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Basic Electronics Lecture 2

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21 views15 pages

Basic Electronics Lecture 2

Uploaded by

bobbycalo178
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Analog Electronic

Circuits
What are Analog
Signals
We are all very familiar with devices that use
analog or digital electronic circuits, even if we
don’t realize these circuits are present. Many
modern devices use both. For example, a
cellular phone (sometimes called a mobile
phone) has analog and digital circuits. A
computer has both. An older AM or FM radio
that’s tuned using a dial likely has no digital
circuitry at all, while a radio with a digital display
has both analog and digital circuitry.
Analog VS Digital
So what’s the difference between analog and
digital? An analog signal is continuously variable,
while a digital signal is broken into discrete
steps. For example, think of the face of a clock.
With an analog clock, the second hand sweeps
around in a smooth, continuous motion, showing
the exact time at any instant. A digital clock
display ticks off the time in one second steps,
without showing the time in between.
Linear / Analog
Circuits
Analog circuits are sometimes called
linear circuits, in which there generally is
an input (such as the voice signal from
the microphone in a public address
system) and an output (a bigger, or
amplified, version of the voice signal that
comes out of the speaker). What makes
such an amplifier linear is that if you
increase the size (the fancy term for this
is amplitude) of the input signal —
perhaps by talking louder into the
microphone — the output signal also
gets bigger.
Linear / Analog
Circuits
• Figure 2-2A shows an amplifier with a small signal at its
input, and a larger signal at its output. The output signal is
three times the amplitude of the input signal; we can say the
gain of this amplifier, in this example, is three.
• In Figure 2-2B the input signal is larger, and the output signal
is still three times as big as the input signal. No matter what
the size of the input signal, the output will always be three
times larger, until a point is reached where the output signal
can’t get any bigger. You may have heard this occur when
the volume on an inexpensive radio is turned up too high it
sounds distorted. At this point, the linear amplifier has
reached the upper end of its linear range.
Linear / Analog
Circuits
Applications
• Analog circuits are found in virtually all
devices. In a cell phone (Figure 2-3), there is
an amplifier for the tiny voice signal coming
from the microphone, which increases the
voice signal to the right level for use in the
outgoing transmitted signal. Another amplifier
boosts the incoming voice signal (from the
person on the other end of the cell phone
conversation), making it big enough to drive
the earpiece or the speaker of the cell phone.
• Another example of an analog circuit is a guitar amplifier,
such as the one shown in Figure 2-4. When the guitar string
vibrates, a “pickup” on the guitar turns these vibrations into
tiny electrical signals. These signals are sent from the guitar
to the amplifier through a cable. Inside the guitar amplifier
Linear / Analog are several different amplifiers that are connected so that
output of one amplifier is connected to the input of the next
Circuits Examples amplifier, as shown in Figure 2-5. (The amplifiers are said to
be connected in cascade.) Each amplifier boosts the
amplitude of the signal in turn until it is big enough to make
a large speaker fill a room with guitar sounds.
World is Analog
• The world is inherently analog: sound
levels, brightness of the sky, temperature
and weight of your body, amount of water
in a cup or a lake, speed of a car, altitude of
an airplane, length of a blade of grass, to
name a few. However, in order to measure,
record and control analog parameters such
as these, it’s increasingly common for
digital techniques to be used.
Digital Electronic
Circuits
What is digital There are a whole lot of electronic devices in the
world today, and increasingly more and more of

circuit? them involve digital circuits.

First, let’s try to understand what a digital circuit


is.

Digital information is based on the binary system.


Binary is a base 2 system, using only the numbers
0 and 1. Humans are much more familiar with the
decimal system, a base 10 system with 10 symbols
(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9).
What is digital circuit?

• In digital electronics, a device can have only a finite number of


states (as opposed to analog electronics where voltages or
other quantities vary continuously). A good example of a
binary device is a wall switch for a room light. The switch is
either off (binary 0) or on (binary 1). That’s it, 0 or 1, no other
possibilities exist in the binary system. The binary digits 0 and
1 are called “bits” (bit is short for binary digit).
More Bits, More
Precision
• Okay, now we realize there’s a problem with the binary system if all
we use is one bit. All we can express with one bit is on or off, yet so
many things we care about (FM station frequency, body
temperature, how much fuel is in a car’s gas tank, price of a slice of
pizza) require more numerical information than 1 or 0 (on or off). The
solution is to use more bits, in fact as many bits as it takes to
express numbers with the precision we need.
• For example, are we satisfied measuring our body temperature using
a digital thermometer that can display 98 degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or
99°, or 100°, but not 98.62°? Probably we do want the extra
precision of tenths of a degree (98.6° versus 98°). We can do that by
using more bits to express the temperature in binary, then convert
the binary information to decimal format.
More Bits, More
Precision

• Audio CDs use 16 or 18 bits to express a wide


range of music amplitude levels. If 16 bits are
used, there are 216 or 65,536 voltage levels that
can be used. If 18 bits are used, there are 218 or
262,144 voltage levels that can be used. These
very large numbers of voltage levels make it
possible to accurately reproduce music that
sounds just like the original analog sound
before it was converted to digital form on a
digital audio CD.
Combining Digital
and Analog Circuits
• An AM or FM radio with a digital display of the
frequency to which it’s tuned has both analog
and digital circuitry. The digital part does the
tuning (setting of the radio station frequency
to which the radio is tuned) and tells the user
the tuned frequency. The rest of the circuitry
in the radio is analog circuits. Here, too, the
bits are limited to just what is needed. You
tune your FM radio to 91.3 MHz, not 91.29735
MHz.
Thank you

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