Problems &|

chain rule:
1. Differentiate the following fünctions, using the d. y= Se2r*-3z+1
a. y= e-3x b. y =2er C. y= e'/x
70 Chapter 8 /Exponential and Loga

2. Find the following:

a.
dx (e)
b. dt (e+e)
d
C.
d
() d.
dz
3. Consider the function f defined for all x by fx) = xe.
a. Compute f'(x) and f"(x). Find the intervals on which f is
b. Draw the graph of f. increasing.
4. In an economic model, the number of families with income Sx is given by
P(x) =a + k(1-ecr) (a, k, and c are positive constants)
Determine p'(x) and p"(x), andthen draw the graph of p.
5. Let f(x) = (*-2x- 3)e. Draw the graph of f for -4sx<3.

Harder Problems

6. The expressions (e-e)and (e +e*) occur so often that they have

been given the special symbols
e-e etei
sinh x = cosh x =
2 2

indicating the hyperbolic sine and hyperbolic cosine respectively. Draw the
graphs of the two functions, and show that the following formulas hold or
all x:
a. cosh(x+y) =cosh xcosh y+ sinh xsinh y
b. cosh 2r = (coshx)²+ (sinh x)²
C. sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y
d. sinh 2x = 2 sinh xcoshx
e. (cosh x)² - (sinh x)² = 1
f. sinh' x=(cosh 2x - 1)
d
8. (sinh x) = coshx
h. (cosh x) = sinh x
7. Show by induction that the nth derivaive of xe is (x + n)e.
8. Let f(x) = a'. Show that

f(z+x) = f()f(r) (for allx and z)

Assume that f is differeniable. Differentiate [*] with respect to z (hold1ng X
Dxed), and then put z = 0. Explain why this gives an alternative justiication
for [8.2).
Problems 8"2
in terms of In 3:
1. Express the following 1
b. In 3 c. In32 d. In
81
a. In 9
x:
2. Solve the following equations for c In(r*-4x + 5) =0
b. Inx =3
a. 3 = 8
x In(x + 3) =0 f. In(/z -5) =0
d. In[x (x 2))= 0 e.
x?+1
x:
3. Solve the following equations for c 4*- 43==3*+l_3
a. 3*4*+ =8 b. 3Inx+2lnx=6
4. Solve the following equations for 1: 1 1
a. x=eartb b. e-a = l/2 C

(with appropriate restrictions on the variables):

5. Prove the following equalities
a. Inx-2= In(x/e)
b. Inx - In y+ Inz= In(xz/y)
c 3+2n x= In(er)
3
&
d. Inx-zIn -In(x +1) = =n
x+1

In p2P - - p, ln p, =) p; ln(1/p;)
e. -p Inp) - P2 ln
i=l

6. True or false: (a) r <e* and (b) Je> 7?

7. Decide whether the following formulas are always correct or sometimes
wrong (all variables are positive
a. (n A)* =4ln A b. In B = 2In B c. In A0- In 4 = 3In A
 Sec. 8.2/The Natural Logarithmic Function 279

8. Decide whether the following formulas are always correct or sometimes

wrong (all varñables are positive):
A+ B A+ B
a. In = InA + In B - In C b. In = In(A + B) InC
C
A B
C
n=0
c InthA d. p in(ln A) = In(n AP)
ln A
e. p ln(n A) = In(n A)P f. In A(BC)-l
In B + In C
o. Determine the domains of the functions given by the following:
3x -1
a. y=ln(x +1) b. y=ln C y=ln |x|
1
d. y= In(x*-1) e. y= In(Inx) f. y=
In(ln x) -1
10, Find the derivatives of the funcions defined by the following:
a. In(x + 1) b. Inx +1 C. x In x d.
In x
11. Find the derivatives of the functions defined by the following:
a. In(ln x) b. In (1 - C. e Inx
d. en? e. ln(e+1) f. ln(x*+3x- 1)
12. Find the equation of the tangent line for the following:
a y=n xat the point with the x-coordinate: i) 1; (i1) ; and (iii) e.
b. y=xe at the point with the x-coordinate: (i) 0; (ü) 1; and (iii) -2.
13. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivatives of the following:
b. f(x) =*

c fe) = i-2(¢²+ 1)(+6)

14. If f(x) =e-1-x, then f(0) =0and f'(r)=-1>0for all x>0.
Hence, f(a) is strictly increasing and f(r) > 0 for all x> 0, soe>1+x
for all x >0. Prove the following inequalities using the same method.
a. e>l+x+²2 for x > 0
b. x < In(1 + x) <x for 0<I<1
1+1
c In()>2 for 0<t<l
15. Consider the function f defined for all xby
fx) =e-x

a. Show that f(x) 0 for allx. (Hint: Sudy the sign of f'(). Draw the
graph.)
b. Show that the equation e-x=1 has precisely two solutions.
280 Chapter 8 / Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

c Deñne the function g by the formula

g(x) =
In(e-! - x)
For whuch x is g defined? Examine e(r) as x ’ oo and X ’ -0C.
d. Draw the graph of g.
16. Simplify the following expressions:
a. exp [In(z)) In (exp(*)] b. in [xexp(-))
c. exp In(x)- 2In yl
17. The extreme-value distribution in statistics is given by

F() = exp-exp(-x))
a. Wite F(x) in standard form.
result in two ways.
b. Compute f(x) =F'(), and write the
Funcion f is called the density function associated with F. Com
C
pute f'(x).
respect to x is defined in Section 5.6 as
18. The elasticity of y = f )with
El,y =

following:
Use this definition to findthe elasticities of the
b. y = Inx C. y=a
a. y= e
functions (where a and 8are con
19. Compute the elasticities of the following
stants, # 0):
(x+ 1)-l/
a y=er b. y= x C. y= In(r + 1) d. y =
logarithmic differentiation:
20. Differentiate the following functions using C. x )
a b.
v are differentiable functions
21. Show by logarithmic differentiation that if u and
of x, and if u > 0, then

y=u'y=u'nu +

22. In an article on production theory, the function

v/a
N°Ka
F(«) = a Na+bK« (a, b, v, N, and K are positive constants)

was studied. Find an expression for F(a).

 Sec. 8.3 / Generalizations 281

23. Find the inverse of y=sinh x= te-e). (See Problem 6in Section 8.1.)
(Hint: You will have to solve a quadratic equation foru =e.)
Problems &3
1. Compute the following: d. log,o 100-3
b. log, V125 c. log,1/25
a. log, 25
2. Findx for the following:
b. log.e=2 C logax= -3 d. logox 100
a. log, x=2
3. Differentiate the functions given by the following:
a. y=5-3* b. y=2 ln x C y=x log, x d. y= log, v1+x?
4. Solve for x:

elae b. (In(x +e))-[n(x + e)?1 = ln(x + e) - 4

5. Solve the following inequalities:
a. lnx < -1 b. n(x²-x- 1) >0 c. Inx + ln(x - 3) < In4
 Sec. 8.4 Applications of Exponentials and Logarithms 287

6. By using l'Hôpial's rule (Theorem 7.8in Secion 7.5), or otherwise, deter

mine the following limits:
e-1 eltl-el-l In(x - 1)
a. lim b. lim C. lim
x-22+x-/8-?
d. lim rl/r e. lim x Inx
I0+
f. lim x*
7. Evaluate the limit

lim
Å-0+

where x and y are positive constants.

8. For the following' functions, find Taylor approximations of order 3 about
x=0 by using [5.11] in Section 5.5. (You can partly check the results by
using (8.20].)
a. xe* b. e C. x+e2 d. e +1
9. Use Taylor polynomials of degree 3 to find approximate solutions of the
equation
x+x(e +e)-(et-e)-x=0
Harder Problems

10. For the function fk) = el* (x 0), f(0) = 0, verify that f(x) =
x-kp(x)e-l/* (r # 0), where Pe(x) denotes some polynomial whose de
gree is 2k -2. Hence, show that f (0) = 0 for all positive integers k.
For this function, all Taylor polynomials at the origin are identically equal
to 0, but the function itself is 0 only at the origin. The lesson of this exam
ple is that in order to be certain that the Taylor polynomials of a function
give a good approximation to the function, one must estimate the size of the
remainder.)