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121 views40 pagesPhysics Practical Book
Physics practical book answers
Uploaded by
kaneki01981Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 40
Diode characteristics.
LIST OF ACTIVITIES
Refractive index of convex lens.
(using spherometer and auto collimation method)
No. NAME OF EXPERIMENTS DATE | SIGN |
1. | Use of Vernier Callipers. 4 [ighelea J"
2. | Use of Micrometer screw gauge. 10 fader A\
3. | Use of Spherometer. 16 |or\tele2| %
4. | Parallelogram law of vectors. 20 |oli2z Zh
5. | Coefficient of Static friction. 26 |to\ w\e2)
6. | Travelling microscope. 32
Focal length of convex lens by displacement method. 38 |oul ulze! 0 ne
8. | Refractive index of liquid by concave mirror. 44 jell sf
Refractive index of Prism. 48 faahrelea AN’
Determination of magnetic moment of short bar magnet.| 54 | 29 n\ez se
(dipole) using a deflection magnetometer.
11. | Thermistor. 60
2, | Law of moments. 74 \aahole
3. | Rolling friction. 76 \olullez |) Ay Cie
4. | Coefficient of restitution. 78 | ealttlea|
5. | 'J'by electric method. 80
} >
6." | Refractive index of glass by total internal reflection. 82 foetal v
7. | Study of resistor using colour code, 34 lealtol@ fi a"
8. | Study of potential divider circuit. 86
QUESTION SLIPS FOR PRACTICAL ah
EXAMINATION
i fb
=> EXPERIMENT No. 1
= USE OF VERNIER CALLIPERS
: a
Aim: To determine volume of a solid sphere and a hollow cylinder by using Vernier calipers,
Apparatus: Vernier callipers, solid sphere, hollow cylinder
Diagram:
En. .
=
WWE a
(dnt
2
! mn
L__ jaws —| Vernier callipers | Vernier scale
: 7
- - 5 i Main Scale
Tie, Gap aero met eTe eat
v Ya
Fig. (b) [
J+—Beaker
ee
Fig.1.1 Vernier calliper
Formula:
(Smallest division on the main scale of vernier callipers)
eee (Total number of divisions on vernier scale)
2... Volume of solid sphere = or aR,
Where i: Radius of sphere
3. Volume of cylinder = a1°h, Where r- Radius of Cylinder, h- Height of Cylinder
Observations: - .
Least count of Vernier calliper :
1. Smallest division on main scale =
2. Total number of divisions on Vernier scal
3. Least count = L.C.
J. To find the zero error :
Bring the two jaws of Vernier callipers in contact. Observe and conclude according to the
following given conditions. Position of main Scale
Observation
Conclusion
@ 9 Main scale
No zero i-
erry é
Vernier scala
10
tem
Ifzero division of the
main scale coincides
with zero division of
Vernier scale
There is no
zero error
0 Main scale
)
Negatve
zeroeror 4
5
Vernier scala
tom
10
If.zero division of
the Vernier scale is
ontright side of zero
division of main
scale and if m*
division of Vernier
scale coincides with
same division of
main scale.
Negative zero
error
-(N-m)xLc
Main scale
@
positive | 7 -
zeroertor 9 5
Vernier scale
‘| | onmain scale.
If zero division of
Vernier scale is on
left side of zero_
* division of =mai
scale and if’ mth
division of Verni-
er scale coincides ©
with same division
H
Positive zero error
=+mik Lc
Zero error Z
(with sign)
DYeeNre
calculate radius of sphere
I. To determine volume of sphere:
Hold the given solid sphere between the lower jaws of Vernier callipers.'as'shwm in fig I:1.
Note the position of zero mark of Vernier scale on the maiti- scale! Lethe réaditig be ‘A’.
Note the Vernier division (B) that coincides with some division on the
Then calculate the total reading (T) with formula T= A+ (BX LIC:
Take at least three independent reading for different positions of sphere.
Apply correction according to zero error (T+ Z) and find the mean value of diameter (D) and
IIL, To find the inner diameter and length of ihe Nollow cylinder.
measuring inner diameter)
main scale,
y Tan..§
(Use upper jaws for wer
Observation Table: Vater [Total | Corrected
i ‘Object Obs. | Dimensions sere [Reading | Reading Neva
sadit Te = ‘ead
| Re reading late [T-Zem ine
| XL.) jem) (em)
| (emb v5 Rlweeay S
zi oor [ag :
sehere [ot Diameter (D) ot Trae La
I 3 ©: 08 1:8
| i oF | 2349
Cylinder |_1__|Inner oo!
2] Diameter (4) 6-04 [2°34 2.39
| 3 0204 | 2-34
i 20S | 4S
Cylinder |_1_|Depth/ ©: 4
2 | Length (h) © 05 | 4: eS Qs
| 3 005 | 485
Calculations:
1. Radius of sphere (R) =
).
3. Inner radius of Cylinder ()
ee ne am NKD Result :
1. Volume of sphere =
2, Volume of cylinder
Precautions:
1. Hold the object tightly between the jaws; do not press the jaws too hard.
2, Take observations for diameter at different positions of the object.
3. Eye should be exactly perpendicular to the Vernier scale while observing reading.
Additional Experiment you can do: ee
Procedure : Take a small mug or cylindrical glass having thick bottom. Measure its inner
diameter by using upper ends of the jaws. Measure depth by using depth measurement strip.
Hence, calculate capacity (inner volume) of the mug or glass.
Multiple-choice Questions
1, If smallest division on the main scale of Vernier Callipers is 0.05cm and number of division
‘on the Vernier scale is 25, the L.C. of Vernier Callipers is OO 2¢m
a) 0.0002 cm 270.002 cm c) 0.001cem d) 0.01cm
2. Upper jaws are used to find... nen diametne
a) outer diameter byinner diameter) length _) thickness
Questions
1. What is zero error?
2. How do you apply the correction due to zero error?
Remark and sign of teacher: 3. The zero mark of the head scale is below
EXPERIMENT No.2
USE OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
Aim: To measure ;
«1. The diameter of a given wire and calculate its area of cross section
‘2. Thickness of glass plate.
Apparatus: Screw gauge, Wire, glass plate
Diagram ;
)~ Pitch’scalé(M.S.) Thimble
Circular scale
(CS)
‘¢— Frame
; Fig. 2.1 Micrometer Serew gauge
Formula : .
1. Least Count of the Screw Gauge
Pitch
Least Count =
oun Total number of division on the crcaarsak
+2. Area of cross section of wire :
A=mr? ----.- Where ris radius,
Zero Error and Zero Correction
To get the correct measurement the zero error must be taken into account, For this purpest,
the screw is rotated forward, until the screw just touches the anvil and the edge of cap is ontt
ero mark ofthe pitch scale. The Screw gauge is held keeping the pitch scale vertical with is2e®
down wards,
When this is done, anyone of the following three situations can arise:
J. The zero mark ofthe circular scale comes on the eference line. In this cage he zero emit
the zero correction, both are nil, *
2. The zero mark of the circular scale remait
this case, the zero error is positive and th
divisions it is above the reference line,
ns above the reference line and does not erossit
© 2610 correction is negative depending on hows)
the reference line, In this case, the zero ertt®
negative and the zero correction is positive depending on how many divisions it is below )
reference line, MS. MS.
Positive zero error Negative zero error
MS.
@)
No zero error
Fig. 2.2 Zero error
Procedure :
1. Determine the pitch and least count of the screw gauge using the formula.
2. Bring the anvil and screw in contact with each other and find the zero error. If there is no zero
error, then record ‘zero error nil’. )
3. Move the screw away from the anvil and place the wire and move the screw towards the anvil
using the ratchet head. Stop whien the ratchet slips without moving the screw.
4. Note the number of divisions on the main scale that is visible and uncovered by the edge of the
cap. The reading A is called the main scale reading.
Note the number (B) of the division on the circular scale lying over the reference line.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for two different positions of the wire. Record the observations in the
tabular column. fig ;
7. Find total reading using the formula and apply zero correction in each case.
8. Take the mean of different values.
Note: Place the other objects like wire, glass plate etc. between the screw and the anvil and follow
the above procedure to find the measurement.
Observations : ane
1. Determination of Least Count of the Screw Gauge
a) Smallest division on main scale, $ = 1 mm.
b) Number of full rotations given to screw, n= 10
c) Distance moved by the screw on main scale, D = 10 mm.
= 2) 1 mm Z0.1 em.
10
e) Number of divisions on circular scale, N = 100
P_ (mm
f) Hence, least count, L.C.= N fon = 0.01 mm =0.001 cm.
<=> 2. Zero Error
Zero error = Z
(vith sign)
Object [Obs] Main Seale | Coincident | circular Scale
No. | Reaing (A)| divisions Reading [Observed Corrected
(em) on circular | C= (Bx L.C)| p, =A+C (cm) | D=D,-Z (em)
scale (B) (em)
Wire | 1 | gio 26 1026 | 0226 0: 226
2 es 26 0:02 | 0:226 @ 226
5] @2 | 26 | 0:026]0-226 | O-29¢
res |'Lo2 | 7S [oo [oars |o-2%s
2/62 | 76 07s | S275 | OSE
3} oe 1 OTS | O27S @-24
Calculations ;
1. Mean Diameter of the wire, D -O-22%m.
2. Radius of wire, r= 2 OB om.
3. Area of cross section of the wire, A=mr
4. Thickness of the glass plate, t
Result:
21S,
1. Diameter of the wire, D = Q:22. Sem,
2. The area of cross section of the given wire is, A=... 40! Qcm?,
3. Thickness of the glass plate, t=©.:-27
Precautions :
1. Rotate the screw in one direction to avoid backlash error.
2. Do not apply undue pressure while turning the micrometer screw.
Additional Experiment you can do:
1, What is the zero
-F06 mm
2... Precision of micrometer screw gauge is--
a) 0.1 em
Multiple-choice
error as shown in the figure?
b)0.06 mmc) 6mm
Olmm c)0.1 mm
Find the volume of the small ball bearing/ metal sphere.
Questions:
d) 60 mm
4) 0.01 m
Questions
1. Define the terms pitch and least count.
Remark and sign of teach ——____ 3
EXPERIMENT NO.
\ eS or SPHEROMET ER
ce using a spherometer,
ae determine the radius of curvature of a spherical surfa
‘or spherical mirror or lens OF curved plac.
Ap A spherometer, a plane glass plate/mirr
Diagram:
Main Scale (Pitch Scale) MS.
Circular Sclae
(Head Scale )
Legs “*"~ Fig. 3.1 Spherometer:
B<—a,—>C
Main Scale (Pitch Scale)
Circular Disk
Say
Nut
Metal Frame
Main Scale (Pitch Scale)
Circular Disk
fou ula:
Ra
dius of curvature of the spherical surface, , R= 2
Proceduré Sh
1. Determine the L.C. of spherometer
2. Record the average distance between three legs of.
| ne
seen 88 of spherometer by taking their impressions 0"
3. Keep the spherometer on the plane glass plate/mirror a
7 and rota a i ae cl
the plane surface. Note the spherometer reading, Repeat hie see alia fst touche!
location. same once more at a differe™
ap, 4. Keep the spherometer on the spherical surface of lens kept on the plane mirror, Adjust.
the spherometer screw so that its tip just touches the center of spherical surface. Note the
ona reading. Repeat the same once at a different central location.
ec ions:
“TL. To find the L.C. of spherometer
<1. Value of one division on the main scale,
2+ Number of divisions on the circular scale, D
3. Distance through which the. screw advances on the main scale in n rotations of the circular
seale=D=....0:S,
b
-| Surface Obs. Coincident: | Circular; scale * | Total read- | Mean
no. divisions on e ing ="A+C | reading
A_(cm) __| circular scale B (cm)~" (cm) . .
Plane [1 [o> q > i i
Minor [4 -1©" 1 VO; OPN coe
gL Oebs pees 1 \-oo)
Curved Jt [@O* 1” ;
mabe ref Oe ae 0-053
, re j2 "}O-0", once.
IH. To find sagitta (h) + ‘
77 Sagitta of the spherical surface
Calculations: AND mn <2 a4 Ms
For radius of curvature. “Calculation for a’/6h
symbol value log
atk
Tom TF
Toa 7 Pat
Z 7
hd: Ayel fe be AR mT TT py?
z 2 > 7} ep)
76h + 90.O=90 +0,
= 906s S exh tv apa)
Whete R is resultant vector, P and Q are two vectors, and @ is the angle Between P and Q
vectors.
Procedure: 7
1. Fix the wooden board in a vertical position as shown in figure.-Clamp the pulleys on the
wooden board. Fix the white papér on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins.
2. Pass a long string ovet the pulleys and a hanger at each end. Tie another string at the centre of
the first string. Tie a hanger to the free end of this string as shown in figure.
3. Add suitable weights to the hangers so that the system is in equilibrium and the common point
O is itear the centre of the board.
4. Note,the-forces P, Q and S from diagram it can be seen that p=wi ,Q =w2 and S= wa where w
denotes the numerical value or magnitude of the total ‘weight in each case .
Hold the plane mirror on the paper behind the string. Mark two points on the paper at the ends
of the mirror such that string and its image in the plane mirror coincide. The line joining the
points gives the.line of action of the corresponding forces ( P,Q or Q).Determine the lines of
action of all three forces in this manner .
6. Remiove the white paper from the Board. Draw the lines through the points and produce them.
to meet at the common point O.
7. With a suitable scale( for e.g. Let 20 g = 1 cm) mark the points A and B'such that the lengths
OA and OB represent the magnitude of the forces P and Q respectively. . .
8. Complete the parallelogram OACR « Draw, the, diagonial‘OC sMeasuie the length OC and
determine the magnitude of R using the Scale chosen. a a
9." Measure the angle AOB (@) between the foreés P and Q . Calculate R'using the formula,
Compare it with the value obtained by-éalculation 27! :
10. Take two readings by, changing the weights added tthe hangers. Réplace w,-by the object
(unknown) whose weight is to be found. Adjust w, and w, such that the system is in equilibrium
and the common point O is near the centre of the boaid.- sy
11. For unknown weight, following the earlier procedufé Complete the parallelogram. Find the
weight of the body by measuring the length of the diagonal’ passing through the point O and
using.the scale chosen, ~ 231?!
Observations: :
I. To find the actual weight of the unknown mass, R unknown.
sh these
1. Least count of spring balance =
2. Zero error of spring balan I. To verify parallelogram law of vectors
“
Obs. | Pow,) | Qo) ‘Angle
no. gwt gwt between P| Observed I
cand Q — |(W,) diagram | — using the
: 0°
1 \go0 {50 (03° 200 | 14S
2 \so 06 es 200
3 baspeal a — — —
CLL To find the weight of the unknown mass using parallelogram law of vectors Seale,
Obs.no| Pov.) | Q (vs) [Angle between] R by measurement. | R by calculatioy]
gwt gwt Pand Q. 6° from the diagram using the
s (Giagonal x scale) formula
gwt pwt
|, | (0 [tse | FO” = 200 (a4: D
a = = = a =
5 = = = = =
I
Cae a
Calculation 1 R= P? + G? + 2° cs8, for 0 290°
6-70 ae
ob Ro NCU t (6174 216 WG) con. eo",
2 Wao ie! oe
52 + 2.9327
- WV Go-332 = aan
zeTOT by Envension,
ae = 14 2
2.R=V P+Q?.2PQsin®,, forO>90 @z10S” S=F3"
3. For ©<90° or O>90°
Voor te + 2(6)(4) cargo”
ghhysaiinns BURT,“ p
teat!
m4 ae Se ,
| by See
1. Mean value of unknown weight R (using diagonal)
2. Mean value of unknown weight, R (using angle ©)
Result :
The unknown weight of given body = -- gwt,
The result shows the error is within limits ofthe experiment eror.
Use frictionless pulleys. ne andy
pals ould nottouch’the Board, Sufficient ength of
string is sprsfenet, :
\ Boh
!
1
Ifscale pan or spring balance’is available in laboratory student can dompateweight ofunksiown
object with calculated weight of unknown-weight. io
. To determine the direction of resultant vector R as follows:
Measure the angle AOC (a) between P and R. ‘a’ gives the direction of resultant vector,
Multiple-choice Questions
1, In the experiment, on finding the weight of a given body by the parallelogram law of vectors,
the student needs to use :
a) Three pulleys and two weights in all
Dytwo pulleys and two weights in all
‘c) Two pulleys and three weights in all
d) Three pulleys and two weights in all
2. In above diagram if P = Sgwt, Q=7gwt, © = 45°, then a=
a.) 26.40 with direction of P wb) 26.40 with direction of Q
©) 450 with direction of P 4) 18.30 with direction of P
! <> Questions
/ soit using Gravesand’ appariys
1. What are the main sourees of error in the experiment using Graves? :
2. State the law of Parallelogram of forces?
- uth. Nawa=of-
Remark and sign of teach 5
EXPERIMENT NO. 5,
COEFFICIENT OF STATIC FRICTION 2
reaction an
idy the relationship between force of limi at Lad id to fing
coefficient of friction between a black and a horizon :
it tring, wei
Apparatus: Horizontal plane witha pulley, Wooden block wih @ hook, sting, Weight bo,
pan ete.
Formula: WT fa Naf
Where ji, = Coefficient of static fiction between two surfaces.
i : he block (or effort)
P= Horizontal force required just to slide th
Weight of the block (or load)
w
Procedure:
1. Measure the weight of block and
pan separately (respecti 7
2. Clean the surface of block and horizontal plane withthe load a aoe
every time.
3. Tie one end of the string o the hook i
to the other end, ook of black, pass it over the pulley, and attach the so
4. Keep same weight on the block, which is
» Which is kept on hori
5 it Seale pan 0 that the block just starts rmoving and note ‘a furhee Add itable 0
. Repeat same procedure fr dilleen values of loads and meeong ea fio
; re the corresponding!
Observations :
Least count of spring balane,
—— # Zero eer of sping balance
¥4
1. Mass of the block = W, = aad
2, Mass of the pan = P, = Observation fable:
Obs |" Mass on | Totalload | Mass in the| Total Effort _P Mean
No. | the block | W=(W+W,) | panP, ewe P=(P,¢P,) |= W 4,
W, gwt gwt i
io eT aS |
S35 SCT lo eee] OU 18
leo | Seq | 0 4709
\SO_ oe ae
290 Aue -G
Caleulations : Tae ; ,
%)= Og tor= $04 [tos = Wg bay = (Sy Uses 2004
: : = OAs = Ms>e
pase t Ous-£ © ask i Oe
eo = US4 = 4
2 aq |. Feed | > ety b> agRe 14o-4
78 weap te er
SOU] = 496 = O1Y4103 | = euros | = o-sisal
bUssous7 | cbssovase Uso tries} As=O4I6S! Anszorsisa
i :
meen Ms: 9.4 27) "© ea,
Graph : ‘ ; ah et
Flot a graph between load W (on X-axis'against effort P(on Y-axis) atid find the slop of the
graph. :
lem = 30 teaat
ult a
% eee es
Effort P
(0,0) Result : :
by calculation
1. Coefficient of static friction between the two surfaces 2 teh
2. Coefficient of static friction between the two surfaces by
Precautions
1. Two surface in contaet should be dry and clean. it moving.
ich 3 sta
Reading must be taken for the weight for which block jus
3. Pan and string should not touch the fable. i
4. String should be’ parallel to the ho:
Additional Experiment you can dq? oo 4 radually i
Place the empty block (iithodt' pan) on the-plane surface. nee 7 down thee!
angle of inclination of the plan surface such that the block just begins Plane
minimum angle of inclination of the plane at which the body kept on the plane just begins tg
down is known as the angle of repose (Q). Determine this angle. Than Q
-choite Questiois® © 3%! poe L
1. The'value Uf c&efficient of static ftiétion i
“) Tess than 1
e-force of friction’ ‘which comes into play when a body. does not sig
d) zero
