Topic 1.

0:
IPv4 Addressing (Part 1)

DFN30353 Switching Essentials

Learning Outcomes

• Define VLSM

• Calculate VLSM in IPv4 network

• Performs VLSM addressing scheme in LAN

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Recap...
IPv4 Address Structure

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
IPv4 Address Structure
Network and Host Portions
• An IPv4 address is a 32-bit hierarchical address that is made up of a network portion
and a host portion.

• When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the
32-bit stream.
• A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
IPv4 Address Structure
The Subnet Mask
• To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is
compared to the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right.

• The actual process used to

identify the network and
host portions is called
ANDing.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5
IPv4 Address Structure
The Prefix Length
• A prefix length is a less cumbersome method used to identify a subnet mask address.

Prefix
• The prefix length is the number Subnet Mask 32-bit Address
Length
of bits set to 1 in the subnet 255.0.0.0 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 /8
mask.
255.255.0.0 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 /16

255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 /24

• It is written in “slash notation”
therefore, count the number of 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 /25

bits in the subnet mask and 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 /26

prepend it with a slash.
255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27

255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 /28

255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 /29

255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 /30

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
IPv4 Address Structure
Determining the Network: Logical AND
• A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address.
• Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1 and any other
combination results in a 0.
• 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
• 1 = True and 0 = False

• To identify the network address, the

host IPv4 address is logically
ANDed, bit by bit, with the subnet
mask to identify the network
address.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
IPv4 Address Structure
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
• Within each network are three types of IP addresses:
• Network address
• Host addresses
• Broadcast address

Host
Network Portion Host Bits
Portion
Subnet mask 255 255 255 0
255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network address 192 168 10 0
All 0s
192.168.10.0 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000
First address 192 168 10 1
All 0s and a 1
192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001
Last address 192 168 10 254
All 1s and a 0
192.168.10.254 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110
Broadcast address 192 168 10 255
All 1s
192.168.10.255 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8
Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Subnetting Formulas

Calculate Number of Subnetting a /24 Network

Subnets Formula

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Subnetting Formulas (Cont.)

Calculate Number of
Calculating the Number of Hosts
Hosts Formula

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Classless Subnetting Example

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
Subnetting an IPv4 Network
Creating 2 Subnets
 /25 Subnetting Topology

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
Define VLSM

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
VLSM
IPv4 Address Conservation
Given the topology, 7 subnets are required (i.e, four LANs and three WAN links) and the
largest number of host is in Building D with 28 hosts.

• A /27 mask would provide 8 subnets of 30 host IP addresses and therefore support
this topology.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
VLSM
IPv4 Address Conservation (Cont.)
However, the point-to-point WAN links only require two addresses
and therefore waste 28 addresses each for a total of 84 unused
addresses.

• Applying a traditional subnetting scheme to this scenario is not very efficient and is
wasteful.

• VLSM was developed to avoid wasting addresses by enabling us to subnet a subnet.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
VLSM
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)
• The left side displays the traditional subnetting scheme
(i.e., the same subnet mask) while the right side
illustrates how VLSM can be used to subnet a subnet
and divided the last subnet into eight /30 subnets.

• When using VLSM, always begin by satisfying the host

requirements of the largest subnet and continue
subnetting until the host requirements of the smallest
subnet are satisfied.

• The resulting topology with VLSM applied.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
VLSM (Cont.)
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

Traditional Subnets of Varying Sizes

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
Benefits of VLSM

Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses

• Subnetting based on classes is not very flexible.
• Results in wasted addresses.
Variable Length Subnet Masks
• By varying the mask, an administrator has more control.
• Less waste.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
Calculate VLSM in IPv4
Networks

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
Scenario 1
Basic VLSM
Basic Subnetting

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
Scenario 2
VLSM Topology Address Assignment
• Using VLSM subnets, the LAN and inter-router networks can be addressed without
unnecessary waste as shown in the logical topology diagram.

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Scenario 3
Demonstration – VLSM Example
 Given the network 172.16.0.0
/23 = 2^9 hosts = 512
/23 creates subnets: 256+128+64+32+16+16 = 512 hosts needed
a. 1 network for 200 hosts - 256 Address range 172.16.0.0 – 172.16.1.255
b. 1 network for 100 hosts - 128 (a)
c. 1 network for 50 hosts - 64
(b)
d. 1 network for 25 hosts - 32 (c)
e. 1 network for 10 hosts - 16 (d)
f. 4 point-to-point networks for 2 (e)
hosts each – 4x4 = 16
(f)
172.16.1.248 /30 (4)
172.16.1.252 /30 (4)

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
Performs VLSM addressing
scheme in LAN

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
Configure VLSM
VLSM in Practice

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
Structured Design
Network Address Planning

© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Structured Design
Planning to Address the Network
 Each host in an internetwork must have
a unique address.

 Need proper planning & documentation.

 Must provide & control access to servers

from internal hosts and external hosts.

 Layer 3 STATIC address assigned to a

server can be used to control access to
that server.

 Monitoring security and performance of

hosts means network traffic is examined
for source IP addresses that are
generating or receiving excessive
packets.
© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
Structured Design
Assigning Addresses to Devices
 Devices that require addresses:

• End user clients

• Can be set for DHCP to save time and
manual errors.
• A change in the subnetting scheme requires
reconfiguration of DHCP server. IPv6 clients
use DHCPv6/SLAAC.
• Servers
• Configured with static addresses.
• Private addresses translated to public
addresses if accessible from the Internet.
• Intermediary devices
• Set with static addresses for remote
management.
• Gateway
• Router interface used to exit the network.
© 2019, 2021 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29