Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 18

Revenue
Contents Paragraphs

Objective
Scope 1–6
Definitions 7–8
Measurement of revenue 9–12
Identification of the transaction 13
Sale of goods 14–19
Rendering of services 20–28
Interest, royalties and dividends 29–34
Disclosure 35–36

Appendices

A Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving

Advertising Services

B Customer Loyalty Programmes

C Transfers of Assets from Customers

D References to matters contained in other Indian
Accounting Standards

E Illustrative examples

Sale of goods
 Rendering of services
Interest, royalties and dividends
Recognition and measurement
1 Comparison with IAS 18, Revenue

2
 Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 18
Revenue
(This Indian Accounting Standard includes paragraphs set in bold type and plain type,
which have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type indicate the main principles. )

Objective
Income is defined in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of
Financial Statements issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India as
increases in economic benefits during the accounting period in the form of
inflows or enhancements of assets or decreases of liabilities that result in
increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from equity
participants. Income encompasses both revenue and gains. Revenue is income
that arises in the course of ordinary activities of an entity and is referred to by a
variety of different names including sales, fees, interest, dividends and royalties.
The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment of
revenue arising from certain types of transactions and events.
The primary issue in accounting for revenue is determining when to recognise
revenue. Revenue is recognised when it is probable that future economic
benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be measured reliably. This
Standard identifies the circumstances in which these criteria will be met and,
therefore, revenue will be recognised. It also provides practical guidance on the
application of these criteria.

Scope
1 This Standard shall be applied in accounting for revenue arising from the
following transactions and events1:
(a) the sale of goods;
(b) the rendering of services; and
(c) the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and
dividends.
2 [Refer to Appendix 1]

1
For rate regulated entities, this standard shall stand modified, where and to extent the recognition and
measurement of revenue of such entities is affected by recognition and measurement of regulatory assets/
liabilities as per the Guidance Note on the subject being issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of
India.
3 Goods includes goods produced by the entity for the purpose of sale and goods
purchased for resale, such as merchandise purchased by a retailer or land and
other property held for resale.
4 The rendering of services typically involves the performance by the entity of a
contractually agreed task over an agreed period of time. The services may be
rendered within a single period or over more than one period. Some contracts for
the rendering of services are directly related to construction contracts, for
example, those for the services of project managers and architects. Revenue
arising from these contracts is not dealt with in this Standard but is dealt with in
accordance with the requirements for construction contracts as specified in Ind
AS 11 Construction Contracts. The definition of a Construction Contract in Ind AS
11 includes agreements of real estate development. Accordingly, revenue arising
from such agreements is not dealt with in this Standard.

5 The use by others of entity assets gives rise to revenue in the form of:
(a) interest—charges for the use of cash or cash equivalents or amounts due to
the entity;
(b) royalties—charges for the use of long-term assets of the entity, for example,
patents, trademarks, copyrights and computer software; and
(c) dividends—distributions of profits to holders of equity investments in
proportion to their holdings of a particular class of capital.
6 This Standard does not deal with revenue arising from:

(a) lease agreements (see Ind AS 17 Leases);

(b) dividends arising from investments which are accounted for under the
equity method (see Ind AS 28 Investments in Associates);
(c) insurance contracts within the scope of Ind AS 104 Insurance Contracts;
(d) changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities or their
disposal (see Ind AS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and
Measurement);
(e) changes in the value of other current assets;
(f) initial recognition and from changes in the fair value of biological assets
related to agricultural activity (see Ind AS 41 Agriculture2);
(g) initial recognition of agricultural produce (see Ind AS 41 ); and
(h) the extraction of mineral ores.

Definitions
7 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising
in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows
2
Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 41, Agriculture, is under formulation.
4
 result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions
from equity participants.
Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a
liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length
transaction.
8 Revenue includes only the gross inflows of economic benefits received and
receivable by the entity on its own account. Amounts collected on behalf of third
parties such as sales taxes, goods and services taxes and value added taxes are
not economic benefits which flow to the entity and do not result in increases in
equity. Therefore, they are excluded from revenue. Similarly, in an agency
relationship, the gross inflows of economic benefits include amounts collected on
behalf of the principal and which do not result in increases in equity for the entity.
The amounts collected on behalf of the principal are not revenue. Instead,
revenue is the amount of commission.

Measurement of revenue
9 Revenue shall be measured at the fair value of the consideration received
or receivable.3
10 The amount of revenue arising on a transaction is usually determined by
agreement between the entity and the buyer or user of the asset. It is measured
at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable taking into account
the amount of any trade discounts and volume rebates allowed by the entity.
11 In most cases, the consideration is in the form of cash or cash equivalents and
the amount of revenue is the amount of cash or cash equivalents received or
receivable. However, when the inflow of cash or cash equivalents is deferred, the
fair value of the consideration may be less than the nominal amount of cash
received or receivable. For example, an entity may provide interest-free credit to
the buyer or accept a note receivable bearing a below-market interest rate from
the buyer as consideration for the sale of goods. When the arrangement
effectively constitutes a financing transaction, the fair value of the consideration
is determined by discounting all future receipts using an imputed rate of interest.
The imputed rate of interest is the more clearly determinable of either:
(a) the prevailing rate for a similar instrument of an issuer with a similar credit
rating; or
(b) a rate of interest that discounts the nominal amount of the instrument to the
current cash sales price of the goods or services.
The difference between the fair value and the nominal amount of the
consideration is recognised as interest revenue in accordance with paragraphs
29 and 30 and in accordance with Ind AS 39.
12 When goods or services are exchanged or swapped for goods or services which
are of a similar nature and value, the exchange is not regarded as a transaction

3
See also Appendix A of this standard, Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising
Services.
5
 which generates revenue. This is often the case with commodities like oil or milk
where suppliers exchange or swap inventories in various locations to fulfil
demand on a timely basis in a particular location. When goods are sold or
services are rendered in exchange for dissimilar goods or services, the exchange
is regarded as a transaction which generates revenue. The revenue is measured
at the fair value of the goods or services received, adjusted by the amount of any
cash or cash equivalents transferred. When the fair value of the goods or
services received cannot be measured reliably, the revenue is measured at the
fair value of the goods or services given up, adjusted by the amount of any cash
or cash equivalents transferred.

Identification of the transaction

13 The recognition criteria in this Standard are usually applied separately to each
transaction. However, in certain circumstances, it is necessary to apply the
recognition criteria to the separately identifiable components of a single
transaction in order to reflect the substance of the transaction. For example,
when the selling price of a product includes an identifiable amount for
subsequent servicing, that amount is deferred and recognised as revenue over
the period during which the service is performed. Conversely, the recognition
criteria are applied to two or more transactions together when they are linked in
such a way that the commercial effect cannot be understood without reference to
the series of transactions as a whole. For example, an entity may sell goods and,
at the same time, enter into a separate agreement to repurchase the goods at a
later date, thus negating the substantive effect of the transaction; in such a case,
the two transactions are dealt with together.

Sale of goods

14 Revenue from the sale of goods shall be recognised when all the following
conditions have been satisfied:
(a) the entity has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and
rewards of ownership of the goods;
(b) the entity retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the
degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over
the goods sold;
(c) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;
(d) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the
transaction will flow to the entity; and
(e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can
be measured reliably.
15 The assessment of when an entity has transferred the significant risks and
rewards of ownership to the buyer requires an examination of the circumstances
of the transaction. In most cases, the transfer of the risks and rewards of
ownership coincides with the transfer of the legal title or the passing of
6
 possession to the buyer. This is the case for most retail sales. In other cases, the
transfer of risks and rewards of ownership occurs at a different time from the
transfer of legal title or the passing of possession.
16 If the entity retains significant risks of ownership, the transaction is not a sale and
revenue is not recognised. An entity may retain a significant risk of ownership in
a number of ways. Examples of situations in which the entity may retain the
significant risks and rewards of ownership are:
(a) when the entity retains an obligation for unsatisfactory performance not
covered by normal warranty provisions;
(b) when the receipt of the revenue from a particular sale is contingent on the
derivation of revenue by the buyer from its sale of the goods;
(c) when the goods are shipped subject to installation and the installation is a
significant part of the contract which has not yet been completed by the
entity; and
(d) when the buyer has the right to rescind the purchase for a reason specified in
the sales contract and the entity is uncertain about the probability of return.
17 If an entity retains only an insignificant risk of ownership, the transaction is a sale
and revenue is recognised. For example, a seller may retain the legal title to the
goods solely to protect the collectibility of the amount due. In such a case, if the
entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership, the
transaction is a sale and revenue is recognised. Another example of an entity
retaining only an insignificant risk of ownership may be a retail sale when a
refund is offered if the customer is not satisfied. Revenue in such cases is
recognised at the time of sale provided the seller can reliably estimate future
returns and recognises a liability for returns based on previous experience and
other relevant factors.
18 Revenue is recognised only when it is probable that the economic benefits
associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. In some cases, this may not
be probable until the consideration is received or until an uncertainty is removed.
For example, it may be uncertain that a foreign governmental authority will grant
permission to remit the consideration from a sale in a foreign country. When the
permission is granted, the uncertainty is removed and revenue is recognised.
However, when an uncertainty arises about the collectibility of an amount already
included in revenue, the uncollectible amount or the amount in respect of which
recovery has ceased to be probable is recognised as an expense, rather than as
an adjustment of the amount of revenue originally recognised.
19 Revenue and expenses that relate to the same transaction or other event are
recognised simultaneously; this process is commonly referred to as the matching
of revenues and expenses. Expenses, including warranties and other costs to be
incurred after the shipment of the goods can normally be measured reliably when
the other conditions for the recognition of revenue have been satisfied. However,
revenue cannot be recognised when the expenses cannot be measured reliably;
in such circumstances, any consideration already received for the sale of the
goods is recognised as a liability.

7
Rendering of services
20 When the outcome of a transaction involving the rendering of services can
be estimated reliably, revenue associated with the transaction shall be
recognised by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the
end of the reporting period. The outcome of a transaction can be estimated
reliably when all the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably;
(b) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the
transaction will flow to the entity;
(c) the stage of completion of the transaction at the end of the reporting
period can be measured reliably; and

(d) the costs incurred for the transaction and the costs to complete the
transaction can be measured reliably.4

21 The recognition of revenue by reference to the stage of completion of a

transaction is often referred to as the percentage of completion method. Under
this method, revenue is recognised in the accounting periods in which the
services are rendered. The recognition of revenue on this basis provides useful
information on the extent of service activity and performance during a period. Ind
AS 11 also requires the recognition of revenue on this basis. The requirements of
that Standard are generally applicable to the recognition of revenue and the
associated expenses for a transaction involving the rendering of services.
22 Revenue is recognised only when it is probable that the economic benefits
associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. However, when an
uncertainty arises about the collectibility of an amount already included in
revenue, the uncollectible amount, or the amount in respect of which recovery
has ceased to be probable, is recognised as an expense, rather than as an
adjustment of the amount of revenue originally recognised.
23 An entity is generally able to make reliable estimates after it has agreed to the
following with the other parties to the transaction:
(a) each party’s enforceable rights regarding the service to be provided and
received by the parties;
(b) the consideration to be exchanged; and
(c) the manner and terms of settlement.
It is also usually necessary for the entity to have an effective internal financial
budgeting and reporting system. The entity reviews and, when necessary,
revises the estimates of revenue as the service is performed. The need for such

4
See also Appendix A of this standard, Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving Advertising
Services and Appendix B of Ind AS 17 , Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the
Legal Form of a Lease.
8
 revisions does not necessarily indicate that the outcome of the transaction
cannot be estimated reliably.
24 The stage of completion of a transaction may be determined by a variety of
methods. An entity uses the method that measures reliably the services
performed. Depending on the nature of the transaction, the methods may
include:
(a) surveys of work performed;
(b) services performed to date as a percentage of total services to be
performed; or
(c) the proportion that costs incurred to date bear to the estimated total costs of
the transaction. Only costs that reflect services performed to date are
included in costs incurred to date. Only costs that reflect services
performed or to be performed are included in the estimated total costs of
the transaction.
Progress payments and advances received from customers often do not reflect
the services performed.
25 For practical purposes, when services are performed by an indeterminate
number of acts over a specified period of time, revenue is recognised on a
straight-line basis over the specified period unless there is evidence that some
other method better represents the stage of completion. When a specific act is
much more significant than any other acts, the recognition of revenue is
postponed until the significant act is executed.
26 When the outcome of the transaction involving the rendering of services
cannot be estimated reliably, revenue shall be recognised only to the
extent of the expenses recognised that are recoverable.

27 During the early stages of a transaction, it is often the case that the outcome of
the transaction cannot be estimated reliably. Nevertheless, it may be probable
that the entity will recover the transaction costs incurred. Therefore, revenue is
recognised only to the extent of costs incurred that are expected to be
recoverable. As the outcome of the transaction cannot be estimated reliably, no
profit is recognised.
28 When the outcome of a transaction cannot be estimated reliably and it is not
probable that the costs incurred will be recovered, revenue is not recognised and
the costs incurred are recognised as an expense. When the uncertainties that
prevented the outcome of the contract being estimated reliably no longer exist,
revenue is recognised in accordance with paragraph 20 rather than in
accordance with paragraph 26.

Interest, royalties and dividends

29 Revenue arising from the use by others of entity assets yielding interest,
royalties and dividends shall be recognised on the bases set out in
paragraph 30 when:

9
 (a) it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the
transaction will flow to the entity; and
(b) the amount of the revenue can be measured reliably.
30 Revenue shall be recognised on the following bases:
(a) interest shall be recognised using the effective interest method as set
out in Ind AS 39;
(b) royalties shall be recognised on an accrual basis in accordance with
the substance of the relevant agreement; and
(c) dividends shall be recognised when the shareholder’s right to receive
payment is established.
31 [Refer to Appendix 1]
32 When unpaid interest has accrued before the acquisition of an interest-bearing
investment, the subsequent receipt of interest is allocated between pre-
acquisition and post-acquisition periods; only the post-acquisition portion is
recognised as revenue.
33 Royalties accrue in accordance with the terms of the relevant agreement and are
usually recognised on that basis unless, having regard to the substance of the
agreement, it is more appropriate to recognise revenue on some other
systematic and rational basis.
34 Revenue is recognised only when it is probable that the economic benefits
associated with the transaction will flow to the entity. However, when an
uncertainty arises about the collectibility of an amount already included in
revenue, the uncollectible amount, or the amount in respect of which recovery
has ceased to be probable, is recognised as an expense, rather than as an
adjustment of the amount of revenue originally recognised.

Disclosure
________________________________________________
35 An entity shall disclose:
(a) the accounting policies adopted for the recognition of revenue,
including the methods adopted to determine the stage of completion
of transactions involving the rendering of services;
(b) the amount of each significant category of revenue recognised during
the period, including revenue arising from:
(i) the sale of goods;
(ii) the rendering of services;
(iii) interest;
(iv) royalties;

10
 (v) dividends; and
(c) the amount of revenue arising from exchanges of goods or services
included in each significant category of revenue.
36 An entity discloses any contingent liabilities and contingent assets in accordance
with Ind AS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.
Contingent liabilities and contingent assets may arise from items such as
warranty costs, claims, penalties or possible losses.

11
Appendix A
Revenue—Barter Transactions Involving
Advertising Services

Issue
1 An entity (Seller) may enter into a barter transaction to provide advertising
services in exchange for receiving advertising services from its customer
(Customer). Advertisements may be displayed on the Internet or poster sites,
broadcast on the television or radio, published in magazines or journals, or
presented in another medium.
2 In some cases, no cash or other consideration is exchanged between the
entities. In some other cases, equal or approximately equal amounts of cash or
other consideration are also exchanged.
3 A Seller that provides advertising services in the course of its ordinary activities
recognises revenue under Ind AS 18 from a barter transaction involving
advertising when, amongst other criteria, the services exchanged are dissimilar
(paragraph 12 of Ind AS 18 ) and the amount of revenue can be measured
reliably (paragraph 20(a) of Ind AS 18. This Appendix only applies to an
exchange of dissimilar advertising services. An exchange of similar advertising
services is not a transaction that generates revenue under Ind AS 18.
4 The issue is under what circumstances can a Seller reliably measure revenue at
the fair value of advertising services received or provided in a barter transaction.

Accounting Principles
5 Revenue from a barter transaction involving advertising cannot be measured
reliably at the fair value of advertising services received. However, a Seller can
reliably measure revenue at the fair value of the advertising services it provides
in a barter transaction, by reference only to non-barter transactions that:
involve advertising similar to the advertising in the barter transaction;
occur frequently;
(c) represent a predominant number of transactions and amount when
compared to all transactions to provide advertising that is similar to the
advertising in the barter transaction;
(d) involve cash and/or another form of consideration (eg marketable
securities, non-monetary assets, and other services) that has a reliably
measurable fair value; and

12
do not involve the same counterparty as in the barter transaction.

Appendix B
Customer Loyalty Programmes

Background
1 Customer loyalty programmes are used by entities to provide customers with
incentives to buy their goods or services. If a customer buys goods or services,
the entity grants the customer award credits (often described as ‘points’). The
customer can redeem the award credits for awards such as free or discounted
goods or services.
2 The programmes operate in a variety of ways. Customers may be required to
accumulate a specified minimum number or value of award credits before they
are able to redeem them. Award credits may be linked to individual purchases or
groups of purchases, or to continued custom over a specified period. The entity
may operate the customer loyalty programme itself or participate in a programme
operated by a third party. The awards offered may include goods or services
supplied by the entity itself and/or rights to claim goods or services from a third
party.

Scope
3 This Appendix applies to customer loyalty award credits that:
(a) an entity grants to its customers as part of a sales transaction, ie a sale of
goods, rendering of services or use by a customer of entity assets; and
(b) subject to meeting any further qualifying conditions, the customers can
redeem in the future for free or discounted goods or services.
The Appendix addresses accounting by the entity that grants award credits to its
customers.

Issues
4 The issues addressed in this Appendix are:
(a) whether the entity’s obligation to provide free or discounted goods or
services (‘awards’) in the future should be recognised and measured by:

(i) allocating some of the consideration received or receivable from the

sales transaction to the award credits and deferring the recognition of
revenue (applying paragraph 13 of Ind AS 18); or

13
 (ii) providing for the estimated future costs of supplying the awards
(applying paragraph 19 of Ind AS 18); and
(b) if consideration is allocated to the award credits:

(i) how much should be allocated to them;

(ii) when revenue should be recognised; and
(iii) if a third party supplies the awards, how revenue should be measured.

Accounting Principles
5 An entity shall apply paragraph 13 of Ind AS 18 and account for award credits as
a separately identifiable component of the sales transaction(s) in which they are
granted (the ‘initial sale’). The fair value of the consideration received or
receivable in respect of the initial sale shall be allocated between the award
credits and the other components of the sale.
6 The consideration allocated to the award credits shall be measured by reference
to their fair value, ie the amount for which the award credits could be sold
separately.
7 If the entity supplies the awards itself, it shall recognise the consideration
allocated to award credits as revenue when award credits are redeemed and it
fulfils its obligations to supply awards. The amount of revenue recognised shall
be based on the number of award credits that have been redeemed in exchange
for awards, relative to the total number expected to be redeemed.
8 If a third party supplies the awards, the entity shall assess whether it is collecting
the consideration allocated to the award credits on its own account (ie as the
principal in the transaction) or on behalf of the third party (ie as an agent for the
third party).
(a) If the entity is collecting the consideration on behalf of the third party, it
shall:
(i) measure its revenue as the net amount retained on its own account,
ie the difference between the consideration allocated to the award
credits and the amount payable to the third party for supplying the
awards; and
(ii) recognise this net amount as revenue when the third party becomes
obliged to supply the awards and entitled to receive consideration for
doing so. These events may occur as soon as the award credits are
granted. Alternatively, if the customer can choose to claim awards
from either the entity or a third party, these events may occur only
when the customer chooses to claim awards from the third party.
(b) If the entity is collecting the consideration on its own account, it shall
measure its revenue as the gross consideration allocated to the award
credits and recognise the revenue when it fulfils its obligations in respect of
the awards.

14
9 If at any time the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations to supply the
awards are expected to exceed the consideration received and receivable for
them (ie the consideration allocated to the award credits at the time of the initial
sale that has not yet been recognised as revenue plus any further consideration
receivable when the customer redeems the award credits), the entity has
onerous contracts. A liability shall be recognised for the excess in accordance
with Ind AS 37. The need to recognise such a liability could arise if the expected
costs of supplying awards increase, for example if the entity revises its
expectations about the number of award credits that will be redeemed.

15
 Application guidance on Appendix B
This application guidance is an integral part of Appendix B.

Measuring the fair value of award credits

AG1 Paragraph 6 of Appendix B requires the consideration allocated to award credits
to be measured by reference to their fair value, ie the amount for which the
award credits could be sold separately. If the fair value is not directly observable,
it must be estimated.
AG2 An entity may estimate the fair value of award credits by reference to the fair
value of the awards for which they could be redeemed. The fair value of the
award credits takes into account:
(a) the amount of the discounts or incentives that would otherwise be offered to
customers who have not earned award credits from an initial sale; and
(b) the proportion of award credits that are not expected to be redeemed by
customers.
If customers can choose from a range of different awards, the fair value of the
award credits will reflect the fair values of the range of available awards,
weighted in proportion to the frequency with which each award is expected to be
selected.
AG3 In some circumstances, other estimation techniques may be available. For
example, if a third party will supply the awards and the entity pays the third party
for each award credit it grants, it could estimate the fair value of the award credits
by reference to the amount it pays the third party, adding a reasonable profit
margin. Judgement is required to select and apply the estimation technique that
satisfies the requirements of paragraph 6 of Appendix B and is most appropriate
in the circumstances.

16
Illustrative examples for Appendix B
These examples accompany, but are not part of, Appendix B.

Example 1—Awards supplied by the entity

IE1 A grocery retailer operates a customer loyalty programme. It grants programme
members loyalty points when they spend a specified amount on groceries.
Programme members can redeem the points for further groceries. The points
have no expiry date. In one period, the entity grants 100 points. Management
estimates the fair value of groceries for which each loyalty point can be
redeemed as Rs 1.25. This amount takes into account an estimate of the
discount that management expects would otherwise be offered to customers who
have not earned award credits from an initial sale. In addition, management
expects only 80 of these points to be redeemed. Therefore, the fair value of each
point is Re. 1, being the value of each loyalty point granted of Rs 1.25 reduced to
take into account points not expected to be redeemed ((80 points/100 points) ×
Rs 1.25 =Re 1). Accordingly, management defers recognition of revenue of
Rs.100.

Year 1
IE2 At the end of the first year, 40 of the points have been redeemed in exchange for
groceries, ie half of those expected to be redeemed. The entity recognises
revenue of (40 points/805 points) × Rs. 100 = Rs. 50.

Year 2
IE3 In the second year, management revises its expectations. It now expects 90
points to be redeemed altogether.
IE4 During the second year, 41 points are redeemed, bringing the total number
redeemed to 406 + 41 = 81 points. The cumulative revenue that the entity
recognises is (81 points/907 points) × Rs. 100 = Rs. 90. The entity has
recognised revenue of Rs. 50 in the first year, so it recognises Rs. 40 in the
second year.

Year 3
IE5 In the third year, a further nine points are redeemed, taking the total number of
points redeemed to 81 + 9 = 90. Management continues to expect that only 90
points will ever be redeemed, ie that no more points will be redeemed after the
third year. So the cumulative revenue to date is (90 points/908 points) × Rs. 100
= Rs. 100. The entity has already recognised Rs. 90 of revenue (Rs. 50 in the

5
total number of points expected to be redeemed
6
number of points redeemed in year 1
7
revised estimate of total number of points expected to be redeemed
8
total number of points still expected to be redeemed.
17
 first year and Rs. 40 in the second year). So it recognises the remaining Rs. 10 in
the third year. All of the revenue initially deferred has now been recognised.

Example 2—Awards supplied by a third party

IE6 A retailer of electrical goods participates in a customer loyalty programme

operated by an airline. It grants programme members one air travel point with
each Re. 1 they spend on electrical goods. Programme members can redeem
the points for air travel with the airline, subject to availability. The retailer pays the
airline RS. 0.009 for each point.

IE7 In one period, the retailer sells electrical goods for consideration totalling Rs. 1
million. It grants 1 million points.

Allocation of consideration to travel points

IE8 The retailer estimates that the fair value of a point is Rs. 0.01. It allocates to the
points 1 million × Rs. 0.01 = Rs. 10,000 of the consideration it has received from
the sales of its electrical goods.

Revenue recognition
IE9 Having granted the points, the retailer has fulfilled its obligations to the customer.
The airline is obliged to supply the awards and entitled to receive consideration
for doing so. Therefore the retailer recognises revenue from the points when it
sells the electrical goods.

Revenue measurement
IE10 If the retailer has collected the consideration allocated to the points on its own
account, it measures its revenue as the gross Rs. 10,000 allocated to them. It
separately recognises the Rs. 9,000 paid or payable to the airline as an expense.
If the retailer has collected the consideration on behalf of the airline, ie as an
agent for the airline, it measures its revenue as the net amount it retains on its
own account. This amount of revenue is the difference between the Rs. 10,000
consideration allocated to the points and the Rs. 9,000 passed on to the airline.

18
Appendix C
Transfers of Assets from Customers

Background
1 In the utilities industry, an entity may receive from its customers items of
property, plant and equipment that must be used to connect those customers
to a network and provide them with ongoing access to a supply of commodities
such as electricity, gas or water. Alternatively, an entity may receive cash from
customers for the acquisition or construction of such items of property, plant
and equipment. Typically, customers are required to pay additional amounts
for the purchase of goods or services based on usage.

2 Transfers of assets from customers may also occur in industries other than
utilities. For example, an entity outsourcing its information technology functions
may transfer its existing items of property, plant and equipment to the
outsourcing provider.

3 In some cases, the transferor of the asset may not be the entity that will
eventually have ongoing access to the supply of goods or services and will be
the recipient of those goods or services. However, for convenience this
Appendix refers to the entity transferring the asset as the customer.

Scope
4 This Appendix applies to the accounting for transfers of items of property, plant
and equipment by entities that receive such transfers from their customers.
5 Agreements within the scope of this Appendix are agreements in which an
entity receives from a customer an item of property, plant and equipment that
the entity must then use either to connect the customer to a network or to
provide the customer with ongoing access to a supply of goods or services, or
to do both.

6 This Appendix also applies to agreements in which an entity receives cash

from a customer when that amount of cash must be used only to construct or
acquire an item of property, plant and equipment and the entity must then use
the item of property, plant and equipment either to connect the customer to a
network or to provide the customer with ongoing access to a supply of goods
or services, or to do both.

7 This Appendix does not apply to agreements in which the transfer is either a
government grant as defined in Ind AS 20 or infrastructure used in a service
concession arrangement that is within the scope of Appendix A of Ind AS 11
Service Concession Arrangements .
19
Issues
8 The Appendix addresses the following issues:
(a) Is the definition of an asset met?
(b) If the definition of an asset is met, how should the transferred item of
property, plant and equipment be measured on initial recognition?
(c) If the item of property, plant and equipment is measured at fair value on
initial recognition, how should the resulting credit be accounted for?
(d) How should the entity account for a transfer of cash from its customer?

Accounting Principles
Is the definition of an asset met?
9 When an entity receives from a customer a transfer of an item of property, plant
and equipment, it shall assess whether the transferred item meets the definition
of an asset set out in the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of
Financial Statements issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.
Paragraph 49(a) of the Framework states that ‘an asset is a resource controlled
by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits
are expected to flow to the entity.’ In most circumstances, the entity obtains the
right of ownership of the transferred item of property, plant and equipment.
However, in determining whether an asset exists, the right of ownership is not
essential. Therefore, if the customer continues to control the transferred item, the
asset definition would not be met despite a transfer of ownership.
10 An entity that controls an asset can generally deal with that asset as it pleases.
For example, the entity can exchange that asset for other assets, employ it to
produce goods or services, charge a price for others to use it, use it to settle
liabilities, hold it, or distribute it to owners. The entity that receives from a
customer a transfer of an item of property, plant and equipment shall consider all
relevant facts and circumstances when assessing control of the transferred item.
For example, although the entity must use the transferred item of property, plant
and equipment to provide one or more services to the customer, it may have the
ability to decide how the transferred item of property, plant and equipment is
operated and maintained and when it is replaced. In this case, the entity would
normally conclude that it controls the transferred item of property, plant and
equipment.

How should the transferred item of property, plant and

equipment be measured on initial recognition?
11 If the entity concludes that the definition of an asset is met, it shall recognise the
transferred asset as an item of property, plant and equipment in accordance with
paragraph 7 of Ind AS 16 and measure its cost on initial recognition at its fair
value in accordance with paragraph 24 of that Standard.

20
 How should the credit be accounted for?
12 The following discussion assumes that the entity receiving an item of property,
plant and equipment has concluded that the transferred item should be
recognised and measured in accordance with paragraphs 9–11.
13 Paragraph 12 of Ind AS 18 states that ‘When goods are sold or services are
rendered in exchange for dissimilar goods or services, the exchange is regarded
as a transaction which generates revenue.’ According to the terms of the
agreements within the scope of this Appendix, a transfer of an item of property,
plant and equipment would be an exchange for dissimilar goods or services.
Consequently, the entity shall recognise revenue in accordance with Ind AS 18.

Identifying the separately identifiable services

14 An entity may agree to deliver one or more services in exchange for the
transferred item of property, plant and equipment, such as connecting the
customer to a network, providing the customer with ongoing access to a supply
of goods or services, or both. In accordance with paragraph 13 of Ind AS 18, the
entity shall identify the separately identifiable services included in the agreement.
15 Features that indicate that connecting the customer to a network is a separately
identifiable service include:
(a) a service connection is delivered to the customer and represents stand-
alone value for that customer;
(b) the fair value of the service connection can be measured reliably.
16 A feature that indicates that providing the customer with ongoing access to a
supply of goods or services is a separately identifiable service is that, in the
future, the customer making the transfer receives the ongoing access, the goods
or services, or both at a price lower than would be charged without the transfer of
the item of property, plant and equipment.
17 Conversely, a feature that indicates that the obligation to provide the customer
with ongoing access to a supply of goods or services arises from the terms of the
entity’s operating licence or other regulation rather than from the agreement
relating to the transfer of an item of property, plant and equipment is that
customers that make a transfer pay the same price as those that do not for the
ongoing access, or for the goods or services, or for both.

Revenue recognition
18 If only one service is identified, the entity shall recognise revenue when the
service is performed in accordance with paragraph 20 of Ind AS 18. If such a
service is ongoing, revenue shall be recognised in accordance with paragraph 20
of this Appendix.
19 If more than one separately identifiable service is identified, paragraph 13 of Ind
AS 18 requires the fair value of the total consideration received or receivable for
the agreement to be allocated to each service and the recognition criteria of Ind
AS 18 are then applied to each service.

21
20 If an ongoing service is identified as part of the agreement, the period over which
revenue shall be recognised for that service is generally determined by the terms
of the agreement with the customer. If the agreement does not specify a period,
the revenue shall be recognised over a period no longer than the useful life of the
transferred asset used to provide the ongoing service.

How should the entity account for a transfer of cash from

its customer?
21 When an entity receives a transfer of cash from a customer, it shall assess
whether the agreement is within the scope of this Appendix in accordance with
paragraph 6. If it is, the entity shall assess whether the constructed or acquired
item of property, plant and equipment meets the definition of an asset in
accordance with paragraphs 9 and 10. If the definition of an asset is met, the
entity shall recognise the item of property, plant and equipment at its cost in
accordance with Ind AS 16 and shall recognise revenue in accordance with
paragraphs 13–20 at the amount of cash received from the customer.

22
Illustrative examples for Appendix D
These examples accompany, but are not part of, Appendix D.

Example 1
IE1 A real estate company is building a residential development in an area that is not
connected to the electricity network. In order to have access to the electricity
network, the real estate company is required to construct an electricity substation
that is then transferred to the network company responsible for the transmission
of electricity. It is assumed in this example that the network company concludes
that the transferred substation meets the definition of an asset. The network
company then uses the substation to connect each house of the residential
development to its electricity network. In this case, it is the homeowners that will
eventually use the network to access the supply of electricity, although they did
not initially transfer the substation. By regulation, the network company has an
obligation to provide ongoing access to the network to all users of the network at
the same price, regardless of whether they transferred an asset. Therefore, users
of the network that transfer an asset to the network company pay the same price
for the use of the network as those that do not. Users of the network can choose
to purchase their electricity from distributors other than the network company but
must use the company’s network to access the supply of electricity.
IE2 Alternatively, the network company could have constructed the substation and
received a transfer of an amount of cash from the real estate company that had
to be used only for the construction of the substation. The amount of cash
transferred would not necessarily equal the entire cost of the substation. It is
assumed that the substation remains an asset of the network company.
IE3 In this example, the Appendix applies to the network company that receives the
electricity substation from the real estate company. The network company
recognises the substation as an item of property, plant and equipment and
measures its cost on initial recognition at its fair value (or at its construction cost
in the circumstances described in paragraph IE2) in accordance with Ind AS 16
Property, Plant and Equipment. The fact that users of the network that transfer
an asset to the network company pay the same price for the use of the electricity
network as those that do not indicate that the obligation to provide ongoing
access to the network is not a separately identifiable service of the transaction.
Rather, connecting the house to the network is the only service to be delivered in
exchange for the substation. Therefore, the network company should recognise
revenue from the exchange transaction at the fair value of the substation (or at
the amount of the cash received from the real estate company in the
circumstances described in paragraph IE2) when the houses are connected to
the network in accordance with paragraph 20 of Ind AS 18 Revenue.

23
Example 2

IE4 A house builder constructs a house on a redeveloped site in a major city. As part
of constructing the house, the house builder installs a pipe from the house to the
water main in front of the house. Because the pipe is on the house’s land, the
owner of the house can restrict access to the pipe. The owner is also responsible
for the maintenance of the pipe. In this example, the facts indicate that the
definition of an asset is not met for the water company.
IE5 Alternatively, a house builder constructs multiple houses and installs a pipe on
the commonly owned or public land to connect the houses to the water main. The
house builder transfers ownership of the pipe to the water company that will be
responsible for its maintenance. In this example, the facts indicate that the water
company controls the pipe and should recognise it.

Example 3
IE6 An entity enters into an agreement with a customer involving the outsourcing of
the customer’s information technology (IT) functions. As part of the agreement,
the customer transfers ownership of its existing IT equipment to the entity.
Initially, the entity must use the equipment to provide the service required by the
outsourcing agreement. The entity is responsible for maintaining the equipment
and for replacing it when the entity decides to do so. The useful life of the
equipment is estimated to be three years. The outsourcing agreement requires
service to be provided for ten years for a fixed price that is lower than the price
the entity would have charged if the IT equipment had not been transferred.
IE7 In this example, the facts indicate that the IT equipment is an asset of the entity.
Therefore, the entity should recognise the equipment and measure its cost on
initial recognition at its fair value in accordance with paragraph 24 of Ind AS 16.
The fact that the price charged for the service to be provided under the
outsourcing agreement is lower than the price the entity would charge without the
transfer of the IT equipment indicates that this service is a separately identifiable
service included in the agreement. The facts also indicate that it is the only
service to be provided in exchange for the transfer of the IT equipment.
Therefore, the entity should recognise revenue arising from the exchange
transaction when the service is performed, ie over the ten-year term of the
outsourcing agreement.
IE8 Alternatively, assume that after the first three years, the price the entity charges
under the outsourcing agreement increases to reflect the fact that it will then be
replacing the equipment the customer transferred.
IE9 In this case, the reduced price for the services provided under the outsourcing
agreement reflects the useful life of the transferred equipment. For this reason,
the entity should recognise revenue from the exchange transaction over the first
three years of the agreement.

24
Appendix D
References to matters contained in other Indian
Accounting Standards
This Appendix is an integral part of Indian Accounting Standard 18.

This appendix lists the appendices which are part of other Indian Accounting Standards
and make reference to Ind AS 18, Revenues

1. Appendix A, Service Concession Arrangements contained in Ind AS 11

Construction Contracts.

2. Appendix B, Evaluating the Substance of Transactions Involving the

Legal Form of a Lease contained in Ind AS 17 Leases

25
Appendix E
Illustrative examples
These illustrative examples accompany, but are not part of, Ind AS 18. The examples
focus on particular aspects of a transaction and are not a comprehensive discussion of
all the relevant factors that might influence the recognition of revenue. The examples
generally assume that the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, it is probable
that the economic benefits will flow to the entity and the costs incurred or to be incurred
can be measured reliably.

Sale of goods
________________________________________________________________

1 ‘Bill and hold’ sales, in which delivery is delayed at the buyer’s request but the
buyer takes title and accepts billing.
Revenue is recognised when the buyer takes title, provided:
(a) it is probable that delivery will be made;
(b) the item is on hand, identified and ready for delivery to the buyer at the time
the sale is recognised;
(c) the buyer specifically acknowledges the deferred delivery instructions; and
(d) the usual payment terms apply.
Revenue is not recognised when there is simply an intention to acquire or
manufacture the goods in time for delivery.
2 Goods shipped subject to conditions.
(a) installation and inspection.
Revenue is normally recognised when the buyer accepts delivery, and
installation and inspection are complete. However, revenue is recognised
immediately upon the buyer’s acceptance of delivery when:
(i) the installation process is simple in nature, for example the installation
of a factory tested television receiver which only requires unpacking
and connection of power and antennae; or
(ii) the inspection is performed only for purposes of final determination of
contract prices, for example, shipments of iron ore, sugar or soya
beans.
(b) on approval when the buyer has negotiated a limited right of return.

26
 If there is uncertainty about the possibility of return, revenue is recognised
when the shipment has been formally accepted by the buyer or the goods
have been delivered and the time period for rejection has elapsed.
(b) consignment sales under which the recipient (buyer) undertakes to sell the
goods on behalf of the shipper (seller).
Revenue is recognised by the shipper when the goods are sold by the
recipient to a third party.
(c) cash on delivery sales.
Revenue is recognised when delivery is made and cash is received by the
seller or its agent.
3 Lay away sales under which the goods are delivered only when the buyer makes
the final payment in a series of instalments.
Revenue from such sales is recognised when the goods are delivered. However,
when experience indicates that most such sales are consummated, revenue may
be recognised when a significant deposit is received provided the goods are on
hand, identified and ready for delivery to the buyer.
4 Orders when payment (or partial payment) is received in advance of delivery for
goods not presently held in inventory, for example, the goods are still to be
manufactured or will be delivered directly to the customer from a third party.
Revenue is recognised when the goods are delivered to the buyer.
5 Sale and repurchase agreements (other than swap transactions) under which the
seller concurrently agrees to repurchase the same goods at a later date, or when
the seller has a call option to repurchase, or the buyer has a put option to require
the repurchase, by the seller, of the goods.
For a sale and repurchase agreement on an asset other than a financial asset,
the terms of the agreement need to be analysed to ascertain whether, in
substance, the seller has transferred the risks and rewards of ownership to the
buyer and hence revenue is recognised. When the seller has retained the risks
and rewards of ownership, even though legal title has been transferred, the
transaction is a financing arrangement and does not give rise to revenue. For a
sale and repurchase agreement on a financial asset, Ind AS 39 Financial
Instruments: Recognition and Measurement applies.
6 Sales to intermediate parties, such as distributors, dealers or others for resale.
Revenue from such sales is generally recognised when the risks and rewards of
ownership have passed. However, when the buyer is acting, in substance, as an
agent, the sale is treated as a consignment sale.
7 Subscriptions to publications and similar items.
When the items involved are of similar value in each time period, revenue is
recognised on a straight-line basis over the period in which the items are
despatched. When the items vary in value from period to period, revenue is

27
 recognised on the basis of the sales value of the item despatched in relation to
the total estimated sales value of all items covered by the subscription.
8 Instalment sales, under which the consideration is receivable in instalments.
Revenue attributable to the sales price, exclusive of interest, is recognised at the
date of sale. The sale price is the present value of the consideration, determined
by discounting the instalments receivable at the imputed rate of interest.
The interest element is recognised as revenue as it is earned, using the effective
interest method.
9 [Refer to Appendix 1]

Rendering of services
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

10 Installation fees.
Installation fees are recognised as revenue by reference to the stage of
completion of the installation, unless they are incidental to the sale of a product,
in which case they are recognised when the goods are sold.
11 Servicing fees included in the price of the product.
When the selling price of a product includes an identifiable amount for
subsequent servicing (for example, after sales support and product enhancement
on the sale of software), that amount is deferred and recognised as revenue over
the period during which the service is performed. The amount deferred is that
which will cover the expected costs of the services under the agreement,
together with a reasonable profit on those services.
12 Advertising commissions.
Media commissions are recognised when the related advertisement or
commercial appears before the public. Production commissions are recognised
by reference to the stage of completion of the project.
13 Insurance agency commissions.
Insurance agency commissions received or receivable which do not require the
agent to render further service are recognised as revenue by the agent on the
effective commencement or renewal dates of the related policies. However, when
it is probable that the agent will be required to render further services during the
life of the policy, the commission, or part thereof, is deferred and recognised as
revenue over the period during which the policy is in force.
14 Financial service fees.
The recognition of revenue for financial service fees depends on the purposes for
which the fees are assessed and the basis of accounting for any associated
financial instrument. The description of fees for financial services may not be
indicative of the nature and substance of the services provided. Therefore, it is
necessary to distinguish between fees that are an integral part of the effective

28
interest rate of a financial instrument, fees that are earned as services are
provided, and fees that are earned on the execution of a significant act.
(a) Fees that are an integral part of the effective interest rate of a financial
instrument.
Such fees are generally treated as an adjustment to the effective interest
rate. However, when the financial instrument is measured at fair value with
the change in fair value recognised in profit or loss, the fees are recognised
as revenue when the instrument is initially recognised.
(i) Origination fees received by the entity relating to the creation or
acquisition of a financial asset other than one that under Ind AS 39 is
measured at fair value through profit or loss
Such fees may include compensation for activities such as evaluating
the borrower’s financial condition, evaluating and recording
guarantees, collateral and other security arrangements, negotiating
the terms of the instrument, preparing and processing documents and
closing the transaction. These fees are an integral part of generating
an involvement with the resulting financial instrument and, together
with the related transaction costs (as defined in Ind AS 39), are
deferred and recognised as an adjustment to the effective interest
rate.
(ii) Commitment fees received by the entity to originate a loan when the
loan commitment is outside the scope of Ind AS 39.
If it is probable that the entity will enter into a specific lending
arrangement and the loan commitment is not within the scope of Ind
AS 39, the commitment fee received is regarded as compensation for
an ongoing involvement with the acquisition of a financial instrument
and, together with the related transaction costs (as defined in Ind AS
39), is deferred and recognised as an adjustment to the effective
interest rate. If the commitment expires without the entity making the
loan, the fee is recognised as revenue on expiry. Loan commitments
that are within the scope of Ind AS 39 are accounted for as derivatives
and measured at fair value.
(iii) Origination fees received on issuing financial liabilities measured at
amortised cost.
These fees are an integral part of generating an involvement with a
financial liability. When a financial liability is not classified as ‘at fair
value through profit or loss’, the origination fees received are included,
with the related transaction costs (as defined in Ind AS 39) incurred, in
the initial carrying amount of the financial liability and recognised as
an adjustment to the effective interest rate. An entity distinguishes
fees and costs that are an integral part of the effective interest rate for
the financial liability from origination fees and transaction costs
relating to the right to provide services, such as investment
management services.

29
(b) Fees earned as services are provided.
(i) Fees charged for servicing a loan.
Fees charged by an entity for servicing a loan are recognised as
revenue as the services are provided.
(ii) Commitment fees to originate a loan when the loan commitment is
outside the scope of Ind AS 39.
If it is unlikely that a specific lending arrangement will be entered into
and the loan commitment is outside the scope of Ind AS 39, the
commitment fee is recognised as revenue on a time proportion basis
over the commitment period. Loan commitments that are within the
scope of Ind AS 39 are accounted for as derivatives and measured at
fair value.
(iii) Investment management fees.
Fees charged for managing investments are recognised as revenue
as the services are provided.
Incremental costs that are directly attributable to securing an
investment management contract are recognised as an asset if they
can be identified separately and measured reliably and if it is probable
that they will be recovered. As in Ind AS 39, an incremental cost is
one that would not have been incurred if the entity had not secured
the investment management contract. The asset represents the
entity’s contractual right to benefit from providing investment
management services, and is amortised as the entity recognises the
related revenue. If the entity has a portfolio of investment
management contracts, it may assess their recoverability on a
portfolio basis.
Some financial services contracts involve both the origination of one
or more financial instruments and the provision of investment
management services. An example is a long-term monthly saving
contract linked to the management of a pool of equity securities.
The provider of the contract distinguishes the transaction costs
relating to the origination of the financial instrument from the costs of
securing the right to provide investment management services.
(c) Fees that are earned on the execution of a significant act.
The fees are recognised as revenue when the significant act has been
completed, as in the examples below.
(i) Commission on the allotment of shares to a client.
The commission is recognised as revenue when the shares have
been allotted.
(ii) Placement fees for arranging a loan between a borrower and an
investor.
30
 The fee is recognised as revenue when the loan has been arranged.

(iii) Loan syndication fees.

A syndication fee received by an entity that arranges a loan and
retains no part of the loan package for itself (or retains a part at the
same effective interest rate for comparable risk as other participants)
is compensation for the service of syndication. Such a fee is
recognised as revenue when the syndication has been completed.

15 Admission fees.
Revenue from artistic performances, banquets and other special events is
recognised when the event takes place. When a subscription to a number of
events is sold, the fee is allocated to each event on a basis which reflects the
extent to which services are performed at each event.
16 Tuition fees.
Revenue is recognised over the period of instruction.
17 Initiation, entrance and membership fees.
Revenue recognition depends on the nature of the services provided. If the fee
permits only membership, and all other services or products are paid for
separately, or if there is a separate annual subscription, the fee is recognised as
revenue when no significant uncertainty as to its collectibility exists. If the fee
entitles the member to services or publications to be provided during the
membership period, or to purchase goods or services at prices lower than those
charged to non-members, it is recognised on a basis that reflects the timing,
nature and value of the benefits provided.
18 Franchise fees.
Franchise fees may cover the supply of initial and subsequent services,
equipment and other tangible assets, and know-how. Accordingly, franchise fees
are recognised as revenue on a basis that reflects the purpose for which the fees
were charged. The following methods of franchise fee recognition are
appropriate:
(a) Supplies of equipment and other tangible assets.
The amount, based on the fair value of the assets sold, is recognised as
revenue when the items are delivered or title passes.
(b) Supplies of initial and subsequent services.
Fees for the provision of continuing services, whether part of the initial fee
or a separate fee, are recognised as revenue as the services are rendered.
When the separate fee does not cover the cost of continuing services
together with a reasonable profit, part of the initial fee, sufficient to cover
the costs of continuing services and to provide a reasonable profit on those
services, is deferred and recognised as revenue as the services are
rendered.

31
 The franchise agreement may provide for the franchisor to supply
equipment, inventories, or other tangible assets, at a price lower than that
charged to others or a price that does not provide a reasonable profit on
those sales. In these circumstances, part of the initial fee, sufficient to cover
estimated costs in excess of that price and to provide a reasonable profit on
those sales, is deferred and recognised over the period the goods are likely
to be sold to the franchisee. The balance of an initial fee is recognised as
revenue when performance of all the initial services and other obligations
required of the franchisor (such as assistance with site selection, staff
training, financing and advertising) has been substantially accomplished.
The initial services and other obligations under an area franchise
agreement may depend on the number of individual outlets established in
the area. In this case, the fees attributable to the initial services are
recognised as revenue in proportion to the number of outlets for which the
initial services have been substantially completed.
If the initial fee is collectible over an extended period and there is a
significant uncertainty that it will be collected in full, the fee is recognised as
cash instalments are received.

(c) Continuing franchise fees.

Fees charged for the use of continuing rights granted by the agreement, or
for other services provided during the period of the agreement, are
recognised as revenue as the services are provided or the rights used.
(d) Agency transactions.
Transactions may take place between the franchisor and the franchisee
which, in substance, involve the franchisor acting as agent for the
franchisee. For example, the franchisor may order supplies and arrange for
their delivery to the franchisee at no profit. Such transactions do not give
rise to revenue.
19 Fees from the development of customised software.
Fees from the development of customised software are recognised as revenue
by reference to the stage of completion of the development, including completion
of services provided for post-delivery service support.

Interest, royalties and dividends

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

20 Licence fees and royalties.

Fees and royalties paid for the use of an entity’s assets (such as trademarks,
patents, software, music copyright, record masters and motion picture films) are
normally recognised in accordance with the substance of the agreement. As a
practical matter, this may be on a straight-line basis over the life of the
agreement, for example, when a licensee has the right to use certain technology
for a specified period of time.
An assignment of rights for a fixed fee or non-refundable guarantee under a non-
cancellable contract which permits the licensee to exploit those rights freely and
32
 the licensor has no remaining obligations to perform is, in substance, a sale.
An example is a licensing agreement for the use of software when the licensor
has no obligations subsequent to delivery. Another example is the granting of
rights to exhibit a motion picture film in markets where the licensor has no control
over the distributor and expects to receive no further revenues from the box
office receipts. In such cases, revenue is recognised at the time of sale.
In some cases, whether or not a licence fee or royalty will be received is
contingent on the occurrence of a future event. In such cases, revenue is
recognised only when it is probable that the fee or royalty will be received, which
is normally when the event has occurred.

Recognition and measurement

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

21 Determining whether an entity is acting as a principal or as an agent.

Paragraph 8 states that ‘in an agency relationship, the gross inflows of economic
benefits include amounts collected on behalf of the principal and which do not
result in increases in equity for the entity. The amounts collected on behalf of the
principal are not revenue. Instead, revenue is the amount of commission.’
Determining whether an entity is acting as a principal or as an agent requires
judgement and consideration of all relevant facts and circumstances.
An entity is acting as a principal when it has exposure to the significant risks and
rewards associated with the sale of goods or the rendering of services. Features
that indicate that an entity is acting as a principal include:
(a) the entity has the primary responsibility for providing the goods or services
to the customer or for fulfilling the order, for example by being responsible
for the acceptability of the products or services ordered or purchased by the
customer;
(b) the entity has inventory risk before or after the customer order, during
shipping or on return;
(c) the entity has latitude in establishing prices, either directly or indirectly, for
example by providing additional goods or services; and
(d) the entity bears the customer’s credit risk for the amount receivable from
the customer.
An entity is acting as an agent when it does not have exposure to the significant
risks and rewards associated with the sale of goods or the rendering of services.
One feature indicating that an entity is acting as an agent is that the amount the
entity earns is predetermined, being either a fixed fee per transaction or a stated
percentage of the amount billed to the customer.

33
Appendix 1
Note: This appendix is not a part of the Indian Accounting Standard. The purpose of
this Appendix is only to bring out the differences, if any, between Indian Accounting
Standard (Ind AS) 18 and the corresponding International Accounting Standard (IAS) 18,
Revenue

Comparison with IAS 18, Revenue

The transitional provisions given in IAS 18, SIC 13 and IFRIC 13 have not been given in
Ind AS 18, since all transitional provisions related to Ind ASs, wherever considered
appropriate have been included in Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting
Standards corresponding to IFRS 1, First-time Adoption of International Financial
Reporting Standards.

2. On the basis of principles of the IAS 18, IFRIC 15 on Agreement for Construction of
Real Estate prescribes that construction of real estate should be treated as sale of
goods and revenue should be recognised when the entity has transferred significant
risks and rewards of ownership and retained neither continuing managerial
involvement nor effective control. IFRIC 15 has not been included in Ind AS 18 to
scope out such agreements and to include the same in Ind AS 11, Construction
Contracts. Paragraph 9 of Illustrative Examples of IAS 18 which is with reference to
IFRIC 15 has been deleted in Appendix E (Illustrative Examples) of Ind AS 18.
However, paragraph number 9 has been retained in Appendix E of Ind AS 18 to
maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of IAS 18..

3. Paragraph 2 of IAS 18 which states that IAS 18 supersedes the earlier version IAS 18
is deleted in Ind AS 18 as this is not relevant in Ind AS 18. However, paragraph
number 2 is retained in Ind AS 7 to maintain consistency with paragraph numbers of
IAS 18.

4. Paragraph number 31 appear as ‘Deleted ‘in IAS 18. In order to maintain consistency
with paragraph numbers of IAS 18, the paragraph number is retained in Ind AS 18.

34