 + 3 + 6 1 + 9 + 12 3 − 9 + 12 
 0 0 20   −2 − 4 + 8 −2 − 12 + 16 −6 + 12 + 16 
0 0   −4 −8
 20 −12 
=  0
20 0  − 10 22 6 
 0
0 20  2 2 22 
 24
8 12 
=  −10
−2 −6 
 −2
−2 −2 
 24 8 12  12 4 6
1  1
−1
 A =  −10 −2 −6  =  −5 −1 −3
8 4
 −2 −2 −2   −1 −1 −1
Again, we have A3 − 20 A + 8I = O
 A3 = 20 A − 8I
 A4 = 20 A2 − 8 A
 −4 −8 −12  1 1 3
  
= 20 10 22 6  − 8  1 3 −3
 2 2 22   −2 −4 −4 
 −80 −160 −240  8 8 24 
 
=  200 440 120  −  8  24 −24 
 40 40 440   −16 −32 −32 
 −88 −168 −264 
= 192 416 144 
 56 72 472 

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
3 1 1
5. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the matrix A =  −1 5 −1 . Hence find its inverse.
 
 1 −1 3 
Sol: Cayley-Hamilton theorem: ”Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation”
The characteristic equation of A is A −  I = 0
3− 1 1
 −1 5 −  −1 = 0
1 −1 3 − 
 ( 3 −  ) (15 − 5 − 3 +  2 − 1) − 1( −3 +  + 1) + 1(1 − 5 +  ) = 0
 ( 3 −  ) (  2 − 8 + 14 ) − (  − 2 ) + (  − 4 ) = 0
3 2 − 24 + 42 −  3 + 8 2 − 14 −  + 2 +  − 4 = 0
− 3 + 11 2 − 38 + 40 = 0
 3 − 11 2 + 38 − 40 = 0 is the characteristic equation of A.
 3 1 1  3 1 1 
Now A = AA =  −1 5 −1  −1 5 −1
2
  
 1 −1 3   1 −1 3 
 9 −1+1 3 + 5 −1 3 −1+ 3   9 7 5

=  −3 − 5 − 1 −1 + 25 + 1 −1 − 5 − 3 =  −9 25 −9 
 
 3 + 1 + 3 1− 5 − 3 1 + 1 + 9   7 −7 11 
9 7 5  3 1 1 
 A3 = A2 A =  −9 25 −9   −1 5 −1
 7 −7 11   1 −1 3 
 27 − 7 + 5 9 + 35 − 5 9 − 7 + 15   25 39 17 

=  −27 − 25 − 9 −9 + 125 + 9 −9 − 25 − 27  =  −61 125 −61
 21 + 7 + 11 7 − 35 − 11 7 + 7 + 33   39 −39 47 
 25 39 17  9 7 5 3 1 1 1 0 0 
  
 A − 11A + 38 A − 40 I =  −61 125 −61 − 11  −9 25
3 2   
−9  + 38  −1 5 −1 − 40 0 1 0 
 39 −39 47   7 −7 11   1 −1 3  0 0 1 
 25 39 17   99 77 55  114 38 38   40 0 0 
  
=  −61 125 −61 −  −99 275 −99  +  −38 190 −38 −  0 40 0 
 39 −39 47   77 −77 121   38 −38 114   0 0 40 
 25 − 99 + 114 − 40 39 − 77 + 38 − 0 17 − 55 + 38 − 0 

=  −61 + 99 − 38 − 0 125 − 275 + 190 − 40 −61 + 99 − 38 − 0 
 39 − 77 + 38 − 0 −39 + 77 − 38 − 0 47 − 121 + 114 − 40 
0 0 0
= 0 0 0 = O
0 0 0
Thus Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified.
We have A3 − 11A2 + 38 A − 40I = O
 A2 − 11A + 38I − 40 A−1 = O
Page 15 of 20
 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
9 7 5 3 1 1 1 0 0
 40 A = A − 11A + 38I =  −9
−1 2 
25 −9  − 11  −1 
5 −1 + 38 0 1 0 

 7 −7 11   1 −1 3  0 0 1 
9 7 5   33 11 11  38 0 0
=  −9 25 −9  −  −11 55 −11 +  0 38 0 
 7 −7 11   11 −11 33   0 0 38
9 − 33 + 38 7 − 11 + 0 5 − 11 + 0 

=  −9 + 11 + 0 25 − 55 + 38 −9 + 11 + 0 
 7 − 11 + 0 −7 + 11 + 0 11 − 33 + 38
14 −4 −6 
=  2 8 2 
 −4 4 16 
14 −4 −6  7 −2 −3
1   1 
A =−1
 2 8 2=  1 4 1 
40 20
 −4 4 16   −2 2 8 

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
UNIT – III: CALCULUS
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
b−a b  b−a 1 4 1
1. Prove that  log    for 0  a  b. Hence show that  log    .
b a a 4 3 3
Sol: Let f ( x ) = log x in  a, b where 0  a  b
1
 f ( x) =
x
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, there exist c  ( a, b ) such that
f (b) − f ( a )
f (c) =
b−a
1 log b − log a
 =
c b−a
Now c  ( a, b )  a  c  b
1 1 1
  
a c b
1 log b − log a 1
  
a b−a b
b−a b−a
  log b − log a 
a b
b−a b−a
  log b − log a 
b a
b−a b  b−a
  log   
b a a
Let a = 3 and b = 4
4−3  4  4−3
  log   
4 3 3
1 4 1
  log   
4 3 3
b−a b−a
2. Prove that ( 0  a  b  1) ,  Tan −1b − Tan −1a  .
1+ b 2
1 + a2
 3 4  1
Hence show that +  Tan −1    + .
4 25 3 4 6
Sol: Let f ( x ) = Tan x in  a, b where 0  a  b  1
−1

1
 f ( x) =
1 + x2
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, there exist c  ( a, b ) such that
f (b) − f ( a )
f (c) =
b−a
1 Tan−1b − Tan−1a
 =
1 + c2 b−a
Now c  ( a, b )  a  c  b
 a 2  c 2  b2

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
 1 + a  1 + c 2  1 + b2
2

1 1 1
  
1+ a 2
1+ c 2
1 + b2
1 Tan−1b − Tan−1a 1
  
1+ a 2
b−a 1 + b2
b−a b−a
  Tan −1b − Tan −1a 
1+ a 2
1 + b2
b−a b−a
  Tan −1b − Tan −1a 
1+ b 2
1 + a2
4
Let a = 1 and b =
3
4
−1 4
−1
 3 2  Tan−1 ( 43 ) − Tan−1 (1)  3 2
1 + ( 43 ) 1+1
4 −3
 4 −3
 3
 Tan −1 ( 43 ) −  3

1+ 16
9 4 1+1
( )
1
 ( 1
)
 3
 Tan −1
( )−
4
 3
( 9+916 ) 4 2 3

1 9  1 1
   Tan −1 ( 43 ) −  
3 25 4 3 2
3  1
  Tan −1 ( 43 ) − 
25 4 6
 3 4  1
 +  Tan −1    + .
4 25 3 4 6
3. If f ( x ) = sin x,0  a  b  1, use mean value theorem to prove that
−1

b−a b−a  1 3  1

 Sin−1b − Sin −1a  . Hence show that +  Sin−1    + .
1− a 2
1− b 2 6 5 3 5 6 8
Sol: Let f ( x ) = Sin x in  a, b where 0  a  b  1
−1

1
 f ( x) =
1 − x2
By Lagrange’s mean value theorem, there exist c  ( a, b ) such that
f (b) − f ( a )
f (c) =
b−a
1 Sin −1b − Sin −1a
 =
1 − c2 b−a
Now c  ( a, b )  a  c  b
 a 2  c 2  b2
 −a2  −c2  −b2
 1 − a 2  1 − c 2  1 − b2
 1 − a 2  1 − c 2  1 − b2
1 1 1
  
1− a 2
1− c 2
1 − b2

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
Sin −1b − Sin −1a
1 1
  
1− a 2 b−a 1 − b2
b−a b−a
  Sin−1b − Sin−1a 
1 − a2 1 − b2
1 3
Let a = and b =
2 5
3
−1 3
−1
 5 2  Sin −1 ( 53 ) − Sin −1 ( 12 )  5 2
1 − ( 12 ) 1 − ( 53 )
2 2

6 −5
 6 −5
 10
 Sin−1 ( 53 ) −  10
4−1 6 25−9
4 25

( 101 )  Sin −1  ( 101 )

 ( 53 ) − 
( ) 2
3 6 ( 54 )
1 2  1 5
   Sin−1 ( 53 ) −  
10 3 6 10 4
1  1
  Sin−1 ( 53 ) − 
5 3 6 8
 1 3  1
 +  Sin−1    + .
6 5 3 5 6 8
4. If f ( x ) = log (1 + x ) , x  0 using Maclaurin’s theorem, show that for 0    1,
x2 x3 x 2 x3
log (1 + x ) = x − + . Deduce that log ( )
1 + x  x − + for x  0.
2 3 (1 +  x )3 2 3
Sol: Maclaurin’s theorem with remainder R3 is
x2 x3
f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) + xf  ( 0 ) + f  ( 0 ) + f  ( x )
2! 3!
Let f ( x ) = log (1 + x ) , f ( 0) = 0
1 1
f ( x) = , f  ( 0) = =1
1+ x 1+ 0
−1 −1
f  ( x ) = , f  ( 0 ) = = −1
(1 + x ) (1 + 0)
2 2

2 2
f  ( x ) = , f  ( x ) =
(1 + x ) (1 +  x )
3 3

Substituting, we get
x2 x3 2
log (1 + x ) = 0 + x (1) + ( −1) +  .
2! 3! (1 +  x )3
x2 x3
 log (1 + x ) = x − +
2 3 (1 +  x )3
We have 0    1,
For x  0, 0   x  x
1  1 +  x  1 + x
1  (1 +  x )  (1 + x )
3 3

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 LINEAR ALGEBRA & CALCULUS
1 1 1
  
1 (1 +  x ) (1 + x )3
3

x3 x3 x3
  
3 3 (1 +  x )3 3 (1 + x )3
x 2 x3 x2 x3 x2 x3
x − +  x − +  x− +
2 3 2 3 (1 +  x )3 2 3 (1 + x )3
x 2 x3 x2 x3
x − +  log (1 + x )  x − +
2 3 2 3 (1 + x )3
x 2 x3
 log (1 + x )  x −
+ for x  0.
2 3
x x2 x4 ex 1 x x3
5. Show that log (1 + e x ) = log 2 + + − + . Hence deduce that = + − +
2 8 192 1 + e x 2 4 48
Sol: Maclaurin’s series is
x2 x3 x 4 iv
f ( x ) = f ( 0) + x f  ( 0) + f  ( 0 ) + f  ( 0 ) + f ( 0) +
2! 3! 4!
Let f ( x ) = log (1 + e x ) , f ( 0 ) = log (1 + e0 ) = log (1 + 1) = log 2
1 1 1 1
f ( x) =  ex , f  (0) =  e0 = 1 =
1+ e x
1+ e 0
1+1 2

f  ( x ) =
(
1+ e e − e  e
x x x
) x

=
ex
, f  ( 0 ) =
e0
=
1
=
1
( ) ( ) ( ) (1 + 1)
2 2 2 2
1 + ex 1 + ex 1 + e0 4

f  ( x ) =
(1 + e ) x 2
e x − e x  2 (1 + e x )e x

=
(1 + e ) e − e
x x x
 2e x
=
e x + e 2 x − 2e 2 x
(1 + e ) x 4
(1 + e ) x 3
(1 + e ) x 3

e x − e2 x e0 − e 20 1 −1
= , f  ( 0 ) = = =0
(1 + e ) x 3
(1 + e ) (1 + 1)
0 3 3

(1 + e ) ( ex 3 x
− 2e ) − ( e − e ) 3 (1 + e )
2x x 2x x 2
ex
f iv
( x) = ,
(1 + e ) x 6

(1 + 1) (1 − 2 ) − (1 − 1) 3 (1 + 1) 23  ( −1) −1
3 2
1
f iv
( 0) = = =
(1 + 1)
6
26 8
Substituting, we get
1 x 2 1 x3 x 4 −1
log (1 + e x ) = log 2 + x  +  +  0 +  +
2 2! 4 3! 4! 8
2 4
 log (1 + e x ) = log 2 + + −
x x x
+
2 8 192
Differentiating both sides, we get
1 1 2 x 4 x3
 e x
= 0 + + − +
1 + ex 2 8 192
ex 1 x x3
 = + − +
1 + e x 2 4 48

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