RAtse

" REATE T ABLE CREATE TAB LE tablemame(

Symtax
Colunn . oataypc Ceenstraint 1,
column 2 datatype Ccontr ait 1,

calumnN dlatatype Clomba tnty

" ALTERTAB LE: ALTERTABLE tablnamne

Syntax
ADD columm-mame datatype

"DROPTA BLE: DROP TA BLE table.mae j

Syntax

"TRUNC ATE: TRUNC ATE TA BLE bbleL nane ;

Syntex

" RENAME; REN AME ld-tablemame To meu tolle

Syn tax

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 2. Output
"CEato Table
CRE ATE TA BLE employees C
emplayee _id NM BER TRIMARY KEY,
kiut mame. VARCHARRC50),
last-mame VAReHA RRC50,
hene-ate DATE,
salry NoMBE RCS, )

ALten Table
ALTERTABLE enploye©s
MoDLPY catmmm et-olatatpe ADD em ail VARCHAR?

Dop tble
DROP TA BLE employees j
uneate
TRUN cATE TABLE tablenae;
" Rename

RENAME employees To stt;

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)

 Lnset
Syntaei INSE RT INTO taslename (Colum, calumn
Calumns, - )
VALUES (vale 4, Vale 2, vale sy ooo);

"Seleett
Syntaz:
FROM tablemame }

Syntar: UPDATE toble_name

SET Colmn z valle 1, calun 2=valu)

" Delete

syntaz: DELETE FROM table ame

wHERE Cardiion ;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 2. Output bostmae,
enpleyers (employee- ids
t i- IN SERTINTO
tastmae, hinedata, salay
Jahnson''2024-8-2|, 7Oo00. 0 :
VrOE S C1o03.'Michael:
Seleet - SELECT *
FROM employees ;
Upoate :- neneaue the. salany by s Y of ae emplagees
in the enploy ees table s
U
PDATE n ployees
SET erT solary Salry *("05;
" DELETE - 7o olelete an empbyeet with emp ly ee-i
Io03 1&m he emplo yee.s tab le i
DELETE FRoM employ ees
=l003
WHE RE employee-id
3. Questions and Answers

a. What are the different ways to insert data into a table using the INSERT
statement in SQL? Can you provide examples for each method?

Ans:

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551) 4

 CREATE TABLE t6le-name C
Calelmn 1 datrtype cONST RAzNT Corstaintm
Constaint type,
Colunn 2 dlatatype oNSTRAINT cerstraint mam
Centnait type,

To add a
Canit aint ALTER TABLE le- nae
ADD coNSTRAIN T Canstraint-ume Cornitrantb
Ctslumn-merE);

To madi a
ALTERTAB LE tatlemame
()
no DI Y coNSTR AT NT Cantthaint- rame
muecantraint defintion ;
To drap
ALTER TA BLE t l e a e
DROP CoNsTRALNT conatraintMame;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 Examale. - cREArE TABLE employeesC
2. Output
employee-id. TNT PRINARy KEy,
lastmne VARCHA RCSO,
email vARCHA RCI00) UNLAUE,
depav trnemt- iol IT,
FORI ECiN KEY Cdepantment- id)
REFERENCES depatmunts (dlepa-tmente
ALTE R TA BLE ¬mp lo yees
ADD coNSTR PINT cheek-s alary cH ECKCsalay>o;
6) ALTER TABLE
emp loyees
Mo DIFY coSTR ATNT Csmsti aint-me esCanstatnt
olyenitiin;
AL7ER TA BLE emp lo yees
DROP CoNSTRALNT Camigue-enail j
3. Question Answers
a. Explainthe purpose of the NOT NULL COnstraint in SQL. How does it
affect data entry in a table?
Ans:

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

Synz
Addiien():- SE LECT Cexpssion 2> + cexprssions As
aliabmne
FROM tatlemamme >
WHERE <Conllians

Divisian():
aliasae
FROM tablemaes
WHER E cantiom>;
PowER c^): SEL EcT POWER C6 aue, expenent) As
aliasmne
FROM etable name;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

20
 2. Output
Example ;- 0 SEL ECT Q0 +5 AS SUM

FROM olual;

SELE CT 2O /4 AS quotient
FROM dal;
SELECT PoNER (2, 3) As neslt
FROM olual;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 Syntr 0AND:- SELECT olumn 1, Colum 2y
PROM toblenane
NHERE Conditien 4 AND Candithane AN

FROM talemame
wHE RE Candithien 4. oR Condiisn 2 OR.

SELEcT Calun 1, calunn , r

FROM table marne
WHERE NOT canditian j
4)
BETwEENi- SELECT coln 2, Colmn2,
FRO M table.-mamne
WHERE Callmn-mane BEr WEE N vale 1
AN D valle 2;
6) ANyl So ME;- SELECT
calumn
FROM talename
,
calumn2,
WHERE ealunn name
apeaten ANY Csutbquen
SELECT Colum 4, calun, o
FROM tablemame
WnERE Calumm-mame openatay SoM£Qbquwy
6) ALL: S
ELECT colmm 1, calumn
FROMtoble-mame ,n
wH ERE
colnmame epey atey ALL
Csubgurg
DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)
 2. Output Examples;-0 SELEe Temployee-i, jiutmumi,
last e
FROM enployeea
WHERE depantnent= 'sales' AND Slary >50000;
SELECT employee-id, firatmame, last_ mme
FROM emplayees
NHERE depastmint =sAlE Sales' oR depantment ='Manketing'
SELECT enployee - id, instname, laatmame
FROM employees
wHERE NOT department= 'S all';
SEL ECT emplayee -id,
FROM emmp loyees hiut-mame, lastmae, salay
WHERE salan4 BETwEEN yoo00 AND 6 0O003

SÈECT depatyt_aone &ELECT employe e_idy

FRoM depantmts a FROM mployees föatmame,
WHERE EXLKS WHER£ Salany s ANy
SEL AeT CSELET
FROM ployees bemchayk_salag
benchnarks);
FROM salang
wHERE e.daprtmmt id= dt
otepasctrnentto
SELECT aole-id, nlen aato
FROM olers
WHERE arlen olate < = ALLCSEL ECT
heliolay date FROM
DBMSLab File (BCS 551) haliolaydates)
 yaoeSesare

. UPPER ()and LOWER (): Converts a string to uppercase or lowercase.

Example:SELECT UPPER('hello')AS upper_case; (Outputs HELLO)
. TRIM (): Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string.
Example: SELECT TRIM ('Hello World ') AS trimmed_string; (Outputs Hello
World)
junotisns in saL arnel
sel
Five commanly wsed 9ggt
huin agplicatians ; -

af
"Pupose: Ceunts the mum bun
Column an tab le.
cutames,
use Case: Ceuntina the to tal mumker af
anders in a databae.
ynaducts , aM
2 SUM)
the 6um of all mmerical valus
"Pupase:- lallates
a speeified calmn,
total sales tatal
" Use Casei
caleulatin the
total imvontwg value.
expensey
"Pwnp ase- Caleulate the aMerage value
values on aa speetied calun.
taleulating te avenqye solany f emplayeesy
OMeage precluet plee , a anen age ader value.
aviage

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 2. Output

Purpase i- Detomins the mini nun valu in 6L

-Calumm,

"e Cas.;- Findlng the daweat pradiet piee, the canut

edon date, ay the empleyee wíth he loweat
S. MAXO:

Purpose : Detemines he mn axi mum volua ma speclhinod

Calun.
" lae Cae : Findling the hiyhet pnaduct the latest
arder olate, an the em ployee with the highest salavy.
3. Question Answers

a. What is the difference between the COUNT (*) and COUNT

(column_name) functions? Can you give an example where both would
produce different results?
Ans:

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 F20M table-ame t, tatle-are?
WHERE toble mane 1. talurn amez tabloeme2.
Calumnae;
Leßt aucty jain i- &ELECT calame l6)
FRoM tble4
LEFTJOIN to6lo2
ON bble 1.,calumn.name =tabla R. colunn-nae;

Right auttn jain

almi- SELECT column-armelC
FROM toble a
RE GHT TOIN table?
ON able4. alumm.ameztoble 2 Colm me

"Full autn jain- SELECT

(alumm-ame Cs)
FROM tablo. 1
FULL oUTER JoTN toklee
ON table 1. calnae = tale 2-colueame
WHERE Cerolitun;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

2. Output Exam ple- SEL ECT Custobib. euAternem None,

FROM Cuatemes
LEFT ToLN deolos oN eUETO Cuutemecs,
CustameID rddos. utomoD
ORDER 1BY Cuuternes. Custorme Norre j

SELECT ades. andertD, Empleyees, Last Nome, Enployels.

First Name FR0 Mardo
RtGHT JO ZN Employees ON trdens. Enployee ID= Employ ees,
Enp loyeeID 0R DER BY andens. ardon ID;

SELECT Custemers. custenen Name, bdas.ordonD

FROM ustemus
FUL OUTER TOLN ON

Cuutem@s. CuteeNTD z Odes stmID

ORDER BY Ctoms Custenon Mne;

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)

 DATE: -

Program No. -8

1. Objcctive: Write SQL queries using subqueries and SET operators.

u t a 0Subquy - SELE CT calumnmame C, Calmn-mame]:
FROM table 4 C, takle 23
WERE alumn-mame oPERA TOR
(SELE CT calmnae C, CalumnnaneI
FROM-table I, table 21
C WHEREI)
A nian :- SE LE CT Columnmarne FROM table 1
UNZON
SELEcT colunname FROM too 2

lnian Nli- S ELECT colum-name EROM table 4

SELECT colunname FROM tble 2;

SELECT Calmame FROM table

LNT ER SECT
SELECT Colunn- mame FROM toble 2;
6) Mimus - SEL E eT
M NUS
calun-mane FROM table

SELECT olumm- rame FROM table 2:

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)

2.
Ouiput Exmpl: Cuatemes
O Sa> Slect * Fem
Whece td in Ciele ct id som Catomus
Where salay > 45 0o);

SELECT Gelumnae k FROM Fiut

UNION
SELECr FROM Seeand;

SELECT * FROM Fist

UNto NAL
SELECT* FROM Secord

SELET FROM Fit

INTERSECT
SELE CT * FROM Seeed

SE LE CT *FROM Fist
MINUS
SELEeT * FROM Secand

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551) 20

deelane
pi comutant numbey (4,2)!
3ar9;
iadius mumben (5)3
egin
nadins i =3;while
nadius l=7 loop
tnsort into einele values Conasllua,aa);
Madius:zhadiLes tI;

Seleet rom ciele

set sunenautput on
oeolane
mumb (4):= &n

b umbu (2) =l
Cnumben (9)
while m >o
loop

dbms autput. put-line Co);

endleop;
ed;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 Date:

P'rogram No.9

. 0bjective: Crcatecontrol structure programs in PL/SQL.

P/SQL 0s a combination of SQL along with the procedural features of
progranming languages. It was developed by Oracle Corporation in the
carly 90's to enhance the capabilities of SQL. PL/SQL is one of three key
programming languages embedded in the Oracle Database, along with
SQL itself and Java.

deolane a
mamben (a) &a;
b mumben (2) b;

begin i a>b and a>c the

dbms.autpte puttinn ('getut' l03
b>o a d b>e then
elsèf
dlb ms atput.put tina C'yuaut 1bD;

dbmsautput.put eine C'guatyt' Ilc);

end;

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)

 RODIUS
2. Output 28-26
50.24

5 78.5

old stb mumbenl?) s=b;

3
meue : cnnbe1(4):z Y;
PL SQLptocedwe sueceshuy guateut y
3. Question Answer PLISQL oudwte Sucelsully tungl
a. What are the primary control structures used in PL/SQL? Describe each
with an example.

Ans:

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)

44
 Date: -

Program No. -10a

1. Objective: Create procedure and function in PL/SQL.

Procedures: These are the subprograms that do not return a value
directly; mainly used to perform an action.
EPakdweme
"Creakinga Phscdwe:- (REATE CoR REPL CEJ PROCEDUR
typcG..I)]
L(paramten-nam CINÍoUrlEN dUT]
$LS|AS3
<erecdwrc baly
END eeedune -mame
Ceating a
Funekin ! CR EATE (ORREPLACEJ FUNCTTON uretiemneme
LCparameon mame LIN loUTlINOuT*type JI
RETURN etwu- dataype

<bunotten bady
END CHunetian.mame}
Calling
DECLARE
c mum ben (2);
BEGIN

ciz telal CusteminsC; dkms-output.putt line (" Total

END;

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 geeigs iD
O CREATE OR REPL ACE PRoCE DURE
As
2. Output BECrTN
doma-altpct put.lineC'Hello wWanld ');
END; SELECT CaUnt ( into total
CREATE 0R REPLAE FUNCTIoN
tatal Custorws FROM Cuttanes
RETURN mumors IS RETURN to-tal
EN D;
BECIN
sutt-7efal no, af Cstomes
3 Whern Cade is exeouted atsal ponet
3. Question Answers
stored procedure and a
a. What is the primary difference between a
function in DBMS?

Ans:

b. How can a function return a value, and how does this differ from a stored
procedure in DBMS?

Ans:

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)

 CREATE TABLE empbeta
emgloyee-id TNT,
jirstayy VPR¢HAR (255,
fast
alay
.mamme (255),
VAR CH AR C
DEcIH AL (10,2)

NSERT INrO omplbytes emplaytt iolyost -rume, lost-om, Salay

VALOES
(,'Tehn', 'Doe, 6o000,00),
(R,'Jane', 'Dac, 70000. 000
(3,'Beb','Smith', Yo0 00.00,
(9, 'Alice,'Jehmsan, &0000. 00);
DECLARE
CURSOR employee- cwar IS
<ELECT Umpbyee-id, kiut mame, lastue
PROM emplo yees
WHERE salary so000j
ernpleyee- id employees. empbyee-iol %TY?E
houtmame emgloyees. forut mame%T YTE;
Last.eme employ ees. latame d"TY?E
BE ChEN
o7EN employee-cwwan;
Loop
FETCH mp loy ee - owaN DNTO emp loyee-id , joutame,
ExIT WM EN last-meej
mgbyee-cwnsy o NOT FoUN D:
DBMS_OUTPUT. PUT LINE Emplayee TD: (1 emp lay ee-joU3
DBMS-OUTPUT. PUT- LINEc'Name:' hyoutmarne I|' )
DBMS_0UTPUT.PUT- LINE C---.
END LO oP: -
eotna}
CLOSE emgloyeewYeI
ENDRMS Lab File (BCS 551)
50
 Date:

Program No. -10b

1. Objective: Create cursor in PL/SQL.

atput- Emplbyee TD! |

Nane John Doe
Employee TD :2
Name Jane Doe

Emplo yee TD:4

Name : Qice Johruon

2. Question Answer
a. What is the primary difference between a procedure and a function in
PL/SQL? Provide examples of when you might use each.
Ans:

the
b. How do parameters work in procedures and functions? Explain
difference between IN, OUT, and IN OUT parameters with examples.

Ans:

C. How do you call aprocedure and a function in

PL/SQL? Provide examples
in SQL statements or
for each and explain how the results can be used
PL/SQL blocks.

Ans:

DBMS Lab File (BCS 551)

 Date:

ProgramNo. -10c
I. Objective: Create triggers in PLSQL.
CREATE TABLE Cmploy ees(
Cmployee-id INT,
sutaname VARCH PR(Q55),
laut.mame vARCHpRC265,
Salary DEczMAL (Io, 2)
);
eR EArE oR REPLACE TRI GGER gdato salany
BEFORE UPDArE OF Salay oN empkbyees
FoR,EACH RON
8EGLN
TE :NEN salarye:0LD Salany THEN
RPISE- APPLICATION ERROR (-200o t, 'Salarå camnet ke oleeeaato }
ENDIF;
END;
ZNSE RT INTO emgloyees (erplay ee-io irut. mame, lact mamey salamg
VALUES
(I, "Tohn'oe, 6o000,o0);
UPDATE ernployees
SET Salay70000.00
WHERE employ ee ioh =l;
UPDA TE employees
SET Slany z 8000 0. 00
wERE employee-id=lj
utt:

DBMSLab File (BCS 551)