Unit-3
2mark
1. Define IOT
IoT, or the Internet of Things, is a network of interconnected devices
embedded with sensors and software, allowing them to collect and exchange
data over the internet. It enables everyday objects to become "smart,"
facilitating automation, remote monitoring, and enhanced efficiency in various
aspects of life and industry.
2. List out the some important characteristics of IOT
Connection
Data Gathering
Data Usage
Automation
Scalability
Security
3. What are the differences between IoT devices and Computers?
IOT DEVICES COMPUTER
1. IoT devices are special-purpose 1. Computers are general-purpose
devices. devices
2. IoT devices can do only a 2. Computers can do so many
particular task for which it is tasks.
designed.
3. The hardware and software 3. The hardware and software
built-in in the IoT devices are built-in in the computers are
streamlined for that particular streamlined to do many
task tasks(such as calculation,
gaming, music player, etc. )
4. Examples: Music Player- iPod, 4. Examples: Desktop computers,
Alexa, smart cars, etc. Laptops, etc.
4. What is the meant by Arduino Shields?
Arduino shields are add-on boards that expand the capabilities of
Arduino microcontrollers. They stack onto the main Arduino board and provide
extra functionalities like sensors, displays, motors, or communication modules,
allowing users to easily customize and enhance their Arduino projects without
complex wiring or soldering.
5. Where are the sensors used?
sensors are used in many places to detect and measure things in the world
around us. They're in our smartphones, cars, factories, hospitals, homes, and
even in fields for agriculture. They help with tasks like tracking movement, and
more convenient.
BIG QUESTIONS
1 .IoT Devices Versus Computers?
1. Functionality:
o Computers: Designed for general-purpose computing tasks such
as word processing, gaming, browsing, etc.
o IoT Devices: Primarily designed for specific functions like
monitoring, controlling, or gathering data from the physical world.
For example, smart thermostats, fitness trackers, or industrial
sensors.
2. Processing Power:
o Computers: Typically have more powerful processors, memory,
and storage to handle complex tasks and multitasking.
o IoT Devices: Often have limited processing power, memory, and
storage, sufficient for their dedicated functions. They may use
microcontrollers or specialized chips to optimize energy
consumption.
3. Connectivity:
o Computers: Usually connected to the internet via Wi-Fi, Ethernet,
or cellular networks, enabling access to vast resources and
services.
o IoT Devices: May connect through various protocols such as Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Zigbee, or cellular networks. They often communicate
with other devices or a central hub rather than directly accessing
the internet.
4. User Interface:
o Computers: Have complex user interfaces, including graphical user
interfaces (GUIs) and input devices like keyboards and mice,
facilitating interaction with users.
o IoT Devices: Interfaces can vary from simple LED indicators to
touchscreen displays or even no interface at all, relying on other
devices or remote controls for user interaction.
5. Operating Systems:
o Computers: Run general-purpose operating systems like Windows,
macOS, or Linux, offering flexibility and support for a wide range
of applications.
o IoT Devices: Often use lightweight operating systems or real-time
operating systems (RTOS) tailored to their specific requirements,
prioritizing efficiency and reliability over versatility.
6. Security:
o Computers: Face a wide range of security threats, requiring robust
antivirus software, firewalls, and regular updates to mitigate risks.
o IoT Devices: Also vulnerable to security breaches, but often lack
the resources or mechanisms for comprehensive security
measures. Security vulnerabilities in IoT devices can have
significant consequences, such as privacy breaches or even
physical harm in critical systems.
2. .Integration of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino.)
Arduino tool chain, types, iot config ?
1. Arduino Toolchain:
o Arduino IDE: The Arduino Integrated Development Environment
(IDE) is the primary software used to write, compile, and upload
code to Arduino boards. It provides a simple interface for writing
code in the Arduino programming language (based on C/C++),
along with libraries and examples for various sensors and
actuators.
o Arduino Libraries: Arduino IDE includes a vast collection of
libraries that provide pre-written code for interfacing with
sensors, actuators, communication protocols, and other
peripherals. These libraries simplify the task of integrating
hardware components into your Arduino projects.
2. Types of Sensors:
o Temperature and Humidity Sensors: Examples include DHT11 and
DHT22, which measure ambient temperature and humidity levels.
o Motion Sensors: PIR (Passive Infrared) sensors detect motion by
measuring changes in infrared radiation in their field of view.
o Distance Sensors: Ultrasonic sensors like HC-SR04 measure
distance by emitting ultrasonic pulses and calculating the time it
takes for them to bounce back.
o Light Sensors: LDRs (Light-Dependent Resistors) and photodiodes
measure ambient light intensity.
o Gas Sensors: MQ series sensors detect various gases like carbon
monoxide, methane, or alcohol.
o Accelerometers and Gyroscopes: These sensors measure
acceleration and angular velocity, useful for motion tracking and
orientation sensing.
3. Types of Actuators:
o LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): Used for visual feedback and status
indication.
o Servo Motors: Rotary actuators capable of precise angular control,
commonly used in robotics and automation projects.
o DC Motors: Provide rotational motion and are often used in
projects requiring continuous rotation or variable speed control.
o Stepper Motors: Motors capable of precise positioning by moving
in discrete steps, suitable for applications like CNC machines and
3D printers.
o Relays: Electrically operated switches used to control high-power
devices such as lights, appliances, or industrial equipment.
4. IoT Configuration:
o Connectivity Modules: Arduino can be equipped with various
communication modules like Wi-Fi, Ethernet, Bluetooth, or
GSM/GPRS modules to enable IoT capabilities.
o IoT Protocols: Arduino can communicate with IoT platforms and
services using protocols like MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry
Transport), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), or CoAP
(Constrained Application Protocol).
o Data Processing and Storage: Arduino can process sensor data
locally and transmit it to cloud services or store it in local storage
(SD cards or EEPROM) for later retrieval.
o Power Management: For IoT applications, power efficiency is
crucial. Arduino projects can be optimized for low power
consumption through techniques like sleep modes, efficient
sensor sampling, and power gating strategies.
