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Layout

mobile application development

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Layout

mobile application development

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priya j

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Android Programming (R15)

UNIT - 3

</LinearLayout>
• The orientation can be modified at runtime
through the setOrientation() method.
• That is, by supplying the
values HORIZONTAL or VERTICAL to
the setOrientation() method, we can arrange
the children of the LinearLayout in row or
column format, respectively.

android:orientation="horizontal"
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<Button
android:id="@+id/Apple"
android:text="Apple"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Mango"
android:text="Mango"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Banana"
android:text="Banana"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</LinearLayout>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<Button
android:id="@+id/Apple"
android:text="Apple"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="0.0" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Mango"
android:text="Mango"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="1.0" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Banana"
android:text="Banana"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_weight="0.0" />
</LinearLayout>
Figure 3.3. (left) The weight attribute of the Mango Button control set to 1.0,
(middle) the weight attribute of the Banana Button control set to 1.0, and
(right) all three Button controls set to the same weight attribute

Figure 3.4. The weight attribute of the Apple, Mango, and Banana Buttoncontrols set to 0.0, 1.0, and 0.5
Gravity Attribute
• The Gravity attribute is for aligning the content within a control.
• The valid options for android:gravity include
– left, center, right, top, bottom, center_horizontal, center_vertical, fill_
horizontal, and fill_vertical.
• center_vertical—Places the object in the vertical center of its
container, without changing its size
• fill_vertical—Grows the vertical size of the object, if needed, so
it completely fills its container
• center_horizontal—Places the object in the horizontal center of
its container, without changing its size
• fill_horizontal—Grows the horizontal size of the object, if
needed, so it completely fills its container
• center—Places the object in the center of its container in both
the vertical and horizontal axis, without changing its size
android:gravity="center“
android:gravity="center_horizontal|center_vertical”
Figure 3.6. (left) The three Button controls vertically aligned with the widthattribute set
to wrap_content, (middle) the Mango and Banana Button controls aligned to the center
and right of container, and (right) the width of the three Button controls expanded to
take up all the available space
Figure 3.7. (left) The three Button controls with their text aligned to the left,
center, and right, (middle) the vertical available space of the container
apportioned equally among the three Button controls, and (right) the text of the
three Button controls vertically aligned to the center
Example
RELATIVE LAYOUT
• In RelativeLayout, each child
element is laid out in relation
to other child elements; that is,
the location of a child element
is specified in terms of the
desired distance from the
existing children.
Layout Control Attributes
The attributes used to set the location of the control relative
to a container are
• android:layout_alignParentTop—The top of the control is
set to align with the top of the container.
• android:layout_alignParentBottom—The bottom of the
control is set to align with the bottom of the container.
• android:layout_alignParentLeft—The left side of the
control is set to align with the left side of the container.
• android:layout_alignParentRight—The right side of the
control is set to align with the right side of the container.
• android:layout_centerHorizontal—The control is placed
horizontally at the center of the container.
• android:layout_centerVertical—The control is placed
vertically at the center of the container.
• android:layout_centerInParent—The control is placed
horizontally and vertically at the center of the container.
Layout Control Attributes
The attributes to control the position of a control in
relation to other controls are
• android:layout_above—The control is placed
above the referenced control.
• android:layout_below—The control is placed
below the referenced control.
• android:layout_toLeftOf—The control is placed to
the left of the referenced control.
• android:layout_toRightOf—The control is placed
to the right of the referenced control.
Layout Control Attributes
The attributes that control the alignment of a control in
relation to other controls are
• android:layout_alignTop—The top of the control is
set to align with the top of the referenced control.
• android:layout_alignBottom—The bottom of the
control is set to align with the bottom of the
referenced control.
• android:layout_alignLeft—The left side of the control
is set to align with the left side of the referenced
control.
• android:layout_alignRight—The right side of the
control is set to align with the right side of the
referenced control.
• android:layout_alignBaseline—The baseline of the
two controls will be aligned.
Layout Control Attributes
• For spacing, Android defines two attributes:
– android:layout_margin and
– android:padding.
• The android:layout_margin attribute defines spacing for the
container, while android:padding defines the spacing for the
view.
• android:padding—Defines the spacing of the content on all
four sides of the control.
1. android:paddingTop—Defines the spacing between the
content and the top of the control.
2. android:paddingBottom—Defines the spacing between
the content and the bottom of the control.
3. android:paddingLeft—Defines the spacing between the
content and the left side of the control.
4. android:paddingRight—Defines the spacing between the
content and the right side of the control.
Layout Control Attributes
• Here are the attributes that define the spacing between the
control and the container:
• android:layout_margin—Defines the spacing of the control
in relation to the controls or the container on all four sides.
1. android:layout_marginTop—Defines the spacing between
the top of the control and the related control or container.
2. android:layout_marginBottom—Defines the spacing
between the bottom of the control and the related control
or container.
3. android:layout_marginRight—Defines the spacing
between the right side of the control and the related
control or container.
4. android:layout_marginLeft—Defines the spacing between
the left side of the control and the related control or
container.
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<Button
android:id="@+id/Apple"
android:text="Apple"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="15dip"
android:layout_marginLeft="20dip" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Mango"
android:text="Mango"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="28dip"
android:layout_toRightOf="@id/Apple"
android:layout_marginLeft="15dip"
android:layout_marginRight="10dip"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Banana"
android:text="Banana"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="50dip"
android:layout_marginTop="15dip"
android:layout_below="@id/Apple"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Grapes"
android:text="Grapes"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:minWidth="100dp"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_below="@id/Banana" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Kiwi"
android:text="Kiwi"
android:layout_width="100dip"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@id/Banana"
android:paddingTop="15dip"
android:paddingLeft="25dip"
android:paddingRight="25dip" />
</RelativeLayout>
We can make the text Grapes appear centrally at the top row by adding the following line:
android:gravity="center_horizontal"
So, its tag appears as follows:

<Button
android:id="@+id/Grapes"
android:text="Grapes"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:minWidth="100dp"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_below="@id/Banana"
android:gravity="center_horizont
al" />
Login Form application

Figure 3.10. (left) The Login Form displays an error if fields are left blank, (middle) the
Password Incorrect message displays if the user ID or password is incorrect, and (right)
the Welcome message displays when the correct user ID and password are entered.
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="horizontal"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/sign_msg"
android:text = "Sign In"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:typeface="serif"
android:textSize="25dip"
android:textStyle="bold"
android:padding="10dip"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"/>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/user_msg"
android:text = "User ID:"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="10dip"
android:layout_below="@+id/sign_msg" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/user_ID"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="250dip"
android:layout_below="@+id/sign_msg"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/user_msg"
android:singleLine="true" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/password_msg"
android:text = "Password:"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_below="@+id/user_msg"
android:layout_margin="10dip"
android:paddingTop="10dip"/>
<EditText
android:id="@+id/password"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="250dp"
android:singleLine="true"
android:layout_below="@+id/user_ID"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/password_msg"
android:password="true" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/login_button"
android:text="Sign In"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_centerHorizontal="true"
android:layout_marginTop="10dip"
android:layout_below="@+id/password_msg"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/response"
android:layout_below="@+id/login_button"/>
</RelativeLayout>
public class LoginFormActivity extends Activity implements OnClickListener {
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_login_form);
Button b = (Button)this.findViewById(R.id.login_button);
b.setOnClickListener(this);
}
public void onClick(View v) {
EditText userid = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.user_ID);
EditText password = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.password);
TextView resp = (TextView)this.findViewById(R.id.response);
String usr = userid.getText().toString();
String pswd = password.getText().toString();
if(usr.trim().length() == 0 || pswd.trim().length() == 0){
String str = "The User ID or password is left blank \nPlease Try Again";
resp.setText(str);
}
else{
if(usr.equals("guest") && pswd.equals("guest"))
resp.setText("Welcome " + usr+ " ! ");
else
resp.setText("The User ID or password is incorrect \nPlease Try Again");
}
}}
ABSOLUTE LAYOUT
• Each child in an AbsoluteLayout is given a
specific location within the bounds of the
container.
• Such fixed locations make AbsoluteLayout
incompatible with devices of different screen
size and resolution.
• The controls in AbsoluteLayout are laid out by
specifying their exact X and Y positions.
• The coordinate 0,0 is the origin and is located
at the top-left corner of the screen.
• The AbsoluteLayout class is not used often, as
it is not compatible with Android phones of
different screen sizes and resolutions.
<AbsoluteLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk
/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="New Product Form"
android:textSize="20sp"
android.textStyle="bold"
android:layout_x="90dip"
android:layout_y="2dip"/>
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Product Code:"
android:layout_x="5dip"
android:layout_y="40dip" />
<EditText
android:id="@+id/product_code" <TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:minWidth="100dip" android:text="Product Price:"
android:layout_x="110dip" android:layout_x="5dip"
android:layout_y="30dip" /> android:layout_y="140dip" />
<TextView <EditText
android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/product_price"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:text="Product Name:" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_x="5dip" android:minWidth="100dip"
android:layout_y="90dip"/> android:layout_x="110dip"
<EditText android:layout_y="130dip" />
android:id="@+id/product_name" <Button
android:layout_width="200dip" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:minWidth="200dip" android:id="@+id/click_btn"
android:layout_x="110dip" android:text="Add New Product"
android:layout_y="80dip" android:layout_x="80dip"
android:scrollHorizontally="true" /> android:layout_y="190dip" />
</AbsoluteLayout>
Android Programming (R15)
UNIT - 3

Example
TABLE LAYOUT
• The TableLayout is used for arranging the enclosed controls
into rows and columns.
• Each new row in the TableLayout is defined through
a TableRow object.
• A row can have zero or more controls, where each control is
called a cell.
• The number of columns in a TableLayout is determined by
the maximum number of cells in any row.
• The width of a column is equal to the widest cell in that
column.
• All elements are aligned in a column; that is, the width of all
the controls increases if the width of any control in the
column is increased.
• We can nest another TableLayout within a table cell, as well.
• TableLayout does not display border lines for rows, columns,
or cells.
Operations Applicable to TableLayout
• We can perform several operations on TableLayout
columns, including
– stretching,
– shrinking,
– collapsing, and
– spanning columns.
• Stretching Columns
– The default width of a column is set equal to the width of
the widest column, but we can stretch the column(s) to
take up available free space using
the android:stretchColumns attribute in the TableLayout.
– The value assigned to this attribute can be a single column
number or a comma-delimited list of column numbers.
– The specified columns are stretched to take up any
available space on the row.
• android:stretchColumns="1"—The second column
(because the column numbers are zero-based) is
stretched to take up any available space in the row.
• • android:stretchColumns="0,1"—Both the first and
second columns are stretched to take up the available
space in the row.
• • android:stretchColumns="*"—All columns are
stretched to take up the available space.
• Shrinking Columns
– We can shrink or reduce the width of the column(s)
using the android:shrinkColumns attribute in the
TableLayout.
– We can specify either a single column or a comma-
delimited list of column numbers for this attribute.
– The content in the specified columns word-wraps to
reduce their width.
– By default, the controls are not word-wrapped.
• android:shrinkColumns="0"—The first column’s
width shrinks or reduces by word-wrapping its
content.
• android:shrinkColumns="*"—The content of all
columns is word-wrapped to shrink their widths.
• Collapsing Columns
– We can make the column(s) collapse or become invisible
through the android:collapseColumns attribute in the
TableLayout.
– We can specify one or more comma-delimited columns for
this attribute.
– These columns are part of the table information but are
invisible.
• We can also make column(s) visible and invisible
through java coding by passing the Boolean values
false and true, respectively, to the
setColumnCollapsed() method in the TableLayout.
• android:collapseColumns="0"—The first column
appears collapsed; that is, it is part of the table but is
invisible. It can be made visible through coding by
using the setColumnCollapsed() method.
• Spanning Columns
• We can make a column span or take up the space
of one or more columns by using the
android:layout_span attribute.
• The value assigned to this attribute must be >=1.
• The control take or span up to two columns
android:layout_span="2”
<TableLayout <TableRow>
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/re <TextView
s/android" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:orientation="vertical" android:text="Product Name:"
android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_column="0"/>
<EditText
android:layout_height="match_parent" android:id="@+id/prod_name"
android:stretchColumns="1"> android:layout_height="wrap_content"
<TableRow android:padding="5dip"> android:scrollHorizontally="true" />
<TextView </TableRow>
android:layout_height="wrap_content" <TableRow>
android:text="New Product Form" <TextView
android:typeface="serif" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Product Price:" />
android:layout_span="2" <EditText
android:gravity="center_horizontal" android:id="@+id/prod_price"
android:textSize="20dip" /> android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
</TableRow> </TableRow>
<TableRow> <TableRow>
<TextView <Button
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/add_button"
android:text="Add Product"
android:text="Product Code:" android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
android:layout_column="0"/> <Button
<EditText android:id="@+id/cancel_button"
android:id="@+id/prod_code" android:text="Cancel"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
android:layout_column="1"/> </TableRow>
</TableRow> </TableLayout>
Example
• Implement calculator using table layout
GRIDLAYOUT LAYOUT
• GridLayout lays out views in a two-dimensional grid
pattern, that is, in a series of rows and columns.
• The intersection of row and column is known as a grid cell,
and it is the place where child views are placed.
• It is easier to use GridLayout when compared to
TableLayout.
• Without specifying intermediate views, we can flexibly
place the views randomly in the grid by specifying their
row and column positions.
• More than one view can be placed in a grid cell.
• Besides this, views can span multiple grid cells too.
• No need to specify layout_height and layout_width for the
GridLayout child views as they default to WRAP_CONTENT.
Specifying Row and Column Position
• The two attributes that are used to specify the
row and column position of the grid cell for
inserting views are
android:layout_row and android:layout_column.
Together, they specify the exact location of the
grid cell for placing the view.
android:layout_row="0"
android:layout_column="0"
• When either or both of the preceding attributes
are not specified, GridLayout uses the next grid
cell by default for placing the view.
Spanning Rows and Columns
• Views can span rows or columns if desired.
• The attributes used for doing so are
android:layout_rowSpan and
android:layout_columnSpan.
android:layout_rowSpan="2"
• Similarly, the following statement spans the view
to three columns:
android:layout_columnSpan="3"
Inserting Spaces in the GridLayout
• For inserting spaces, a spacing view called Space is
used.
• That is, to insert spaces, the Space view is inserted as
a child view.
• For example, the following statements insert a space
at the second row in the GridLayout. The width and
height of the blank space are 50dp and 10dp:
<Space
android:layout_row="1"
android:layout_column="0"
android:layout_width="50dp"
android:layout_height="10dp" />
Similarly, the following statements insert a space at the
third row in the GridLayout that spans three columns:

</GridLayout>
<GridLayout <EditText
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/re android:id="@+id/prod_code"
android:layout_width="100dip" />
s/android" <TextView
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:text="Product Name:" />
android:layout_width="match_parent" <EditText
android:layout_row="3"
android:layout_height="match_parent" android:layout_column="1"
android:orientation="horizontal" android:id="@+id/prod_name"
android:rowCount="7" android:layout_width="200dip" />
<TextView
android:columnCount="2" > android:layout_row="4"
<TextView android:layout_column="0"
android:layout_row="0" android:text="Product Price:" />
<EditText
android:layout_column="0" android:layout_row="4"
android:text="New Product Form" android:layout_column="1"
android:typeface="serif" android:id="@+id/prod_price"
android:layout_width="100dip" />
android:layout_columnSpan="2" <Space
android:layout_gravity="center_horizontal" android:layout_row="5"
android:textSize="20dip" /> android:layout_column="0"
android:layout_width="50dp"
<Space android:layout_height="20dp" />
android:layout_row="1" <Button
android:layout_column="0" android:layout_row="6"
android:layout_column="0"
android:layout_width="50dp" android:id="@+id/add_button"
android:layout_height="10dp" /> android:text="Add Product" />
<TextView <Button
android:id="@+id/cancel_button"
android:layout_row="2" android:text="Cancel" />
android:layout_column="0" </GridLayout>
android:text="Product Code:" />
ADAPTING TO SCREEN ORIENTATION
• As with almost all smartphones, Android supports
two screen orientations: portrait and landscape.
• When the screen orientation of an Android
device is changed, the current activity being
displayed is destroyed and re-created
automatically to redraw its content in the new
orientation.
• In other words, the onCreate() method of the
activity is fired whenever there is a change in
screen orientation.
ADAPTING TO SCREEN ORIENTATION
• Portrait mode is longer in height and smaller in
width, whereas landscape mode is wider but
smaller in height.
• Being wider, landscape mode has more empty
space on the right side of the screen.
• At the same time, some of the controls don’t
appear because of the smaller height.
• Thus, controls need to be laid out differently in
the two screen orientations because of the
difference in the height and width of the two
orientations.
ADAPTING TO SCREEN ORIENTATION
There are two ways to handle changes in screen
orientation:
1. Anchoring controls—Set the controls to appear
at the places relative to the four edges of the
screen. When the screen orientation changes,
the controls do not disappear but are
rearranged relative to the four edges.
2. Defining layout for each mode—A new layout
file is defined for each of the two screen
orientations. One has the controls arranged to
suit the Portrait mode, and the other has the
controls arranged to suit the Landscape mode.
Anchoring Controls
• For anchoring controls relative to the four edges
of the screen, we use a RelativeLayout container.
• The controls are aligned relative to the edges of
the container or in relation to each other.
Figure 3.16. (left) Controls in portrait mode, and (right) the controls
in landscape mode
<RelativeLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/andro
id"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<Button
<Button
android:id="@+id/Apple" android:id="@+id/Grapes"
android:text="Apple" android:text="Grapes"
android:layout_width="wrap_content" android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="15dip" android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:layout_marginLeft="20dip" /> android:minWidth="100dp"
<Button android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:id="@+id/Mango"
android:text="Mango"
android:layout_below="@id/Banana" />
android:layout_width="match_parent" <Button
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:id="@+id/Kiwi"
android:padding="28dip" android:text="Kiwi"
android:layout_toRightOf="@id/Apple"
android:layout_marginLeft="15dip" android:layout_width="100dip"
android:layout_marginRight="10dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true" /> android:layout_below="@id/Banana"
<Button
android:id="@+id/Banana"
android:paddingTop="15dip"
android:text="Banana" android:paddingLeft="25dip"
android:layout_width="200dip" android:paddingRight="25dip" />
android:layout_height="50dip" </RelativeLayout>
android:layout_marginTop="15dip"
android:layout_below="@id/Apple"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true" />
public class ScreenOrientationAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_screen_orientation_app);
}
}

To switch between portrait mode and landscape mode on

the device emulator, press the Ctrl+F11 keys.
Defining Layout for Each Mode
• In this method, we define two layouts.
• One arranges the controls in the default portrait
mode, and the other arranges the controls
in landscape mode.
<LinearLayout <Button
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/a android:id="@+id/Banana"
pk/res/android" android:text="Banana"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_width="300dip"
android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="match_parent"> android:padding="20dip"
<Button android:layout_marginTop="20dip" />
android:id="@+id/Apple" <Button
android:text="Apple" android:id="@+id/Grapes"
android:layout_width="300dp" android:text="Grapes"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_width="300dip"
android:padding="20dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dip" /> android:padding="20dip"
<Button android:layout_marginTop="20dip" />
android:id="@+id/Mango" <Button
android:text="Mango" android:id="@+id/Kiwi"
android:layout_width="300dp" android:text="Kiwi"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_width="300dip"
android:padding="20dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dip" /> android:padding="20dip"
android:layout_marginTop="20dip" />
</LinearLayout>

Listing 3.17. The Layout File activity_screen_orientation_app.xml on Laying Out Controls in portrai
•This vertical arrangement makes a few of the Button controls
disappear when the screen is in landscape mode.
•To use the blank space on the right side of the screen in landscape
mode, we need to define another layout file.
• The layout-land folder has to be created manually
inside the res folder.
• Right-click on the res folder in the Package
Explorer window and select the New, Folder option.
• A dialog box opens, asking for the name for the new
folder.
• Assign the name layout-land to the new folder, and
click the Finish button.
• Copy the activity_screen_orientation_app.xml file
from the res/layout folder and paste it into res/layout-
land folder.
• Modify the activity_screen_orientation_app.xml file
in the res/layout-land folder so as to arrange the
controls in landscape mode.
<Button
<RelativeLayout android:id="@+id/Banana"
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/a android:text="Banana"
pk/res/android" android:layout_width="250dip"
android:orientation="vertical" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="match_parent" android:padding="20dip"
android:layout_height="match_parent"> android:layout_marginTop="20dip"
<Button android:layout_below="@id/Apple" />
<Button
android:id="@+id/Apple"
android:id="@+id/Grapes"
android:text="Apple" android:text="Grapes"
android:layout_width="250dp" android:layout_width="250dip"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:padding="20dip" android:padding="20dip"
android:layout_marginTop="20dip" /> android:layout_marginTop="20dip"
<Button android:layout_below="@id/Apple"
android:id="@+id/Mango" android:layout_toRightOf="@id/Banana" />
<Button
android:text="Mango"
android:id="@+id/Kiwi"
android:layout_width="250dp" android:text="Kiwi"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_width="250dip"
android:padding="20dip" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginTop="20dip" android:padding="20dip"
android:layout_toRightOf="@id/Apple" /> android:layout_marginTop="20dip"
android:layout_below="@id/Banana" />
</RelativeLayout>
Listing 3.18. The Layout File activity_screen_orientation_app.xml in the res/layout-land Folder
public class ScreenOrientationAppActivity extends Activity {

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_screen_orientation_app);
if(getResources().getDisplayMetrics().widthPixels>getResources().getDisplayMetrics().
heightPixels)
{
Toast.makeText(this,"Screen switched to Landscape mode",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
else
{
Toast.makeText(this,"Screen switched to Portrait mode",Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}

We can also detect the screen orientation via Java code.

Figure 3.18. (left) Controls in portrait mode, and (right) all controls are visible in landscape mode.
Android Programming (R15)
UNIT - 3

1
CONTENTS
• Introduction to Layouts, Linear Layout, Relative
Layout, Absolute Layout, Using Image View,
Frame Layout, Table Layout, Grid Layout,
Adapting to Screen orientation.
• Utilizing Resources and Media Resources,
Creating Values Resources, Using Drawable
Resources, Switching States with Toggle Buttons,
Creating an Images Switcher Application,
Scrolling Through Scroll View, playing Audio,
Playing Video, Displaying Progress with Progress
Bar, Using Assets.
Utilizing Resources and Media
• Resources include text data, bitmaps, audio,
videos, and other items used by the Android
application.
• Most commonly resources are kept separately
in XML files and accessed in Java code through
the IDs assigned to them.
RESOURCES
• Resources in Android refer to the external files that hold the
information, such as strings, images, layouts, and audio, to
be supplied to an Android application.
• Because resources are external, we can maintain and
modify them whenever we want without disturbing the
code.
• For example, the strings resource keeps the strings used in
an Android application. Changing the string content in the
resource file is easier when compared to applying changes
to hard-coded strings that are scattered in the application
code.
• Also, by creating several resource files, each supporting
different hardware, we can make our applications applicable
to diverse hardware systems.
– For example, we can have several layouts for screen size and
orientation and use them dynamically when we want.
RESOURCES
• Resources are broadly divided into three categories—
1. values,
2. drawable, and
3. Layout
– are stored in the res folder of project hierarchy.
• The values resources in turn represent resources such
as strings, colors, dimensions, styles, and string or
integer arrays.
• All resource types have a respective subfolder in
the res folder.
• The ADT Wizard automatically creates a res folder
that contains subfolders for the values, drawable, and
layout resources.
Figure 4.1. The res folder showing the
nested drawable (drawable-
hdpi, drawable-
ldpi, drawable-mdpi) layouts
and values folders and their content
Types of Resources
drawable folder
• Depending on the target platform chosen, our
application can have either a single
directory, drawable, or four directories, drawable-
ldpi, drawable-mdpi, drawable-hdpi,
and drawable-xhdpi, where we can store the
images used in our application.
• If our application has a single directory, drawable,
then the images to be used in our application,
regardless of resolution, are stored in it.
Types of Resources
drawable folder
• If our application has four directories, then the
images with different screen resolutions are stored
in the respective directories.
• That is, the images of low, medium, high, and
extra high resolutions are stored in the drawable-
ldpi, drawable-mdpi, drawable-hdpi,
and drawable-xhdpidirectories, respectively.
• Android chooses the image(s) from the respective
directory, depending on the density of the device
used to run the application.
Types of Resources
layout folder
• This folder contains a layout file automatically
created for us.
• The default name assigned to this file
is activity_main.xml, but we can assign any name
to it.
Types of Resources
menu folder
• This folder contains XML file(s) that represent
application menus.
• Again, the default name assigned to the menu file
that is automatically created for us
is activity_main.xml, but we can change the name
if we want.
Types of Resources
values folder
• This folder by default contains a strings.xml file
that we can use to define values resources that
include strings, colors, dimensions, styles, and
string or integer arrays.
• We can also create individual XML files for each of
these resources instead.
• The folder also contains the styles.xml file that
declares the standard platform’s default light
theme.
There are many Android devices with different Android versions,
and managing themes across them is a critical task.
To manage themes for different Android versions,
different values folders in the /res folder containing individual
themes are maintained.
The idea is that on the basis of the platform version, the desired
theme will be automatically selected from the respective folder.
• values-v11—The folder contains the styles.xml file that declares
the holographic theme, which is used when the application runs
on Android 3.0 (API Level 11) or higher. That is, if the API level of
the device is 11 or higher, the styles.xml file present in this folder
overrides the styles.xml file present in the res/values folder.
• values-v14—The folder contains the styles.xml file that declares
the DeviceDefault theme, which is used when the application
runs on Android 4.0 (API Level 14) or higher.
• Besides these default subdirectories automatically created by
ADT, there are several subdirectories that we can manually
create in the res folder to categorize and keep our resources tidy.
Types of Resources
values folder
The following is a list of some XML files that we can
create in the values folder:
• arrays.xml—For defining arrays resources
• colors.xml—For defining color resources that define
color values
• dimens.xml—For defining dimension resources to
standardize certain application measurements
• strings.xml—For defining string resources
• styles.xml—For defining styles resources to format or
change the appearance of our views and application
Table 4.1. Supported Subdirectories of the res Folder
• When our application is built, all resources are
compiled and included in our application package.
• On compilation, an R class file is created that
contains references to all the resources created and
hence enables us to reference them in the Java
code.
• For each of the resource types, the R class contains
static subclasses for string, drawable, and layout
resource types.
• The subclasses created are R.string, R.drawable,
and R.layout, respectively.
• Through these subclasses, we can access their
associated resources in Java code.
• Don’t edit the R.java file, as it is regenerated every
time something gets changed, added, or deleted in
the /res/* subdirectory.
CREATING VALUES RESOURCES
• The resources in the values directory include different types,
such as strings, colors, dimensions, and string or integer arrays.
• All the values are stored in XML files in the res/values folder.
• It is preferred to have a separate XML file for each type of
resource in the values directory.
• The filename can be anything, but most commonly, the string
resources file is named strings.xml.
• Remember, the resource filenames should contain only
lowercase letters, numbers, period (.), and underscore (_)
symbols.
• We can have any number of XML files to represent resources,
provided they reside in the /res/values subdirectory.
• Never save resource files directly inside the res/ folder—it will
cause a compiler error.
CREATING VALUES RESOURCES
<resources>
<string name="app_name">ValuesResourcesApp</string>
<string name="hello_world">Hello world!</string>
<string name="menu_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="title_activity_values_resources_app">
ValuesResourcesAppActivity</string>
</resources>

Listing 4.1. Default Code in the strings.xml File

The two string resources with the name attributes hello and
app_name are assigned to the TextView (in main.xml)
and label attribute of the Activity tag (in AndroidManifest.xml) to
display the name of the activity and the application name,
respectively, while running the project.
modify the strings.xml
<resources>
<string name="app_name">ValuesResourcesApp</string>
<string name="menu_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="title_activity_values_resources_app">
ValuesResourcesAppActivity</string>
<string name="str_name">XYZ Restaurant</string>
<string name="str_address">11, Hill View Street, New York</string>
<string name="str_message"><b>Welcome</b></string>
</resources>
Listing 4.2. Code Written in the strings.xml File
• The string resources file has a root
element, <resources>, followed by one or more child
elements, <string>.
• Each <string> element represents one string
resource.
• Besides the text for the string resource, it contains
a name property used to assign a unique resource ID to
the string.
• That is, the names assigned to the four string
resources, app_name, str_name, str_address, and str_message,
are the resource IDs of the respective strings, and we
can use these resource IDs in other resource files or
the Java code for accessing the respective string
resources.
• Use the string resources of the preceding XML file in other resource files by using the
following syntax:
@string/resource_ID
• For example, to access the string resource with the resource ID str_address in another
resource file,
@string/str_address
• All the string resources mentioned in the preceding string resource file will be compiled
and placed in the R.java file. In the Java code, we can access the resources from the R.java
file, using
R.string.resource_ID
• In preceding syntax, the string refers to the resource type; that is, every resource ID needs
to be prefixed by the resource type. Likewise, to access the drawable and layout
resources, we prefix the resource ID by R.drawable and R.layout, respectively.
• There is no need to add any prefix while accessing any control from the layout. The
resource ID is enough. The syntax is
R.id.resource_ID
• Hence, to access the string resource with the resource ID str_address in the Java code,
R.string.str_name
• We use the getString() method and pass the resource ID of the concerned string resource
to access it in Java code.
getString(R.string.str_address);
• In the strings.xml, we can also use HTML tags <b>, <i>, and <u> to make a string appear
bold, italicized, or underlined.
Example: access the string resources
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/name_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_name" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/address_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/message_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_message" />
</LinearLayout>
Example: access the string resources
package com.androidunleashed.valuesresourcesapp;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class ValuesResourcesAppActivity extends Activity {

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_values_resources_app);
String strAddress=getString(R.string.str_address);
TextView addressView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.address_view);
addressView.setText(strAddress);
}
}
Dimension Resources
• Dimension resources are used for standardizing
certain application measurements.
• These resources can be used to specify the sizes
for fonts, layouts, and widgets.
• Also, we can modify the size of any control in the
application without changing the code.
• Besides this, we can define dimensions for
different screen resolutions and densities to
support different hardware.
• Add an XML file called dimens.xml to the values
folder.
Dimension Resources
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<dimen name="small_size">15dp</dimen>
<dimen name="medium_size">15sp</dimen>
<dimen name="large_size">20pt</dimen>
</resources>

The dimension resource is defined through the dimen element.

The dimen element contains a numerical value followed by unit of
measurement.
Like other resources, it includes the name property to specify the
ID of the resource.
<LinearLayout
Dimension Resources
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/name_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_name"
android:textSize="@dimen/small_size" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/address_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/message_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_message"
android:textSize="@dimen/large_size" />
</LinearLayout>
Dimension Resources
To apply the dimension resource medium_size to TextView
address_view, add these statements to the Java file.

float addressSize=
this.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.medium_size);
addressView.setTextSize(addressSize);
Color Resources
• To define a color resource, we use the color
element.
• The color value is specified in the form of
hexadecimal RGB values preceded by an optional
Alpha channel.
• The Alphachannel represents the transparency.
• We can specify the color either through single-
character hex values or double-character hex values
formats, as shown here:
– #RGB—For ex, #F00 for a Red color.
– #RRGGBB—For ex, #FF0000 for a Red color
– #ARGB—For ex, #5F00 for a Red color with an Alpha of 5.
– #AARRGGBB—For ex, #50FF0000 for a Red color with an
Alpha of 50.
Add an XML file called colors.xml to the values folder.
Color Resources
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
<color name="red_color">#F00</color>
<color name="green_color">#00FF00</color>
<color name="blue_alpha_color">#500000FF</color>
</resources>
Color Resources
<TextView
android:id="@+id/name_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_name"
android:textSize="@dimen/small_size"
android:textColor="@color/red_color"/>
<TextView
android:id="@+id/address_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/message_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_message"
android:textSize="@dimen/large_size"
android:textColor="@color/blue_alpha_color"/>
</LinearLayout>[
Color Resources
public class ValuesResourcesAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_values_resources_app);
String strAddress=getString(R.string.str_address);
TextView addressView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.address_view);
addressView.setText(strAddress);
float addressSize= this.getResources().getDimension(R.dimen.medium_size);
addressView.setTextSize(addressSize);
int addressColor=this.getResources().getColor(R.color.green_color);
addressView.setTextColor(addressColor);
}
}
Styles and Themes
• A style is a collection of attributes such as color, font, margin,
and padding that we can apply collectively to our Views,
Activity, or an entire application.
• That is, instead of applying attributes individually to the
components of our application, we can create a style
incorporating all these attributes and quickly apply it instead.
• Through styles, we can apply a consistent dynamic look to
our Views, Activity, and to the overall application.
• Also, we can easily change the appearance of our Views and
application by simply specifying a different style or modifying
the properties of the existing style, all without disturbing the
Java code.
• A style is created by using a style element with one or more
item child elements.
• The style element includes a name property to specify the
resource ID.
• Each item element includes a name property to define the
attributes such as color, font, and so on.
<resources>
<style name="resource_ID">
<item name="attribute_name">value </item>
</style>
</resources>

•Styles support inheritance; that is, the attributes of

any existing style can be accessed and included in the
current style by using the parent property of the
style element.
•For example, the attributes defined in a style named
style1 can be included in the style named style2 by
making use of the parent property in style2 as shown

<style name="style2" parent="style1" >

<resources>
<style name="AppTheme" parent="android:Theme.Light" />
<style name="style1">
<item name="android:textColor">#00FF00 </item>
<item name="android:typeface">serif</item>
<item name="android:textSize">30sp </item>
</style>
<style name="style2" parent="style1" >
<item name="android:textColor">#0000FF</item>
<item name="android:typeface">sans</item>
<item name="android:background">#FF0000</item>
<item name="android:padding">10dip</item>
</style>
<style name="style3" parent="style2" >
<item name="android:textColor">#00FF00</item>
<item name="android:background">#00000000</item>
<item name="android:typeface">monospace</item>
<item name="android:gravity">center</item>
</style>
</resources>
• The style1 defines three attributes that
– Set the text color to green
– Set the font (typeface) to serif
– Set the font size to 30sp
• The style2 inherits style1. The style2 overrides the font and text
color, changing them to sans and blue, respectively.
– Set the font size to 30sp (inherited from style1)
– Set the text color to blue
– Set the font (typeface) to sans
– Set the text background color to red
– Set the padding (text spacing from all four sides of the container)
to 10dip
• The style3 inherits style2.
– Set the font size to 30sp
– Set the text color to green
– Set the background color of the text to black
– Set the font (typeface) to monospace
– Set the padding (text spacing from all four sides of the container) to
10dip
– Make the content appear at the center of the View
<TextView <TextView
android:id="@+id/name_view" android:id="@+id/message_view"
style="@style/style1" style="@style/style3"
android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_name"/> android:text="@string/str_message" />
<TextView </LinearLayout>
android:id="@+id/address_view"
style="@style/style2"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_address" />

public class ValuesResourcesAppActivity extends

Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_values_resourc
es_app);
}
}
Applying Themes
• We can apply the style element to an entire
Activity or application by adding the
android:theme attribute to the Android manifest.
• For example, after we add the android:theme
attribute to the <activity> element in the Android
manifest, all the attributes of the style are applied
to every View within the Activity.
• Similarly, after we add the android:theme
attribute to the <application> element in the
Android manifest, all the attributes of the style are
applied to all the activities in the application.
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.androidunleashed.valuesresourcesapp"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0" >
<uses-sdk
android:minSdkVersion="8"
android:targetSdkVersion="15" />
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
<activity
android:name=".ValuesResourcesAppActivity"
android:label="@string/title_activity_values_resources_app" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>

Listing 4.12. Default Code in the AndroidManifest.xml File

<TextView
android:id="@+id/name_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_name" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/address_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_address" />
<TextView
android:id="@+id/message_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="@string/str_message" />
</LinearLayout>
Arrays
• Arrays refer to a collection of values or elements.
• Arrays are known for their capability of direct
reference; that is, any element in an array can be
referenced directly by specifying its
index/subscription value.
• Arrays are considered to be one of the most
flexible data sources for an application.
• Arrays can be in the form of strings or integers and
are used for storing the data of their respective
data type.
Arrays
• Arrays refer to a collection of values or elements.
• Arrays are known for their capability of direct
reference; that is, any element in an array can be
referenced directly by specifying its
index/subscription value.
• Arrays are considered to be one of the most
flexible data sources for an application.
• Arrays can be in the form of strings or integers and
are used for storing the data of their respective
data type.
– Using String Arrays
– Using Integer Arrays
Using String Arrays
• As the name suggests, the string array provides an array of
strings.
• Such a resource is popularly used with selection widgets
such as ListView and Spinner that need to display a
collection of selectable items to the user.
• Syntax:
<string-array name="array_name"> <integer-array name="array_name">
<item>text1</item> <item>number1</item>
<item>text2</item> <item>number2</item>
... ...
... ...
</string-array> </integer-array>

The name property acts as the resource ID and text1, text2, and so
on represent the elements of the string.
<resources>
<string name="app_name">StringArrayApp</string>
<string name="menu_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="title_activity_string_array_app">StringArrayAppActivity</string>
<string-array name="fruits">
<item>Apple</item>
<item>Mango</item>
<item>Orange</item>
<item>Grapes</item>
<item>Banana</item>
</string-array>
</resources>

Listing 4.15. Code in the strings.xml File on Adding a String Array

Listing 4.16. Code in the Layout File activity_string_array_app.xml on Adding the TextView Control
public class StringArrayAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_string_array_app);
TextView fruitsView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.fruits_view);
String[] fruitsArray = getResources().getStringArray(R.array.fruits);
String str = "";
for(int i = 0; i < fruitsArray.length; i++){
str += fruitsArray[i] + "\n";
}
fruitsView.setText(str);
}
}
Using Integer Arrays
• Creating an integer array is similar to creating a string array; the
only difference is that the tag string-array, which we used for
creating the string array, is replaced by integer-array.
• The elements of the integer array are defined with the help of
the child tag items, the same as those used for string arrays.

<string-array name="array_name"> <integer-array name="array_name">

<item>text1</item> <item>number1</item>
<item>text2</item> <item>number2</item>
... ...
... ...
</string-array> </integer-array>

The name property acts as the resource ID and number1, number2,

and so on represent the elements of the integer.
<resources>
<string name="app_name">StringArrayApp</string>
<string name="menu_settings">Settings</string>
<string name="title_activity_string_array_app">StringArrayAppActivity</string>
<integer-array name="OddNumbers">
<item>1</item>
<item>3</item>
<item>5</item>
<item>7</item>
<item>9</item>
</integer-array>
</resources>

Listing 4.18. The strings.xml File on Defining an Integer Array

Listing 4.19. The Layout File activity_string_array_app.xml on Changing the Resource ID of the TextView
public class StringArrayAppActivity extends Activity {

@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_string_array_app);
TextView oddNumsView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.oddnums_view);
int[] oddNumsArray = getResources().getIntArray(R.array.OddNumbers);
String str = "";
for(int i = 0; i < oddNumsArray.length; i++){
str += oddNumsArray[i] + "\n";
}
oddNumsView.setText(str);
}
}
Android Programming (R15)
UNIT - 3

Listing 4.21. The Layout

File activity_disp_image_app.xml on Adding
the ImageView Control

We don’t need to write any Java code for displaying

the image.
After the application is run, the image is displayed,
through Java code
• We can also specify the image for the ImageView
control through Java code.
• To try this, let’s remove the reference to
the bintupic image in the ImageView control that
we made through the src attribute:
android:src="@drawable/bintupic"
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"/>
</LinearLayout>
through Java code
public class DispImageAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_disp_image_app);
ImageView image = (ImageView)
findViewById(R.id.image_toview);
image.setImageResource(R.drawable.bintupic);
}
}

The setImageResource() method can be used to change the image of

the ImageView control dynamically at runtime.
Use this method, to switches images when a button is clicked.
SWITCHING STATES WITH TOGGLE
BUTTONS
• As the name suggests, the ToggleButton toggles
between the two states, something like a radio
button.
• A ToggleButton can only be in one state out of two
mutually exclusive states, for example, On and Off.
• To display a ToggleButton, we use
the <ToggleButton> tag in the layout file.
• To set the text for the button, the two
attributes android:textOn and android:textOff are
used.
• The default values for the two attributes are ON and
OFF, respectively.
SWITCHING STATES WITH TOGGLE
BUTTONS
• Syntax
<ToggleButton
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textOn="Play"
android:textOff="Stop" />
• This code block defines a toggle button that
shows the text Play in the On state and shows
Stop in the Off state.
EX: TOGGLE BUTTONS
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/
apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:text="Select the Play button"
android:id="@+id/response"/>
<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/playstop_btn"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textOn="Play"
android:textOff="Stop"/>
</LinearLayout>

Listing 4.24. Code in Layout File activity_toggle_button_app.xml on Adding the TextView and ToggleButton Con
public class ToggleButtonAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_toggle_button_app);
final TextView resp = (TextView)this.findViewById(R.id.response);
final ToggleButton playStopButton = (ToggleButton)
findViewById(R.id.playstop_btn);
playStopButton.setChecked(true);
playStopButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
if (playStopButton.isChecked()) {
resp.setText("Stop button is toggled to Play button");
}
else {
resp.setText("Play button is toggled to Stop button");
}
}
});
}
}
android:layout_gravity="center“

android:background="@drawable/ic_launcher"

The ic_launcher.png image is the built-in image resource provided by

ADT that can be seen in the res/drawable folder.
To display different background images for the On and Off states of
the ToggleButton, we need to add two images to the application.
Let’s paste two images called, play.png and stop.png, into
the res/drawable folders (res/drawable-xhdpi, res/drawable-
hdpi, res/drawable-mdpi, and res/drawable-ldpi).
<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/playstop_btn"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:textOn=""
android:textOff=""
android:background="@drawable/play"/>
</LinearLayout>

OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
if (playstopbutton.isChecked()) {
playstopbutton.setBackgroundDrawable(getResources().getDrawable(R.
drawable.play));
resp.setText("Stop button is toggled to Play button");
}
else {
playstopbutton.setBackgroundDrawable(getResources().getDrawable(R.
drawable.stop));
resp.setText("Play button is toggled to Stop button");
}
}
});
}
Toggle Button Ex:- WiFi App
CREATING AN IMAGE SWITCHER
APPLICATION
• When the ToggleButton is clicked,
the image displayed in
the ImageView control changes.
After we click the ToggleButton
again, the previous image is
redisplayed in the ImageView
control.
• Because we want the application to
switch images, we need to add two
images to the application. Namely,
bintupic.png & bintupic2.png, in
the res/drawable folders.
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview"
android:src="@drawable/bintupic"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:adjustViewBounds="true" />
<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/change_image"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textOn="Previous Image"
android:textOff="Next Image"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="10dip" />
</LinearLayout>

Listing 4.28. Code in the Layout File activity_disp_image_app.xml on Adding a ToggleButton and
Assigning an Image to the ImageView Control
public class DispImageAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_disp_image_app);
final ImageView image = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.image_toview);
final ToggleButton changeButton =
(ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.change_image);
changeButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener(){
public void onClick(View v){
if (changeButton.isChecked()) {
image.setImageResource(R.drawable.bintupic2);
}
else {
image.setImageResource(R.drawable.bintupic);
}
}
});
}
}
SCROLLING THROUGH SCROLLVIEW
• What if the images being viewed are too long to
accommodate in a single screen?
• The solution is to apply the ScrollView control to
scroll the images.
• A ScrollView is a special type of control that sets up a
vertical scrollbar in a View container.
• This control is used when we try to display Views that
are too long to be accommodated in a single screen.
• The ScrollView can have only one child view, so
usually a View container layout is used as a child,
which in turn contains other child controls that we
want to scroll through.
• All the child controls in the layout have one
continuous scrollbar.
EXAMPLE:- W/O SCROLLVIEW
• create a new Android project
• place three images, one below the other
• First copy the three images, bm1.png, bm2.png,
and bm3.png, that we want to display in
the res/drawable folders.
• To display the three images on low, medium, high, and
extra high resolution devices, copy their low, medium, high,
and extra high resolution versions into the res/drawable-
ldpi, res/drawable-mdpi, res/drawable-hdpi,
and res/drawable-xhdpi folders, respectively.
• use the ImageView control and set the android:src attribute
of each of them to refer to the files bm1.png, bm2.png,
and bm3.png that we copied into the res/drawable folder.
• don’t have to write any code into the activity file
ScrollViewAppActivity.java.
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview"
android:src="@drawable/bm1"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="250dip"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview2"
android:src="@drawable/bm2"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="250dip"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="10dip" />
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview3"
android:src="@drawable/bm3"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="250dip"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="10dip" />
</LinearLayout>
The first two images are
visible, and the third one is
hidden.
The application does not
scroll, so there is no way to
see the hidden image.
EXAMPLE:- WITH SCROLLVIEW
• To add scrolling to the application, we add
the ScrollView control to the layout file and make
it the parent of the existing LinearLayout
container.
• The ScrollView is set to wrap the LinearLayout,
which contains the three ImageView controls on
which we want to apply the scrolling effect.
<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/
apk/res/android"
android:id="@+id/scrollwid"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:fillViewport="true"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/
apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview"
android:src="@drawable/bm1"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="250dip"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview2"
android:src="@drawable/bm2"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="250dip"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="10dip"
/>
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/image_toview3"
android:src="@drawable/bm3"
android:layout_width="200dip"
android:layout_height="250dip"
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:layout_marginTop="10dip"
/>
</LinearLayout>
</ScrollView>
android:fillViewport
• When the size of the child control(s) is larger than the
display, the ScrollView behaves naturally by applying a
scrolling effect to the child controls.
• However, if the size of the child control(s) is smaller than the
display, the ScrollView automatically shrinks to match the
size of its content and take as much space as the size of its
content. When set to true, the android:fillViewPort attribute
makes the child control(s) of the ScrollView expand to the
size of the display.
• If the size of child control(s) is already larger than the
display, the attribute has no effect.
• The ScrollView control is used for vertical scrolling.
• For horizontal scrolling, HorizontalScrollView is used.
• The HorizontalScrollView acts the same as the
ScrollView except that it scrolls child controls horizontally.
Android Programming (R15)
UNIT - 3

public class PlayAudioAppActivity extends Activity {

public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_play_audio_app);
Button playButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.playbtn);
playButton.setOnClickListener(new Button.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
MediaPlayer mp = MediaPlayer.create(PlayAudioAppActivity.this,R.raw.song1);
mp.start();
}
});
• We can control the volume of the audio with the
volume switches on the side of the Android emulator.
• Display an image on the Button control.
• android:drawableTop—The image is displayed above
the button text.
android:drawableTop="@drawable/ic_launcher“
• android:drawableBottom—The image is displayed
below the button text
• android:drawableLeft—The image is displayed to the
left of the button text
• android:drawableRight—The image is displayed to
the right of the button text
with the ToggleButton
• To switch the status of the audio from play to stop and vice
versa, we replace the Button control with the ToggleButton
control.
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/response"/>
<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/playstop_btn"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textOn="Stop"
android:textOff="Play"
android:layout_gravity="center" />
</LinearLayout>
public class PlayAudioAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_play_audio_app);
final TextView response = (TextView)this.findViewById(R.id.response);
response.setText("Select Play button to play audio");
final MediaPlayer mp = MediaPlayer.create(PlayAudioAppActivity.this,R.raw.song1);
final ToggleButton playStopButton = (ToggleButton)
findViewById(R.id.playstop_btn);
playStopButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
if (playStopButton.isChecked()) {
response.setText("Select Stop button to stop audio");
mp.start();
}
else {
response.setText("Select Play button to play audio");
mp.pause();
}
}
});
}
}
displays Play and Stop images
• displays Play and Stop images in
the ToggleButton instead of plain text.
• We need to add two images, play.png and stop.png,
to the four res/drawable folders of this project.
• Java class, R.java, is regenerated containing the
reference to the two images.
• use the android:background attribute to display
the play.png image in the ToggleButton on startup.
android:background="@drawable/play“
• If we want to play a song available on the Internet, we
can use its URI.
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/response"/>
<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/playstop_btn"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textOn=""
android:textOff=""
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:background="@drawable/play" />
</LinearLayout>
public class PlayAudioAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
final TextView response = (TextView)this.findViewById(R.id.response);
response.setText("Select Play button to play audio");
final MediaPlayer mp = MediaPlayer.create(PlayAudioAppActivity.this,R.raw.song1);
final ToggleButton playStopButton = (ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.playstop_btn);
playStopButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
if (playStopButton.isChecked()) {
response.setText("Select Stop button to stop audio");
playStopButton.setBackgroundDrawable(getResources().getDrawable(R.
drawable.stop));
mp.start();
}
else {
response.setText("Select Play button to play audio");
playStopButton.setBackgroundDrawable(getResources().getDrawable(R.
drawable.play));
mp.pause();
}
}
});
}
PLAYING VIDEO
• To play video in an application, Android provides
a VideoView control, which, along with the
MediaController, provides several buttons for
controlling video play.
• These buttons allow us to play, pause, rewind, and
fast-forward the video content displayed via
the VideoView control.
• Unlike audio, the video doesn’t play when placed
in the raw folder. Instead it needs to be placed in
the SDCARD folder.
Loading Video onto an SD Card
• An emulator must be running while loading video
onto an SD Card.
• Switch on the emulator by selecting the Window, AVD
Manager option. Select the demoAVD virtual device
and select the Start button.
• We get a dialog box showing the Launch Options of
the emulator. Select the Launch button to run the
emulator.
• Remember, only the emulator with an sdcard option
should be run.
• After you select the Launch button, the emulator
starts.
• Close the AVD Manager dialog.
Loading Video onto an SD Card
• To load a video onto an SD card, follow these
steps:
1. Open the DDMS perspective by selecting
the Window, Open Perspective, DDMS option.
2. In the DDMS perspective, open the File Explorer by
selecting Window, Show View, File Explorer.
3. If you can’t see the running emulator anywhere, open
the Devices view by selecting Window, Show
View, Devices option. We are able to see all the
running emulators, and we can select the one that
we want to use for playing the video.
4. In the File Explorer view, we see different folders and
files in the emulator.
• Navigate the tree and expand the mnt node.
• In the mnt node, select the sdcard node.
• If you hover your mouse over the two buttons on the
top right side of File Explorer, you see the
messages Pull a file from the device and Push a file
onto the device.

Figure 4.22. (left) The folders in the emulator along with the buttons to pull video from and push it to the sdcard, and (right) the File Explorer
displaying the video, video.mp4, inserted onto the sdcard of the emulator
• Click the button Push a file onto the device.
• We see a dialog box for choosing a video from the disk drive. After
selecting a video, select the OK button to load the selected video onto the
SD Card. Figure 4.22 (right) shows the File Explorer after video.mp4 has
been loaded onto the SD card.
• Now we can go ahead and add a VideoView control to our layout file to
view the loaded video.
• After we define the VideoView and Button controls in
activity_play_video_app.xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:orientation="vertical"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent" >
<VideoView android:id="@+id/video"
android:layout_width="320dip"
android:layout_height="240dip"/>
<Button android:id="@+id/playvideo"
android:text="Play Video"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_width="match_parent" />
</LinearLayout>
public class PlayVideoAppActivity extends Activity {
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_play_video_app);
Button playVideoButton=(Button)findViewById(R.id.playvideo);
playVideoButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View view){
VideoView videoView=(VideoView)findViewById(R.id.video);
videoView.setMediaController(new
MediaController(PlayVideoAppActivity.this));
videoView.setVideoPath("sdcard/video.mp4");
videoView.requestFocus();
videoView.start();
}
});
}
}
• We capture the VideoView control from the layout and map it to
the videoView object.
• Then we use a MediaController and set it the media controller
of the videoView object.
• The videoView object is used for displaying video content and
the button controls that enable us to perform play, pause,
rewind, or fast-forward actions on the video. A MediaController
provides these buttons.
• Hence the VideoView’s media controller is set by
calling setMediaController() to display the different button
controls.
• Then, we use the setVideoPath() method of
the VideoView object to refer to an SD card (sdcard) for
the video.mp4 file.
• We can also use setVideoURI() method to access the video from
the Internet.
• After setting the focus to the VideoView control through
requestFocus() method, we use its start() method to start the
video.
Figure 4.23. (left) The button control with the caption, Play Video, displayed on application startup, and (right) the video
displayed in the VideoViewcontrol on selecting the Play Video button. Video control buttons appear at the bottom via the
MediaController.
DISPLAYING PROGRESS
WITH PROGRESSBAR
• Certain tasks, such as downloading a file, installing software,
executing complex queries, and playing audio and video, take
time to execute.
• While executing such tasks, we need to continually inform the
user about the task progress by displaying a progress indicator.
• The ProgressBar is a control commonly used for displaying the
progress of execution of tasks.
• The default mode of the ProgressBar view is a circular indicator
that animates to show that a task is active but doesn’t show
actual progress. This icon is used when there is no specific
duration for completion of the task.
• A more informative solution is a horizontal progress bar that
displays an indicator showing the amount of a task that is
completed (or is left to complete).
• To make the ProgressBar display in the form of a horizontal bar,
set its style attribute to
@android:style/Widget.ProgressBar.Horizontal
<ProgressBar android:id="@+id/progressbar"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
style="@android:style/Widget.ProgressBar.Horizontal"
/>
• The following styles can be applied to the ProgressBar:
– Widget.ProgressBar.Horizontal
– Widget.ProgressBar.Small
– Widget.ProgressBar.Large
– Widget.ProgressBar.Inverse
– Widget.ProgressBar.Small.Inverse
– Widget.ProgressBar.Large.Inverse

Figure 4.24. (left) Horizontal style ProgressBar, (middle) small style ProgressBar, and (right) large style ProgressBar
• The inverse style is used when our application uses a
light-colored theme, such as a white background.
• The minimum value of the ProgressBar is by default 0.
• The maximum value of the ProgressBar is set by
the android:max attribute.
android:max="100"
• We can also set the maximum value of
the ProgressBar through a setMax() Java method.
progressBar.setMax(100);
• To display progress through an indicator in
the ProgressBar control, we call the setProgress()
method of the ProgressBar class, passing in an integer
value to indicate the progress.
progressBar.setProgress(60);
•
Example
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<TextView
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:id="@+id/response"/>
<ToggleButton android:id="@+id/playstop_btn"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textOn=""
android:textOff=""
android:layout_gravity="center"
android:background="@drawable/play" />
<ProgressBar android:id="@+id/progressbar"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
style="@android:style/Widget.ProgressBar.Horizontal"
android:layout_marginTop="20dip" />
</LinearLayout>
public class ProgressBarAppActivity extends Activity {
MediaPlayer mp;
ProgressBar progressBar;
private final Handler handler = new Handler();
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_progress_bar_app);
final TextView response = (TextView)this.findViewById(R.id.response);
response.setText("Select Play button to play audio");
progressBar=(ProgressBar)findViewById(R.id.progressbar);
mp = MediaPlayer.create(ProgressBarAppActivity.this,R.raw.song1);
final ToggleButton playStopButton = (ToggleButton)findViewById(R.id.playstop_btn);
progressBar.setProgress(0);
progressBar.setMax(mp.getDuration());

playStopButton.setOnClickListener(new OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(View v) {
if (playStopButton.isChecked()) {
response.setText("Select Stop button to stop audio");
playStopButton.setBackgroundDrawable(getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.stop));
mp.start();
updateProgressBar();
}
else {
response.setText("Select Play button to play audio");
playStopButton.setBackgroundDrawable(getResources().getDrawable(R.drawable.play));
mp.pause();
}
}
}); }
private void updateProgressBar() {
progressBar.setProgress(mp.getCurrentPosition());
if (mp.isPlaying()) {
Runnable notification = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
updateProgressBar();
}
};
handler.postDelayed(notification,1000);
}
}
}
Explanation – page 67
USING ASSETS
• The external files containing information such as strings, images,
and audio that reside in the res/ folder are considered resources.
• Besides the res/ directory, Android provides another
directory, assets/, where we can keep asset files to be included
in our application.
• Example:- Add a file called info.txt (contain some text) to the
project by copying and pasting it into the assets folder in
the Package Explorerwindow. Because, the content of info.txt be
displayed through a TextView.
• The difference between resources and assets is that
– the resources are accessible in an Android application through the
resource IDs generated in the R.java file. Android automatically
generates an R.java file that contains the IDs of the resources found
in res/ folder, making it possible to access them through Java code.
– Content placed in the assets/ directory is maintained in raw file
format, and no IDs are generated for these files. To read the content
from the assets/ folder in an Android application, we use the
AssetManager, which reads the content from the external files in the
form of a stream of bytes.
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical" >
<TextView
android:id="@+id/file_view"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textSize="15dip"
android:textStyle="bold" />
</LinearLayout>
public class AssetsAppActivity extends Activity {
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_assets_app);
TextView fileView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.file_view);
InputStream input;
AssetManager assetManager = getAssets();
try {
input = assetManager.open("info.txt");
int fileSize = input.available();
byte[] buffer = new byte[fileSize];
input.read(buffer);
input.close();
String textForm = new String(buffer);
fileView.setText(textForm);
} catch (IOException e) {
fileView.setText("Some exception has occurred");
}
}
}

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Layout

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Layout

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Android Programming (R15)

To switch between portrait mode and landscape mode on

We can also detect the screen orientation via Java code.

Listing 4.1. Default Code in the strings.xml File

public class ValuesResourcesAppActivity extends Activity {

The dimension resource is defined through the dimen element.

•Styles support inheritance; that is, the attributes of

<style name="style2" parent="style1" >

public class ValuesResourcesAppActivity extends

<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />

Listing 4.12. Default Code in the AndroidManifest.xml File

Listing 4.15. Code in the strings.xml File on Adding a String Array

<string-array name="array_name"> <integer-array name="array_name">

The name property acts as the resource ID and number1, number2,

Listing 4.18. The strings.xml File on Defining an Integer Array

Listing 4.21. The Layout

We don’t need to write any Java code for displaying

The setImageResource() method can be used to change the image of

The ic_launcher.png image is the built-in image resource provided by

public class PlayAudioAppActivity extends Activity {

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