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Lesson 1- Print Guide

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12 views11 pages

Lesson 1- Print Guide

Uploaded by

Jin Jin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid flow overview

© 2018 Autodesk, Inc.


Learning Objectives
▪ After completing this lesson, you will be able to:
▪ Be familiar with the methodologies used to calculate the flow of fluids.
Introduction to fluid flow
▪ “Fluid” is a generic term used to describe
both liquids and gases.

▪ Fundamental laws such as conservation of


mass, momentum and energy provide the
equations that underlie these analyses.

▪ An Equation of State may also be used for


finding unknown variables such as density
and temperature. Exact Solutions
Experimental Techniques/Regression Modelling
▪ Complex equations mostly require Numerical Methods/ CFD
numerical solutions.
Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
▪ The diversity of CFD has led to its
extensive use in many applications:
▪ Process and process equipment
▪ Power generation, petroleum and
environmental projects
▪ Aerospace and turbomachinery
▪ Automotive
▪ Electronics/appliances/consumer
Exact Solutions
products
Experimental Techniques/Regression Modelling
▪ HVAC/heat exchangers Numerical Methods/ CFD
▪ Materials processing
▪ Architectural design and fire research
Underlying theory
▪ Conservation of Energy ▪ Fluid Pressure and Velocity
▪ Energy equation are the two main variables of
interest in fluid flow analysis
▪ Conservation of Momentum
▪ Conservative form of
Navier-Stokes equation

▪ Conservation of Mass
▪ Continuity equation
Understanding Viscosity
▪ Viscosity is the measure of ▪ To analyze and predic flow
resistance to fluid flow. behavior accurately, effects
of viscosity cannot be
▪ Inviscid fluid is an ideal case ignored.
in which viscous forces are
absent. ▪ Viscous Fluids can be
classified into:
▪ Rarefied flow in the outer ▪ Newtonian
atmosphere can be
approximated as a real life ▪ Bingham
example of inviscid flow. ▪ Dilatant
▪ Plastic
▪ Equations such as the Euler
and Bernoulli equations
ignore effects of viscosity
and thus are restricted to
approximate analyses.
Understanding viscosity
▪ Fluid viscosity varies in
behavior from simple  (N/m2)
Newtonian fluids to more Newtonian
(high Viscosity) Bingham-plastic
complex Pseudo-plastic e.g. Honey e.g. Toothpaste
fluids.

▪ Common engineering fluids


are Newtonian. Pseudo-plastic
e.g. Styling Gel
▪ Water
▪ Steam
▪ Air
Newtonian
▪ Oils (Low Viscosity)
e.g. Water
Dilatant
e.g. Putty

Strain rate (1/s)


Incompressible flow
▪ Incompressible flow is comparatively easy to solve.

▪ As density is constant, fluid flow can be solved by continuity and momentum equations
alone.

▪ For all practical cases, air flow with Mach number below 0.3 can be treated as
incompressible.
▪ Although no liquid is truly incompressible, it is a very accurate approximation.
Compressible flow
▪ For compressible flow, as density is variable, the energy equation needs to be introduced,
which relates density to temperature.

▪ To solve for both these additional variables (density and temperature), a separate equation
is also required.

▪ The Boussinesq approximation or Equation of State can be used to relate density and
temperature ( , T )

 =  1 −  (T − T )
Where:
α is the coefficient of volume expansion.
ρo is the known value of density at temperature To

▪ The study of sound waves in air and choked flow in a converging diverging nozzle are
common examples of compressible flow.
Types of flow
▪ Compressible vs. Incompressible
Turbulent flow vs Laminar flow
▪ Laminar vs. Turbulent

▪ Steady vs. Unsteady

Turbulent flow

Aerofoil flow
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© 2018 Autodesk. All rights reserved.

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