C++23 Features Reference Card

Language Features Stacktrace library, P0881 <flat_map> and <flat_set>, P0429 and P1222
New or updated keywords and preprocessor directives: Based on Boost.Stacktrace, allows to get more context when debugging Drop-in replacement for maps and sets with better performance
code. The library defines components to store the stacktrace of the characteristics.
✔ auto - Explicit cast to a prvalue copy
current thread of execution and query information about the stored std::mdspan – multidimensional span, P0009
✔ this – explicit object parameter
✔ if consteval stacktrace at runtime. A generalization over std::span for multiple dimensions. Supports
std::cout << std::stacktrace::current(); dynamic as well as static extents (compile time constants). It also
✔ #elifdef / #elifndef / #warning - for C23 compatibility
Deducing this, P0847, CRTP Example std::is_scoped_enum and std::to_underlying supports various mappings like column-major order, row-major or even
A library support for enums and underlying types. Equivalent to: stride access.
A way to explicitly pass “this” parameter into a member function, gives
static_cast<std::underlying_type_t<Enum>>(e); Formatted output library <print>, P2093
more control and reduce code. Useful for passing this by value,
the trait (underlying_type) has been available since C++11. std::print("{1} {0}!\n", "World”, “Hello”);
recursive lambdas, CRTP and more.
struct Pattern { std::string/std::string_view improvements: New functions in the <print> header: std::print,
template <typename Self> void foo(this Self&& self) ✔ contains(char/string_view/const char*) - member fun std::println (adds a new line) that uses std::format to output
{ self.fooImpl(); } }; ✔ Prohibiting std::basic_string and std::basic_string_view text to stdout. Plus lower-level routines like vprint_unicode with
construction from nullptr more parameters for output.
Extend init-statement to allow alias-declaration, P2360
In C++20 `using` wasn’t allowed in the for loop, now it’s fixed: ✔ Range constructor for std::basic_string_view Standard Library Modules, P2465
for (using T = int; T e : container) { ... } ✔ string::resize_and_overwrite() - Allows us to import std; imports everything in namespace std from C++
initialize/resize strings without clearing the buffer but filling bytes headers and C wrapper headers. It also imports ::operator new etc.
Multidimensional subscript operator, P2128 with some user operation. from <new>.
Change the rules to allow multiple params into the operator[]:
struct Array2D {int operator[](size_t i, size_t j) std::out_ptr(), std::inout_ptr(), P1132 import std.compat; imports all of the above, plus the global
{ return m[i+j*w];} }; Functions that wrap a smart pointer into a special type allowing to pass namespace counterparts for the C wrapper headers.
This is crucial for types like std::mdspan to low level functions that require pointer to pointer parameters. <spanstream>: string-stream with span buffers P0448
Features for Lambdas Ranges and Views additions New classes: basic_spanbuf, basic_ispanstream,
✔ ranges::to<>, P1206 – build a collection from a range basic_ospanstream, basic_spanstream analogous to existing
✔ Attributes on lambdas,
✔ ranges::starts_with() and ranges::ends_with() stream classes but using std::span as the buffer. They allows explicit
✔ () is more optional,
✔ ranges::iota(), ranges::shift_left/right() buffer management and improved performance.
✔ the call operator can be static,
✔ deducing this adds new capabilities like better recursion. ✔ ranges::find_last(_if)(), find_last_if_not() Other (Language & Library)
✔ Change scope of lambda trailing-return-type ✔ ranges::contains() and ranges::contains_subrange() ✔ If consteval { }, P1938
✔ Ranges fold algorithms: ranges::fold_*() ✔ auto(x) and auto{x}, P0849 - eplaces decay_copy
[[assume]] new attribute P1774 ✔ Views: slide, cartesian_product, repeat, enumerate, ✔ static operator() and static operator []
[[assume]] Specifies that an expression will always evaluate to true at adjacent(_transform), as_rvalue, as_const, stride, ✔ CTAD from inherited constructors
a given point. It standardizes the existing vendor specific semantics like chunk(_by), join_with, zip(_transform) ✔ Unicode improvements
__builtin_assume (Clang) and __assume (MSVC, ICC). Offers potential
Heterogeneous erasure for associative containers, P2077 ✔ std::visit() for classes derived from std::variant
optimization opportunities for compilers. ✔ std::unreachable()
Continuation of the work for heterogeneous operations. This time you
constexpr Updates P2448, P2647 and P2242 can use transparent comparators for erase() and extract() ✔ Deprecating std::aligned_storage and aligned_union
✔ Relax rules for constructors and return types for constexpr member functions. To be backward compatible the comparators cannot ✔ Simpler implicit move P2266
functions, making it almost identical to regular functions. be convertible to iterator or const_iterator of a given container. ✔ Pipe support for user-defined range adaptors, P2387
✔ Permitting static constexpr variables in constexpr functions ✔ std::format improvements – formatting ranges, compile time parsing
Monadic operations for std::optional, P0798 and more
Extend Lifetime of Temporaries in range based for, P2718 New member functions for optional: and_then, transform and or_else. ✔ constexpr std::unique_ptr, P2273
The lifetime of temporary objects in the for‐range‐initializer is extended auto ret = userName.transform(toUpper)
✔ constexpr to_chars() and from_chars() for integers, P2291
until the end of the loop. C++20 code below generates UB as the .and_then([](string x) { ... }
✔ Explicit lifetime management, P2590
temporary object is destroyed when the function returns. .or_else...
✔ Literal suffix for (signed) size_t – uz, UZ, P0330
std::vector<std::vector<int>> getVector(); <expected> and monadic operations, P0323
for (auto e : getVector()[0]) References
A vocabulary type that allows storing either of two values: T or isocpp.org,
Library Features unexpected (in a form of some error Type). en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support
std::generator coroutine generator, P2502 Enum FuelErr { … } www.cppstories.com
A library support for a synchronous generator. It models view and std::expected<double, FuelErr> calcFuel(int dst);
input_range of the elements yielded by the evaluation of a co-routine. Get Extended Version of this ref card @CppStories Patreon

© 2024 Bartlomiej Filipek, www.cppstories.com, Extended version at: https://www.patreon.com/posts/c-23-referece-ex-114749235 Last update October 2024