Sample Problems Chapter 4

Applying Conservation of Mass

(1) Ans. 338405.6 kg; 541.45 m3
Data are provided for the crude oil storage tank shown in Fig. The tank
initially contains 500 m3 of crude oil. Oil is pumped into the tank through a
pipe at a rate of 1 m3/min and out of the tank at a velocity of 2 m/s through
another pipe having a diameter of 0.1 m. The crude oil has a specific volume
of 0.0016 m3/kg. Determine
(a) the mass of oil in the tank, in kg, after 24 hours.
(b) the volume of oil in the tank, in m3, at that time.

(2) Ans. 1140 kg

Fig. shows a mixing tank initially containing 1500 kg of liquid water. The
tank is fitted with two inlet pipes, one delivering hot water at a mass flow
rate of 0.5 kg/s and the other delivering cold water at a mass flow rate of
0.8 kg/s. Water exits through a single exit pipe at a mass flow rate of 1.4
kg/s. Determine the amount of water, in kg, in the tank after one hour.
 (3) Ans. 0.3717 kg/s; 6.095 cm2
Air enters a one-inlet, one-exit control volume at 8 bar, 600 K, and 40 m/s
through a flow area of 20 cm2. At the exit, the pressure is 2 bar, the
temperature is 400 K, and the velocity is 350 m/s. The air behaves as an
ideal gas. For steady-state operation, determine
(a) the mass flow rate, in kg/s. (b) the exit flow area, in cm2.

(4) Ans. (a) 0.5 kg/s; (b) 0.002 kg/s; (c) 0.0063 kg/s.
A substance flows through a 50 mm-diameter pipe with a velocity of 1 m/s
at a particular location. Determine the mass flow rate, in kg/s, if the
substance is
(a) water at 345 kPa, 25°C. (b) nitrogen as an ideal gas at 345 kPa, 25°C.
(c) Refrigerant 22 at 345 kPa, 25°C.
Energy Analysis of Control Volumes at Steady State
(5) Ans. (a) 664.1 m/s; (b) 17 cm2; 6.2 cm2
Steam enters a nozzle operating at steady state at 30 bar, 320°C, with a
velocity of 100 m/s. The exit pressure and temperature are 10 bar and
200°C, respectively. The mass flow rate is 2 kg/s. Neglecting heat transfer
and potential energy, determine
(a) the exit velocity, in m/s.
(b) the inlet and exit flow areas, in cm2.

(6) Ans. 8.65x10-4 m2

Helium gas flows through a well-insulated nozzle at steady state. The
temperature and velocity at the inlet are 333 K and 53 m/s, respectively. At
the exit, the temperature is 256 K and the pressure is 345 kPa. The mass
flow rate is 0.5 kg/s. Using the ideal gas model, and neglecting potential
energy effects, determine the exit area, in m2.

(7) Ans. 112.78 m/s

As shown in Fig., air enters the diffuser of a jet engine operating at steady
state at 20 kPa, 240 K and a velocity of 270 m/s, all data corresponding to
high-altitude flight. The air flows adiabatically through the diffuser and
achieves a temperature of 270 K at the diffuser exit. Using the ideal gas
model for air, determine the velocity of the air at the diffuser exit, in m/s.
 (8) Ans. 106.1 oC
Refrigerant 134a enters an insulated diffuser as a saturated vapor at 7 bar
with a velocity of 370 m/s. At the exit, the pressure is 16 bar and the velocity
is negligible. The diffuser operates at steady state and potential energy
effects can be neglected. Determine the exit temperature, in °C.

(9) Ans. 126.306 kW

Hot combustion gases, modeled as air behaving as an ideal gas, enter a
turbine at 1100 kPa, 1600 K with a mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s and exit at
300 kPa and 1000 K. If heat transfer from the turbine to its surroundings
occurs at a rate of 16 kW, determine the power output of the turbine, in kW.

(10) Ans. (a) 246.75 kg/s; (b) 2.16 m

Steam at 11032 kPa, 538°C, and a velocity of 0.6 m/s enters a turbine
operating at steady state. As shown in Fig., 22% of the entering mass flow
is extracted at 1103 kPa, 232°C, with a velocity of 3 m/s. The rest of the
steam exits as a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture at 7 kPa, with a quality of
85% and a velocity of 45 m/s. The turbine develops a power output of
2.6×105 kW. Neglecting potential energy effects and heat transfer
between the turbine and its surroundings, determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the steam entering the turbine, in kg/h.
(b) the diameter of the extraction duct, in m.
 (11) Ans. -750 kW
Air is compressed at steady state from 1 bar, 300 K, to 6 bar with a mass
flow rate of 4 kg/s. Each unit of mass passing from inlet to exit undergoes
a process described by pv1.27=constant. Heat transfer occurs at a rate of
46.95 kJ per kg of air flowing to cooling water circulating in a water jacket
enclosing the compressor. If kinetic and potential energy changes of the air
from inlet to exit are negligible, calculate the compressor power, in kW.

(12) Ans. 15.98 kg/s

A pump steadily delivers water through a hose terminated by a nozzle. The
exit of the nozzle has a diameter of 2.5 cm and is located 4 m above the
pump inlet pipe, which has a diameter of 5.0 cm. The pressure is equal to 1
bar at both the inlet and the exit, and the temperature is constant at 20°C.
The magnitude of the power input required by the pump is 8.6 kW, and the
acceleration of gravity is g 5 9.81 m/s2. Determine the mass flow rate
delivered by the pump, in kg/s.

(13) Ans. (a) 3.673 kg/min; (b) -615.3 kJ/min

The cooling coil of an air-conditioning system is a heat exchanger in which
air passes over tubes through which Refrigerant 22 flows. Air enters with a
volumetric flow rate of 40 m3/min at 27°C, 1.1 bar, and exits at 15°C, 1 bar.
Refrigerant enters the tubes at 7 bar with a quality of 16% and exits at 7 bar,
15°C. Ignoring heat transfer from the outside of the heat exchanger and
neglecting kinetic and potential energy effects, determine at steady state
(a) the mass flow rate of refrigerant, in kg/min.
(b) the rate of energy transfer, in kJ/min, from the air to the refrigerant.
 (14) Ans. 54.7 oC
Propane vapor enters a valve at 1.6 MPa, 70°C, and leaves at 0.5 MPa. If
the propane undergoes a throttling process, what is the temperature of the
propane leaving the valve, in °C?

(15) Ans. 1.66 m3

A simple steam power plant operates at steady state with water circulating
through the components with a mass flow rate of 60 kg/s. Fig. shows
additional data at key points in the cycle. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and
potential effects are negligible. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency and (b)
the mass flow rate of cooling water through the condenser, in kg/s.
 (16) Ans. (a) 1.082 kW; (b) 2.22
A residential air-conditioning system operates at steady state, as shown in
Fig. Refrigerant 22 circulates through the components of the system.
Property data at key locations are given on the figure. If the evaporator
removes energy by heat transfer from the room air at a rate of 10 kW,
determine (a) the rate of heat transfer between the compressor and the
surroundings, in kW, and (b) the coefficient of performance.

Transient Analysis
(17) Ans. 14.38 kg; 2490 kJ
As shown in Fig., a 8 m3 tank contains H2O initially at 207 kPa and a quality
of 80%. The tank is connected to a large steam line carrying steam at 1380
kPa, 232°C. Steam flows into the tank through a valve until the tank
pressure reaches 690 kPa and the temperature is 204°C, at which time the
valve is closed. Determine the amount of mass, in kg, that enters the tank
and the heat transfer between the tank and its surroundings, in kJ.
 (18) Ans. 6534 kJ
A tank of volume 1 m3 initially contains steam at 6 MPa and 320°C. Steam
is withdrawn slowly from the tank until the pressure drops to p. Heat
transfer to the tank contents maintains the temperature constant at 320°C.
Neglecting all kinetic and potential energy effects
(a) determine the heat transfer, in kJ, if p=1.5 MPa.
(b) plot the heat transfer, in kJ, versus p ranging from 0.5 to 6 MPa.

(19) Ans. 18.95 kJ

A 0.5 m3 tank initially contains air at 300 kPa, 350 K. Air slowly escapes
from the tank until the pressure drops to 100 kPa. The air that remains in
the tank undergoes a process described by pv1.3= constant. For a control
volume enclosing the tank, determine the heat transfer, in kJ. Assume ideal
gas behavior with constant specific heats.