DAR ES SALAAM MARITIME INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF MARINE ENGINEERING

COURSE: BMME 2024 /2025

MODULE: FLUID MACHINERY

MODULE CODE: MMU08103

TASK: GROUP ASSIGNMENT

LECTURED BY: DR. Y. KIMORI

GROUP 3

NO STUDENT NAME REGISTRATION

NO.
1 MAULID.M. MBASHA BMME/21/069
2 PEACE K. KOSHUMA BMME/21/015
3 ERICK F. KIMENYA BMME/21/030
4 EMMANUEL B. MWAKALILE BMME/21/016
5 FAHMI A. MAKAME BMME/21/004
6 ABDALLA S. USSI BMME/21/012
Hydraulic Turbines

Numerical Assignment: Solve problems to calculate hydraulic efficiency, power, and velocity
triangles for Pelton and Francis turbines.

Hydraulic turbines operate on principles of fluid mechanics, and understanding them involves
calculating their efficiency, power output, and analyzing velocity triangles to assess fluid flow.
Below is a breakdown of the problems and methods for solving such assignments for Pelton and
Francis turbines.

Problem 1: Efficiency Calculation

Hydraulic Efficiency (ηh ) is the ratio of power delivered to the runner ( Pr ) to the water power
available ( Pw ).

Pr
ηh = ×100
Pw

Where:

 Pw = ρgQH

o ρ : Water density (kg/m³)

o g: Acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
o Q : Flow rate (m³/s)
o H : Net head (m)
 Pr =ρQg H r , where H r is the actual energy converted.

Example Numerical Problem

Calculate the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine where:

 Flow rate (Q ) = 2 m³/s

 Net head ( H ) = 30 m
 Power output ( Pr ) = 500 kW
Solution:
 Compute Pw = ρgQH .

Pr
 Use ηh = ×100.
Pw

Problem 2: Power Output

Power Output ( P) can be calculated using:

P=ηh × Pw

Use the same variables as for hydraulic efficiency.

Problem 3: Velocity Triangles (Pelton Turbine)

The velocity triangle analyzes the flow before and after interaction with turbine blades. For
Pelton turbines:

 Inlet Velocity Triangle:

o Absolute velocity (V 1) is directed tangentially.
o The relative velocity (V r ) is reduced by friction in the bucket.
 Outlet Velocity Triangle:
o V 2 is almost entirely radial after deflection.
o Calculate velocity components for tangential force.

Problem 4: Velocity Triangles (Francis Turbine)

Francis turbines have a different configuration:

 Analyze inlet and outlet triangles, considering absolute velocity (V ), relative velocity (V r
), and blade velocity (U ).
 Use the equations:
WorkDone=ρQ ( V w 1 ⋅U−V w 2 ⋅U )
Where V w 1 and V w 2 are whirl components of velocity.

Here are five more solved examples involving hydraulic turbines (Pelton and Francis turbines) to
calculate hydraulic efficiency, power, and analyze velocity triangles. Each example is detailed
with step-by-step solutions:
1. Hydraulic Efficiency of a Pelton Turbine

Problem:
A Pelton turbine has a water jet velocity (V ) of 60 m/s , bucket velocity (u) of 30 m/s , and an
efficiency coefficient (k ) of 0.98. The jet deflection angle (θ ) by the bucket is 165∘. Calculate the
hydraulic efficiency.

Solution:
Hydraulic efficiency (ηh ) is given by:

2 u ( V cos θ−u )
ηh = 2
V

Substituting values:

2 ⋅30 ( 60 ⋅cos 165 ∘−30 )

ηh = 2
60
∘
cos 165 =−0.966

2 ⋅30 ( 60 ⋅−0.966−30 )
ηh =
3600

2 ⋅30 (−57.96−30 )
ηh =
3600

−5280
ηh = =0.94 or 94 %
3600

2. Power Output of a Pelton Turbine

Problem:
Water flows at 1.2 m 3 /s under a head of 50 m . The overall efficiency of the turbine is 85 % .
Calculate the power output.

Solution:
Theoretical power ( Pt ) is:

Pt =ρgQH

Where:

 3
ρ=1000 kg/m (density of water)
 2
g=9.81 m/s (gravity)
 3
Q=1.2 m /s (flow rate)
 H=50 m (head)
 Pt =1000 ⋅9.81 ⋅1.2⋅50=588600 W =588.6 kW

Actual power ( Pa) is:

Pa=η⋅ P t=0.85⋅588600=500310 W=500.31 kW

3. Velocity Triangle Analysis for a Francis Turbine

Problem:
A Francis turbine has the following velocities:

 Absolute velocity at inlet (V 1) = 20 m/s

 Blade velocity (u1) = 15 m/s
 Flow velocity (V f ) = 10 m/s

Find the relative velocity (V r ) and guide blade angle (α ).

Solution:

Using velocity triangle relations:

2 2 2
V 1=u 1+V r −2u 1 V r cos α

Rearranging:

V r =√ V 21−u21 +2 u1 V f

Substituting values:

V r =√ 202−152 +2 ⋅15 ⋅10

V r =√ 400−225+300= √ 475 ≈ 21.8 m/s

For α :

α =tan
−1
( )
Vf
u1
=tan
−1 10
15 ( )
−1
=tan ( 0.6667 )

∘
α ≈33.7

4. Hydraulic Efficiency of a Francis Turbine

Problem:
A Francis turbine operates under a head of 60 m with a flow rate of 1.5 m 3 /s . The overall
efficiency is 90 % . Find the hydraulic efficiency if the mechanical efficiency is 95 % .

Solution:
Overall efficiency:

η o=ηh ⋅ηm

Rearranging:

η o 0.9
ηh = = =0.947 or 94.7 %
η m 0.95

5. Power Developed by a Francis Turbine

Problem:
A Francis turbine receives water at 2.0 m 3 /s under a head of 75 m . If the efficiency of the turbine
is 88 % , calculate the developed power.

Solution:
Theoretical power:

Pt =ρgQH

Substituting values:

Pt =1000 ⋅9.81 ⋅2.0⋅ 75=1471500 W=1471.5 kW

Actual power:

Pa=η⋅ P t=0.88⋅1471500=1294920 W=1294.92 kW

Case Study:

Compare Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines based on their suitability for different heads and
flow rates.

Below is a concise and structured breakdown of the provided text into four clear and concrete
pages, each focusing on specific aspects of the comparison.
Overview of Hydraulic Turbines

Hydraulic turbines are critical in hydroelectric power generation, optimized for specific
conditions of head (waterfall height) and flow rate. Three main turbine types—Pelton, Francis,
and Kaplan—serve varying needs.

Feature Pelton Turbine Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine

Type Impulse Reaction Reaction
Head Range High (150m to Medium (20m to 300m) Low (1.5m to 20m)
2000m)
Flow Rate Low to Moderate Moderate to High High
Efficiency Range High at high heads High in medium conditions High for low heads

Pelton Turbine
Key Characteristics
 Type: Impulse
 Best Use Case: High-head (150m to over 2000m) and low-flow conditions, e.g.,
mountain streams.
Advantages:
 Superior efficiency at high heads.
 Durable, simple maintenance due to robust design.
Limitations:
 Ineffective for low-head conditions.
 Requires clean water to avoid damage to nozzles and buckets.
Applications:
 Remote high-altitude installations where steep terrains are common.

Francis Turbine
Key Characteristics
 Type: Reaction
 Best Use Case: Medium-head (20m to 300m) and moderate to high-flow scenarios.
Advantages:
 Versatile, works efficiently across a broad range of conditions.
 Compact design handles higher flow rates than Pelton turbines.
Limitations:
 Efficiency decreases at extreme heads.
 Moderate maintenance required for complex internal components.
Applications:
 Medium-scale hydroelectric plants in large rivers or reservoirs.

Kaplan Turbine
Key Characteristics
 Type: Reaction
 Best Use Case: Low-head (1.5m to 20m) and high-flow settings, such as wide rivers or
tidal projects.
Advantages:
 Adjustable blades ensure efficiency even under fluctuating flows.
 Optimal for large-scale, low-head hydroelectric plants.
Limitations:
 High initial cost.
 Complex design requires significant maintenance.
Applications:
 Large-scale low-altitude installations, e.g., tidal power plants.

Field Study (Optional):

Research the use of hydraulic turbines in a local hydropower plant and summarize key design
considerations.

Conducting a field study on the use of hydraulic turbines in a local hydropower plant can offer
insights into practical applications, operational challenges, and the engineering design principles
involved. Below is a structured overview of the research components and the key design
considerations commonly observed in hydropower plants.
Overview of Hydraulic Turbines in Local Hydropower Plants

Hydraulic turbines are the central components of hydropower systems, converting the kinetic and
potential energy of water into mechanical energy, subsequently converted into electricity by
generators. Field studies of local hydropower plants, such as small-scale installations or major
facilities, can provide a wealth of data about their operational mechanics and regional
contributions to power generation.

Key Design Considerations in Hydraulic Turbine Selection

 Water Head and Flow Rate

o The available head and flow rate dictate the choice of turbine (e.g., Pelton,
Francis, Kaplan).
o High head: Pelton turbines are often chosen.
o Medium head: Francis turbines are preferred.
o Low head with high flow: Kaplan turbines are ideal.
 Efficiency

o Hydraulic, mechanical, and volumetric efficiencies must align with operational

goals.
o Energy losses due to friction, leakage, and unoptimized flow patterns are
minimized through design.
 Material Selection

o Turbine materials must withstand cavitation, corrosion, and sediment erosion.

o Common materials include stainless steel and high-performance alloys.
 Environmental and Site Constraints

o Impact on aquatic ecosystems and water quality must be considered.

o Turbines should be designed for minimal disruption to natural habitats.
 Type of Turbine

o Pelton turbines: Suitable for high-head, low-flow conditions.

o Francis turbines: Ideal for medium-head, medium-flow applications.
o Kaplan turbines: Effective for low-head, high-flow scenarios.
 Runner and Blade Design

o Optimized for maximum energy transfer based on water velocity triangles.

o Blade angles and profiles affect flow dynamics and overall efficiency.
 Load and Variability
 o Turbines must accommodate fluctuations in demand and water availability.
o Adjustable guide vanes (Francis turbines) and variable pitch blades (Kaplan
turbines) allow adaptability.
 Cavitation Resistance

o Cavitation can cause damage and efficiency loss. Proper design of the runner and
casing mitigates this.
 Control Systems

o Advanced monitoring and automation ensure optimal performance.

o Sensors track parameters like speed, torque, and water levels.
 Maintenance and Accessibility

 Designs should allow easy access for maintenance and repairs.

 Long-lasting components reduce downtime and operational costs.

Example: Design Insights from a Local Hydropower Plant

If the field study is conducted at a regional plant, the following points should be investigated and
summarized:

. Plant Specifications

o Installed capacity (e.g., 100 MW )

o Type of turbines used (e.g., Francis or Kaplan)
o Head and flow rate characteristics.
 Energy Output

o Annual energy production and contribution to the local grid.

o Efficiency of energy conversion.
 Environmental Practices

o Measures to protect local ecosystems and comply with regulations.

o Fish-friendly turbine designs or bypass systems.
 Challenges and Innovations

o Addressing sedimentation, silt erosion, and wear.

o Implementing advanced technologies like CFD simulations for design
optimization.
o
Hydraulic turbines play a critical role in sustainable energy production, with their design tailored
to specific site conditions and operational requirements. The field study can reveal real-world
challenges and how theoretical principles are applied in practice. Collaborating with plant
engineers and reviewing site-specific data enriches understanding and highlights advancements
in hydropower technology.

Flow Dynamics

Problem Solving:

To analyze velocity triangles in an axial-flow turbine and compute the power output, follow
these steps:

1. Velocity Triangle Basics in Axial-Flow Turbines

An axial-flow turbine converts the energy of a working fluid (like steam or air) into mechanical
work by directing the fluid through a series of rotating and stationary blades. The velocity
triangles are key to understanding how energy is extracted.

 Inlet Velocity Triangle (Stage Inlet):

o Absolute velocity (C 1): The velocity of fluid entering the rotor.

o Relative velocity (W 1): The velocity relative to the blade motion.
o Blade velocity (U ): The linear speed of the rotor blades.
o Flow angle (α 1) and relative angle ( β 1) describe the directions of C 1 and W 1,
respectively.
 Outlet Velocity Triangle (Stage Outlet):

o Absolute velocity (C 2): The velocity of fluid exiting the rotor.

o Relative velocity (W 2 ): The velocity relative to the rotor blade.
o Flow angle (α 2) and relative angle ( β 2) describe the directions of C 2 and W 2 ,
respectively.

The geometry of these triangles determines the energy transfer.

2. Governing Equations
Euler's Turbine Equation:

The specific work done by the turbine is derived from:

Δ h0=U ⋅ ( C w 1−C w 2 )

Where:

 C w 1: Tangential (or whirl) component of the inlet absolute velocity.

 C w 2: Tangential component of the outlet absolute velocity.
 U : Blade velocity.
Flow Relationships:
 Flow rate:
˙
m=ρA C f

 ρ : Density of the working fluid.

 A : Cross-sectional area of the flow.

 C f : Axial component of the absolute velocity.

 Power output:
˙
P=m ⋅ Δ h0

Efficiency:

The isentropic efficiency (ηt ) of the turbine relates the actual and ideal enthalpy changes:

Actual Work Output

ηt =
Isentropic Work Output

3. Example Problem Setup

Let’s compute the power output for a single-stage turbine with given parameters:

 Blade speed (U ): 300 m/s

 Inlet absolute velocity (C 1): 250 m/s at α 1=30∘
 Outlet absolute velocity (C 2): 150 m/s at α 2=45 ∘
˙
 Mass flow rate (m ): 20 kg/s
3.1. Compute Velocity Components

For the inlet triangle:

 Axial velocity (C f =C1 cos α 1):

C f 1=250 ⋅cos ( 30∘ )=216.51 m/s

 Tangential velocity (C w 1=C1 sin α 1):

C w 1=250 ⋅sin ( 30∘ )=125 m/s

For the outlet triangle:

 Axial velocity (C f =C2 cos α 2):

C f 2=150 ⋅cos ( 45∘ ) =106.07 m/s

 Tangential velocity (C w 2=C2 sin α 2):

C w 2=150 ⋅sin ( 45 ∘) =106.07 m/s

3.2. Work Done per Unit Mass

Substitute into Euler's equation:

Δ h0=U ⋅ ( C w 1−C w 2 )

Δ h0=300 ⋅ ( 125−106.07 )=300 ⋅18.93=5679 J/kg

3.3. Power Output

Multiply by mass flow rate:

˙
P=m ⋅ Δ h0

P=20 ⋅5679=113580 W=113.58 kW

4. Diagram of Velocity Triangles

To fully visualize the triangles, I can create a plot. Let me generate the velocity triangles for
better understanding.
Velocity Triangle Visualization

The velocity triangles above illustrate the inlet and outlet conditions of the axial-flow turbine:

 Inlet Velocity Triangle:

o The absolute velocity (C 1) splits into its axial (C f 1) and tangential (C w 1)

components.
o The relative velocity (W 1) is the velocity of the fluid relative to the moving blade.

 Outlet Velocity Triangle:

o Similar decomposition applies for the outlet absolute velocity (C 2) into C f 2 and
C w 2.
o The relative velocity (W 2 ) reflects the fluid velocity relative to the blade.

The tangential velocity difference (C w 1−C w2 ) drives the energy extraction and determines the
work done per unit mass.

Visualization Task:

To sketch and explain the flow patterns inside a centrifugal pump, consider the following labeled
components and flow zones:
  Suction Zone: This is the low-pressure area where the fluid enters the pump through the
suction pipe and inlet.

 Impeller: The rotating component with blades that impart kinetic energy to the fluid,
converting it to velocity energy.

 Volute Casing: The spiral casing surrounding the impeller that helps to convert velocity
energy into pressure energy as the fluid exits.

 Discharge Zone: The high-pressure region where the fluid exits the pump, typically into
the discharge pipe.

Key Flow Patterns:

 Inlet Flow: Fluid enters the impeller axially through the suction pipe.
 Flow Through the Impeller Blades: As the impeller rotates, it accelerates the fluid
radially outward, creating a swirling flow pattern.
 Flow in the Volute: The fluid moves into the volute casing, where its velocity decreases,
and its pressure increases due to the gradual expansion of the volute.
 Outlet Flow: The high-pressure fluid exits the pump through the discharge pipe.

Labeled Diagram:
Here is the labeled flow diagram of a centrifugal pump:

 Suction Zone: Fluid enters through the suction pipe.

 Impeller: Fluid accelerates as the impeller rotates.
 Volute Casing: Converts velocity energy into pressure energy.
 Discharge Zone: Fluid exits at high pressure through the discharge pipe.

Numerical Task:

Solve problems on pressure drop and flow rates in machine casings or ducts.

Here are solved numerical problems related to pressure drop and flow rates in machine casings
or ducts:

1. Pressure Drop in a Pipe

Problem: Water flows through a horizontal pipe of 10 m length and 0.05 m diameter at 2 m/s
velocity. Calculate the pressure drop if the friction factor f =0.02.

Solution: The pressure drop is given by:

2
L ρv
ΔP=f ⋅ ⋅
D 2

Where:

 f =0.02, L=10 m, D=0.05 m , ρ=1000 kg/m3 , v=2 m/s.

2
10 1000 ⋅2
ΔP=0.02 ⋅ ⋅ =8000 Pa .
0.05 2

Answer: Pressure drop = 8000 Pa .

2. Flow Rate in a Circular Duct

Problem: Air flows through a duct of 0.1 m diameter with a velocity of 5 m/s. Calculate the
volumetric flow rate.
Solution:
Volumetric flow rate Q is given by:

Q= A ⋅ v
2
d
Where A=π ⋅ .
4

( 0.1 )2
A=π ⋅ =0.00785 m 2 , Q=0.00785 ⋅5=0.03925 m 3 /s .
4

Answer: Volumetric flow rate = 0.03925 m 3 /s .

3. Reynolds Number Calculation

Problem: Water flows in a 0.05 m diameter pipe at 0.01 m 3 /s . Calculate the Reynolds number.
Assume ν=1× 10−6 m 2 /s .

Solution:
Reynolds number is given by:

ρvD vD
ℜ= or ℜ= .
μ ν

Velocity v :
2
Q d 2 0.01
v= , A=π ⋅ =0.00196 m , v= =5.1 m/s .
A 4 0.00196

Reynolds number:

5.1 ⋅0.05
ℜ= −6
=255 ,000 .
1× 10

Answer: Reynolds number = 255 , 000.

4. Friction Factor from Moody Chart

Problem: For ℜ=105 and relative roughness ϵ / D=0.002, find the friction factor using the
Moody chart.
Solution: From the Moody chart:
For ℜ=105 and ϵ / D=0.002, friction factor f =0.018 .

Answer: Friction factor = 0.018 .

5. Pressure Drop in a Rectangular Duct

Problem: Air flows at 10 m/s through a rectangular duct (0.5 m x 0.2 m) of 20 m length.
Calculate the pressure drop if f =0.03 and ρ=1.2 kg/m3.

Solution:
Hydraulic diameter Dh:

2 ⋅Area 2⋅ ( 0.5 ⋅0.2 )

D h= = =0.2857 m .
Perimeter 0.5+0.2+0.5+ 0.2

Pressure drop:
2 2
L ρv 20 1.2 ⋅10
ΔP=f ⋅ ⋅ =0.03 ⋅ ⋅ =125.8 Pa .
Dh 2 0.2857 2

Answer: Pressure drop = 125.8 Pa .

6. Flow Rate through an Orifice

Problem: Water flows through an orifice with a diameter of 0.05 m at a pressure drop of 5000
Pa. Calculate the flow rate. Assume C d=0.62.

Solution:
Flow rate Q :

√
Q=C d ⋅ A ⋅
2 ΔP
ρ
d2
, A=π ⋅ .
4

A=π ⋅
( 0.05 )2
4 √
=0.001963 m 2 , Q=0.62 ⋅0.001963 ⋅
2 ⋅5000
1000
=0.0109 m 3 /s .

Answer: Flow rate = 0.0109 m 3 /s .

7. Power Loss due to Friction

Problem: Calculate the power loss due to friction for water flowing through a 50 m pipe of 0.1
m diameter at 3 m/s velocity. f =0.02, ρ=1000 kg/m3 .

Solution:
Power loss is given by:
2
L ρv
Ploss =ΔP ⋅Q , ΔP=f ⋅ ⋅ .
D 2

2
50 1000⋅ 3
ΔP=0.02 ⋅ ⋅ =45 , 000 Pa .
0.1 2

Volumetric flow rate Q= A ⋅ v :

2
d 2 3
A=π ⋅ =0.00785 m , Q=0.00785 ⋅3=0.02355 m /s .
4

Power loss:

Ploss =45 , 000 ⋅0.02355=1059.75 W .

Answer: Power loss = 1059.75 W .

More 10 solved numerical examples on pressure drops and flow rates in machine casings or
ducts, with varying levels of complexity:

Problem 1: Calculate Flow Rate through a Duct

Given: Cross-sectional area A=0.2 m 2, air velocity v=15 m/s .

Find: Volumetric flow rate Q .
Solution:
3
Q= A ⋅ v=0.2 ⋅15=3 m /s

Answer: 3 m 3 /s
Problem 2: Pressure Drop in a Straight Pipe

Given: Pipe length L=10 m, diameter d=0.05 m , flow rate Q=0.01 m 3 /s, fluid density
3
ρ=1000 kg/m , and dynamic viscosity μ=0.001 Pa\cdotps.
Find: Pressure drop ΔP using Darcy-Weisbach equation.

ρvd 4 Q −0.25
ℜ= = 2 , f =0.3164 ⋅ R e
μ πd
2
L ρv
ΔP=f ⋅ ⋅
d 2

Solution:

Q 4Q
1. Velocity v= = =5.1 m/s, ℜ=255000.
A π d2

2. Friction factor f =0.00825 .

2
10 1000 ⋅5.1
3. ΔP=0.00825 ⋅ ⋅ =21 ,207.5 Pa .
0.05 2
Answer: 21.2 kPa .

Problem 3: Flow Rate in an Annular Space

Given: Inner radius r i=0.05 m , outer radius r o =0.1 m , velocity v=10 m/s .
Find: Flow rate Q .

A=π ( r 2o−r 2i ) ,Q=A ⋅v

Solution:

A=π ( 0.12−0.052 )=0.02356 m 2 ,Q=0.02356 ⋅10=0.2356 m 3 /s .

Answer: 0.236 m 3 /s.

Problem 4: Major Pressure Drop in a Duct

Given: L=50 m, d=0.2 m, velocity v=3 m/s , ρ=1.2 kg/m3, f =0.02.

Find: Major pressure drop ΔP .
 2
L ρv
ΔP=f ⋅ ⋅
d 2

Solution:
2
50 1.2⋅3
ΔP=0.02 ⋅ ⋅ =27 Pa .
0.2 2

Answer: 27 Pa .

Problem 5: Head Loss in a Machine Casing

Given: ΔP=200 Pa , ρ=1000 kg/m3 .

Find: Head loss h .

ΔP
h=
ρg

Solution:

200
h= =0.0204 m .
1000 ⋅9.81

Answer: 0.0204 m .

Problem 6: Calculate Reynolds Number

Given: Diameter d=0.1 m, velocity v=2 m/s, ρ=1.2 kg/m3, μ=1.8 × 10−5 Pa\cdotps.
Find: Reynolds number ℜ.

ρvd
ℜ=
μ

Solution:

1.2 ⋅2 ⋅0.1
ℜ= −5
=13 , 333 .
1.8 ×10

Answer: 13 , 333.

Problem 7: Pressure Drop in a Bent Duct

Given: Bend loss coefficient K b =0.5, velocity v=4 m/s, ρ=1.2 kg/m3.
Find: Pressure drop ΔP .
 2
ρv
ΔP=K b ⋅
2

Solution:
2
1.2⋅ 4
ΔP=0.5 ⋅ =4.8 Pa .
2

Answer: 4.8 Pa.

Problem 8: Frictional Loss in a Circular Duct

Given: L=30 m, d=0.3 m , ρ=1.2 kg/m3, v=5 m/s , f =0.02.

Find: Frictional pressure drop.
2
L ρv
ΔP=f ⋅ ⋅
d 2

Solution:
2
30 1.2 ⋅5
ΔP=0.02 ⋅ ⋅ =300 Pa .
0.3 2

Answer: 300 Pa .

Problem 9: Velocity in a Constricted Section

Given: Q=0.02 m 3 /s, d=0.1 m.

Find: Velocity v .

Q Q
v= =
A π d 2 /4

Solution:

0.02
v= 2
=2.55 m/s .
π ⋅0.1 /4

Answer: 2.55 m/s .

Problem 10: Flow Rate through a Machine Casing

Given: Inlet area A=0.15 m 2, inlet velocity v=7 m/s .

Find: Flow rate Q .
 Q= A ⋅ v

Solution:
3
Q=0.15⋅7=1.05 m /s .

Answer: 1.05 m 3 /s .