Lecture 4
Lecture 4
Image Enhancement
(Point Processing)
Original Negative
s = 1.0 - r
Image Image
Point Processing Example:
Negative Images (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x
s = intensitymax - r
Point Processing Example:
Thresholding
Thresholding transformations are particularly
useful for segmentation in which we want to
isolate an object of interest from a
background
s = log(1 + r)
Logarithmic Transformations (cont…)
s = log(1 + r)
We usually set c to 1
Grey levels must be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
Power Law Transformations
Power law transformations have the following
form
s=c*rγ
Map a narrow range
of dark input values
into a wider range of
output values or vice
versa
Varying γ gives a whole
family of curves
Power Law Transformations (cont…)
Original Image Enhanced Image x
x
γ
s=r
We usually set c to 1
Grey levels must be in the range [0.0, 1.0]
Power Law Example
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 0.6
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 0.4
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 0.3
Power Law Example (cont…)
The images to the
right show a
s = r 0.6
magnetic resonance
(MR) image of a
fractured human s=
s = r 0.4
r 0.3
spine
Different curves
highlight different
detail
Power Law Example
Power Law Example (cont…)
γ = 5.0
Power Law Transformations (cont…)
An aerial photo
of a runway is
shown s = r 3.0
This time
power law
s = r 4.0
transforms are s=
r 5.0
used to darken
the image
Different curves
highlight
different detail
Gamma Correction
Many of you might be familiar with gamma
correction of computer monitors
Problem is that
display devices do
not respond linearly
to different
intensities
Can be corrected
using a log
transform
More Contrast Issues
Piecewise Linear Transformation
Functions
Rather than using a well defined mathematical
function we can use arbitrary user-defined
transforms
The images below show a contrast stretching
linear transform to add contrast to a poor
quality image
Gray Level Slicing
Highlights a specific range of grey levels
– Similar to thresholding
– Other levels can be
suppressed or maintained
– Useful for highlighting features
in an image
Bit Plane Slicing
Often by isolating particular bits of the pixel
values in an image we can highlight
interesting aspects of that image
– Higher-order bits usually contain most of the
significant visual information
– Lower-order bits contain
subtle details
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
[10000000] [01000000]
[00100000] [00001000]
[00000100] [00000001]
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
[10000000] [01000000]
[00100000] [00001000]
[00000100] [00000001]
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Bit Plane Slicing (cont…)
Reconstructed image
using only bit planes 8 and
7
Reconstructed image
using only bit planes 8, 7
and 6
Reconstructed image
using only bit planes 7, 6
and 5
Summary
We have looked at different kinds of point
processing image enhancement
Next time we will start to look at
neighbourhood operations – in particular
filtering and convolution