PATTERNS IN NATURE the rotation is called the angle of
- Patterns in nature are regularities rotation.
that can be observed around us. Example:
● SYMMETRY
- comes from the Greek word
symmetria, meaning “the same
measure”.
- object in the plane is a rigid motion
of the plane that leaves the object
unchanged.
● TRANSLATION SYMMETRY
- if an object in the pattern has been
● REFLECTIONAL SYMMETRY
moved the same distance and the
- If you fold a picture in half and both
same direction.
halves are exact mirror image of one
another
Example:
Example:
● SPIRALS
The fold is what we call the line or - formed because of a property of
axis of symmetry. growth known as self-similarity or
scaling, which means that the same
● Rotational Symmetry (Radial shape is maintained (not of the
Symmetry) same size) as the object (creature)
- is a rigid motion that makes an grows.
object look exactly the same as it did
before it was rotated EXAMPLE:
- The fixed point is called the center.
- The rotation must be less than 360
degrees.
- The number of times an object can
be rotated is called the order
- The number of degrees through
which an object is rotated so that it
still looks the same as it did before
● TESSELLATIONS (TILING) - The numbers in the sequence are
- is a pattern made up of one or more called Fibonacci numbers.
geometric shapes that are joined
together without overlaps or gaps to ● FIBONACCI NUMBERS and
cover a plane. GOLDEN RATIO
- Golden ratio (also known as
EXAMPLE: Divine Proportion) exists when a
line is divided into two parts and the
ratio of the longer part “a” to shorter
part “b” is equal to the ratio of the
sum “a + b” to “a”.
- The golden ratio is denoted by φ.
- The value of the Golden Ratio is
given by the irrational number φ =
1.6180339887 ... . (1.6180)
● CREATING A FIBONACCI SPIRAL
● FRACTALS
- a never ending replication of a
pattern at different scales (same
shape but different size).
- This property is called
self-similarity.
EXAMPLE:
● THE NUMBER e
- Approximately equal to
2.718281828459045 ⋯ (2.718)
- The irrational number e is often
referred to as Euler’s (pronounced
“Oiler”) number after the Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler who
introduced the letter e for the
constant.
NUMBERS IN NATURE
- Also referred to as Napier’s
constant after John Napier.
● FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
- Its discovery is attributed to Jacob
- The sequence of numbers 1, 1, 2, 3,
Bernoulli (not Euler nor Napier),
5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89 ... is called
when he tried to solve a problem
Fibonacci sequence.
related to continuous compound
- (just add the two consecutive
interests.
numbers to form another fibonacci
number.)
● COMPOUND INTEREST EXAMPLE:
- Interest is a payment charged for Mary opened a savings account with
borrowing a money or an income for ₱10,000.00 initial deposit. If the
keeping a money in a bank or account earns 8% interest, compounded
making an investment. continuously, how much would be her
❖ SIMPLE INTEREST- is interest paid money after 3 years? How much would be
on the principal only. her money after 3 years if simple interest is
applied?
EXAMPLE:
You borrowed ₱1,000 at 5% annual interest Solution: It is given that P = 10,000 pesos
rate for 2 years. If simple interest is applied, r = 0.08
you would pay an interest of ₱50 each year t = 3 years
for two years. The amount of interest will not
change as long as no additional money is A = 10,000e^(0.08)3
borrowed. A = 12,712.49
Hence, Mary’s money after 3 years would
be ₱12,712.49.
● POPULATION GROWTH
❖ Malthusian growth model or
simple exponential growth model
- It is named after Thomas
Robert Malthus.
- The Malthusian model is
❖ COMPOUND INTEREST- is the applied in obtaining
addition of interest to the original population growth of bacteria
principal. and even of humans on the
INTEREST COMPOUNDED assumption that resources
CONTINUOUSLY are unlimited and the
population has a continuous
Formula: birth rate throughout time.
FORMULA:
where A = future value
P = principal amount
r = interest rate in decimal
t = time in years
e = 2.718 (approximately)
where P(t) = the population after time t
Po = the initial population
r = the population growth rate in decimals
t = time
e = 2.718 (approximately)
● EXPONENTIAL DECAY
EXAMPLE:
- if the quantity decreases
According to United Nation estimates, the
continuously at a rate r, r > 0, then
total population in the Philippines for the
we have an exponential decay
year 2018 is 106. 51 million, the 13th largest
in the world (Philippines Population, 2018).
FORMULA:
Census data shows that the population
growth rate is 1.52%. Using the Malthusian
model, project the population of the
Philippines 5 years after.
where P(t) = the quantity at any time t
Solution: It is given that Po = 106.51 million Po = the initial quantity
r = 0.0152 r = rate of decay in decimals
t = 5 years t = time
e = 2.718 (approximately)
Substituting these values into (1), we have
P(5) = 106.51e^0.0152(5)
= 114.92 million
Hence, there will be approximately 114.92
million people in the Philippines by 2023.
❖ LOGISTIC GROWTH MODEL
- Proposed by Pierre Verhulst in
1836.
- an alternate model that allows for a
fact that there are constraints in
population growth.
FORMULA:
where P(t) = the population after time t
K = carrying capacity or limiting value
