Sec. 3.

5 / Exponential Functions 117

Problems
3.S
1. If the population of Europe grew at the rate of 0.72% annually, what would
be the doubling time?
2. The population of Botswana was estimated to be 1.22 million in 1989, and
to be growing at the rate of 3.4% annually.
a. If t 0denotes 1989, find a formula for the population at date t.
b. What is the doubling time?
3. A savings account with an initial deposit of $100 earns 12% interest per year.
a. What is the amount of savings after t years?
b. Make a table similar to Table 3.1. (Stop at S0years.)
4. Suppose that you are promised $2 on the frst day, $4 on the second day, $8
on the third day, $16 on the fourth day, and so on (so that every day you get
twice as much as the day before).
a. How much will you receive on the tenth day?
b. Find a function f ) that indicates how much you will obtain on the
rth day.
C. Explain why f(20) is more than $1 million. (Hint: 210 is a little larger
than 10)
5. Fill in the following table and then make a rough sketch of the graphs of
y=2* and y =2-*,

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3

2*

2-*

6. Fill in the following table and then sketch the graph of y=2.

X -2 -1 1 2

7. The area of Zimbabwe is approximately 3.91 - 10 square meters. Referring

to the text following Exarnple 3.12 and using a calculator, solve the equation
5.1- 1.035s' = 3.91- 10" for 1, and interpret your answer. (Recall that t=0
corresponds to 1969.)
8. With f) = Aa', if f + ") = 2f(), prove that a' = 2. Explain
why this shows that the doubling time of the general exponential funcion is
independent of the initial time.
 9. In 1964 a five-year plan was introduced in Tanzania. One obiective
to double the real per capita income over the next 15 years. What is was
average annual rate of growth of real income per capita the
this objective? required to achieve
10, Consider the functionf defined for all x by f(x)
a. Make a table of function values for x = =1-2-:
0, ±1, 2, and +3. Then sketch
the graph of f.
b. What happens to f(x) as x becomes very large and
very small?
11. Which of the following equations do not define
exponential functions of x?
2. y= 3* b. y= xV2
C.y= (V2
d. y= x* e. y= (2.7) f. y=1/2
12. Fill in the following table and then sketch the graph of y =
x*2*.
X -10 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2

13. Find possible exponential functions for the graphs of Fig. 3.12.
14. The radioactive isotope iodine 131, whb:ch has a half-life of 8 days, is
often
used to diagnose disease in the thyroid gland. If there are Io units of the
material at time t=0, how much remains after t days?

(2. 8)

1.6)

(-1.)) (4.)
a <0. b > 0
(a)
a >0. b >0. b = 4ac
(b) (c)
FIGURE 3.12
Problems X1
following:
1. Compute the relative rate of increase i/x for the
b. x = In(t + 1) C. x= 5e!
a. x = 5t + 10
f. x =e'+e!
d. x =-3-2' e. x = e
Which of these functions have a constant relative rate of increase? Compare
your findings with the result in [8.22].
is carried out, the decrease in
2. In a stable market where no sales promotion
tendency to be
St), sales per unit of time of a commodity, has shown a
proportional to the quantity of sales, so that
S'(t) =-aS(t)
sales at time 0 are So. (Hint: Use
a. Find an expression for S(t) when
[8.22].)
the answer.
b. Solve the equation Soe-at = So for t. Interpret
billion, and increasing by nearly
3. The world's population in 1975 was almost 4 increases exponentially at this
27%per year. If we assume that the population
the population in billions will
relative rate, then years after the year 1975
be equal to
P() =4e0.02
2000 (t =25).
a. Estimate the world's population by the year
 Sec. 8.4 /Applications of Exponentials and Logarithms 293

b. How long will it take before the world's population doubles, if its growth
Cóntinues at te same rate?
4. Let P(t) denote Europe's population in millions t years after 1960.
Accord
ing to Example 2.17 of Section 2.5, we have P(0) = 641 and P(10) = 705.
Suppose that P(t) grows exponentially, with Pí)= 641ekr. Compute k and
then find P(15) and P(40) (estimates of the population in 1975 and in 2000).
Compare with the UN numbers in Table 2.4.
5. The number N)of persons who develop influenza t days after a
group of
1000 persons has been in contact with a carrier of infection is given by

1000
N(t) =
l+999e-0.39r
a. How many develop influenza after 20 days?
b. How many days does it take until 800 are sick?
c. Will everyone eventually get influenza?
6. A study of ractors in British agriculture from 1950 onwards estimated that
the number y in use (measured in 1000 tractors), as a function of t (measured
in years, so thatt=0corresponds to 1950), is given by

228.46
y= 250.9 +
1+8.11625e-0.340416

a. Find the number of tractors in 1950. How many ractors were added in
the decade up to 1960?
b. Find the limit for y as t ’ o, and draw the graph.
7. After he big flood catastrophe in Holland in 1953, a research project was
initiated to determine the optimal height of the dikes. One of the (simpler)
models involved finding the value of x that minimizes the function
fa) = lo + kx + Ae-ar (x>0)

where x denotes the number of meters that should be added to the dikes,
lo + kx is the construction cost, and Ae-ax is an estimate of the losses
caused by flooding. lo, k, A, anda are allpositive constants.
a. Suppose that f(x) has minimum for some xo > 0. Find xo.
b. What condition must we put on a, A, and k for xo to be positive? Show
that if the condition is satisfied, then xo solves the minimization problem.
c. Constant A is given by the formula
100
A =
100

where po is the probability that the dikes will be flooded if they are not
294 Chapter 8 / Exponentl aho
cost of lood damage, and Sis an
rebuilt, Vis an estimate of the
rate. Show that xo may be witen
in the form interest
100x po V(1+8/100)
k&

Examine what happens to xo when one of the variables po, V. A o

increases. Comment on the reasonableness of the results.2
8. Suppose that f() is a function satisfying (8.23], and define a new functiom
h by h(t) = -1+ K/f((). Prove that h'() = -rh() for a constant A. So
(using [8.22])) one has h(t) = Ae for some constant A. Then what can he
said abeut f()?
9. Voorhees and colleagues studied the transportation systems in 37 American
cities and estimated the average travel time to work, m (in minutes), as a
function of the number of inhabitants, N. They found that
m =e0.02 y0.19

=
Wite the relation in ln-linear form. What is the value of m when N
480,000?
10. The following data are taken from a survey of persons who in 1933 migrated
to Tartu in Estonia from the surrounding countryside. Here y is the number
x is the distance
of persons that moved per 100,000 rural inhabitants, and
number
moved (measured in kilometers and rounded to the nearest whole
divisible by 20).

100 120 140 160 180 200

20 40 60 80 8
75 60 45 35 25 20
1700 550 230 120

plot the
a. Construct a table of the relationship between Inx and In y, and
data in a coordinate system where ln x and ln y are plotted along the two
axes.
diagram ploted
b. Roughly ht a straight line to the pairs of points in the function
for part (a), and derive an empiical formula for y as a of X.
11. Write the relation z 694,500p-0.3 in ln-linear form (see Example 3.8 n
Secion 3.4). In addition, find p expressed in terms of z.
12. a. Determine the constants Aand a such that the graph of y = Ax passes
In-linear
through the points (x. y) = (2, 5) and (3.7). (Hint: Use the
form.)
 Sec. 8.4 /Apolications of Exponentials and Logarithms 295

b. Repeat part (a) when the graph goes through points (X1, y) and (I2, Y2).
where X| # .
13. The effect on chicken embryos of cooling the eggs has been studied. he
following table showsresults from an experiment where the pulse of a chicken
embryo was measured at different temperatures.

Temperature T(°C) 36.3 35.0 33.9 32.4 24.7 24.2

Pulse n (heartbeats/minute) 154 133 110 94 38 36

a. Prepare a table showing the relationship between T and In n, and plot the
pairs of numbers (T, Inn) in a coordinate system with Inn on the vertical
axis and T on the horizontal axis. it astraight line to these points.
b. We want to find an empirical funcionf(T) = ceaT that approximates
the pulse rate as a function of the temperature T. Using the line obtained
in part (a), determine and c.
c. Byhow many degrees does the temperature have to fall in order to halve
the pulse rate?

Harder Problems

14. All organic material contains stable carbon 12 and some (very litle) of the
radioactive isotope carbon 14.The proportion between the quantities of car
bon 14 and of stable carbon in living organisms is constant, and seems to
have been constant for thousands of years. When an organism dies, carbon 14
decays according to the law
S)=f(to)e-1.25.10-(-o)

where f (to) is the quantity of carbon at the moment of death to, and f() is
the quantity that is left at time t. Show that to is given by

lo =+ 8000In
f)
f(to)
(This formula is the basis for radioactive dating." In 1960, the American
W. F. Libby received the Nobel prize in chemistry for the discovery of
radioactive dating.)
15. Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad found several Viking tools on old settlemnents
in Newfoundland. The charcoal from the fireplaces was analyzed in 1972,
and the percentage of carbon 14 in the charcoal (compared with the content
of carbon 14 in fresh wood) was 88.6%. Use the result from Problem 14 to
determine when the Viking settlers lived in Newfoundland.
Problems

1. Anamount $1000 earns interest at 5% per year. What will this amount have
grown to after (a) 10years, and (b) 50 years, when interest is compounded
Qyearly, (ü) monthly, (ii) continuously?
 Sec. 8.5 / Compound Interest and Present Discounted Values 299

2. Suppose
that the price of a commodity after x years is
where A and k are Constants.
given by fx) = Aer,
a. Find Aand k when f(0) = 4 and f'(0) = 1. In this case, what is the
price after 5years?
We assume now that A=4 and k = 0.25. When the price has increased
to 18, it becomes Controlled so that the annual price increase is limited to
10%. When are price controls first needed? What length of time is needed
for the price to double before and after price controls are introduced?
Harder Problems

3 We showed (in the discussion following Equation [4]) that (1 +r/n) ’ e

As n -’ oo. For each fixed r > 0, we claim that (1 + r/ny is strictly
increasing in n, so that

(1+)< lim (+) =e' (for n = 1,2,..)

This shows that continuous interest at interest rate p% per year, with r=
p/100, is more profitable for the lender than interest payments n times ayear
at interest rate p/100n.
To confirm this, define the function g for all x >0 by

s) =(1+) (r is a positive constant)

Show that

r/z
1+r/*
(Use logarithmic differentiation.) Put h(u) = In(1 + u) -u/(1 + u). Then
h(0) = 0. Show that h'(u) >0 for u>0, and hence that g(x) > 0for all
x>0. What conciusion can you draw?