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Motion. Notes

notes of science

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Vrinda Tayade
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91 views7 pages

Motion. Notes

notes of science

Uploaded by

Vrinda Tayade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What Is Motion?

We can define motion as the change of position of an object with respect to


time. A book falling off a table, water flowing from the tap, rattling windows,
etc., all exhibit motion. Even the air that we breathe exhibits motion!
Everything in the universe moves. We live in a universe that is in continual
motion. The fundamental particle of matter, that is, the atom, is in constant
motion too. Every physical process in the universe is composed of motion of
some sort. The motion can either be swift or slow, but motion exists. It is
important that we give due attention to the study of motion because of its
importance in the physical world. Motion is mainly described in terms of the
following terms:
 Distance
 Displacement
 Speed
 Time

Types Of Motion
We might have noticed that different objects move differently. Some objects
move in a curved path, some in a straight path and a few others in a
different way. According to the nature of the movement, motion is classified
into three types as follows:
 Linear Motion
 Rotary Motion
 Oscillatory Motion
Linear Motion
In linear motion, the particles move from one point to another in either a
straight line or a curved path. The linear motion depending on the path of
motion, is further divided as follows
 Rectilinear Motion – The path of the motion is a straight line.
 Curvilinear Motion – The path of the motion is curved.
A few examples of linear motion are the motion of the train, football, the
motion of a car on the road, etc.

Rotatory Motion
Rotatory motion is the motion that occurs when a body rotates on its own
axis. A few examples of the rotatory motion are as follows:
 The motion of the earth about its own axis around the sun is an
example of rotary motion.
 While driving a car, the motion of wheels and the steering wheel about
its own axis is an example of rotatory motion.
Oscillatory Motion
Oscillatory motion is the motion of a body about its mean position. A few
examples of oscillatory motion are
 When a child on a swing is pushed, the swing moves to and fro about
its mean position.
 The pendulum of a clock exhibits oscillatory motion as it moves to and
fro about its mean position.
 The string of the guitar when strummed moves to and fro by its mean
position resulting in an oscillatory motion.

Force
We can say that force is a push or pull acting on an object or energy as an
attribute of physical action or movement. This occurs when two entities are
in contact. According to the universal law of gravitation, every object in this
universe exerts a force on others. The force acting on an object is given by
the following parameter:
 SI unit of Force: newton(N) or kg.m/s2
 Symbol of Force: F
 Type of quantity: Vector quantity
 Dimensional Formula: M1L1T-2
 Other units: dyne, pound-force, kilopond, poundal, kip
For example, if there are two bodies of mass M and m, and they are kept in
such a way that the body with mass m is resting over the body with mass M.
In physics we say that these two bodies will exert forces on each other. So
we can say that whenever there is an interaction of two or more bodies,
force is a part of the interaction.

Motion
In simple words, whenever a body is moving, we say it is in motion. For
instance, if a boy is walking down the street from his school to his home, we
will say that the boy is in motion. But imagine if the boy stops for 5 minutes
in the way and sits down. If someone asks at that time if the boy is in motion,
the answer will be ‘No’. From this, we can infer that the motion of a body is
dependent on time. In physics, we say that motion is the change in the
position of a body with respect to time.

Force and Motion Relation


Force and motion are deeply related in nature. We can say that force is the
cause of motion. Suppose something is moving, we can say that some force
must be acting on it or some force must have acted on it which produced this
motion. If a person is walking, and hence in motion, there must be some
force acting on it which is making him move. What is this force? This force is
the muscular force of his body.
Before we delve into the relationship between force and motion, let us first
take a quick look into what is meant by force. Simply put, force is either a
push or a pull. Force is defined as “any interaction that, when unopposed,
will change the motion of an object”. By the definition itself, it is clear that
force affects the state of motion of an object.
But what exactly is does state of motion mean? In physics, motion is defined
as the change in position with respect to time. In simpler words, motion
refers to the movement of a body. Typically, motion can either be described
as
 Change in speed, or
 Change in direction.
Sir Isaac Newton was the first person to discover the relation
between motion and force. From his studies in force and laws of motion we
can come to the following three conclusions:
 Force can accelerate the body
 Force decelerate the body
 Force can change the direction of the moving body
Force Can Cause a Body To Accelerate
When force is applied to a body in rest, it starts to move, provided that there
is no greater force opposing it. When you throw the ball towards the batsman
while playing cricket, the ball starts to move forward from its initial position
of rest in your hands.
When something begins to move from a state of rest, it
accelerates. Acceleration can be described as a positive change in velocity
over a period of time.
Similarly, if force is applied in the same direction of movement of a moving
object, it accelerates. For example, if you rotate the pedal of a bicycle, it will
go faster.
Force Can Cause a Body To Decelerate
On the other side of the spectrum, if force is applied on the opposite
direction of a moving object, it will decelerate or slow down and eventually
stop altogether if the force is continued to be applied. For example, when a
goalkeeper stops a ball, he causes it to decelerate and stop.
Force Can Cause a Body To Change Directions
When force is applied on an object in an angle different to its direction of
motion, it causes the object to change motion. Almost every ball game uses
this principle.
The speed can be maintained if the force is applied in a perpendicular angle
but the velocity will change.
Force and Motion Formula
From Newton’s second law of motion, the relationship between Force and
motion can be mathematically expressed as:
 Force is defined as the product of mass m and acceleration a and is
given as:
F=m.a
 Motion is explained using laws of motion and is defined as the
particle’s behaviour when in motion and is given as:
s=s0+v0t+12at2
Where,
 s is the position of the particle
 s0 is the initial position of the particle
 v0 is the initial velocity of the particle
 a is the acceleration
 t is the time
To wrap up, force and motion are two heavily connected entities. Force can
result in the acceleration, deceleration, change in direction or total cessation
of motion.

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