List of Common Cations (Basic Radicals) for Salt Analysis
Group Cation Group 0 NH4+ Group 1 Pb2+ Group 2 Cu2+ Group 3 Fe3+, Fe2+, Al3+ Group 4 Co 2+, Ni 2+, Mn 2+, Zn 2+ Group 5 Ba 2+, Sr 2+, Ca2+ Group 6 Mg 2+
The first essential step is to prepare a clear and transparent solution of the salt. This is called original solution. It is prepared as follows: Preparation of Original Solution (O.S.)
To prepare the original solution, following steps are followed one after the other in a systematic order. In case the salt does not dissolve in a particular solvent even on heating, try the next solvent. The following solvents are tried: 1. Take a little amount of the salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of distilled water and shake it. If the salt does not dissolved, heat the content of the boiling tube till the salt completely dissolves. 2. If the salt is insoluble in water as detailed above, take fresh salt in a clean boiling tube and add a few mL of dil.HCl to it. If the salt is insoluble in cold, heat the boiling tube till the salt is completely dissolved. 3. If the salt does not dissolve either in water or in dilute HCl even on heating, try to dissolve it in a few mL of conc. HCl by heating. 4. If salt does not dissolve in conc. HCl, then dissolve it in dilute nitric acid. 5. If salt does not dissolve even in nitric acid then a mixture of conc. HCl and conc. HNO3 in the ratio 3:1 is tried. This mixture is called aqua regia. A salt not soluble in aqua regia is considered to be an insoluble salt.
Experiment 14
Aim: To identify the acidic and Basic radical from the given inorganic salt.
Procedure:
Preliminary Test for Anion(Dil . group)
Experiment Observation Inference Add a few drops of dilute H2SO4 (sulfuric NO OBSERVATION dilute H2SO4 (CO32- , NO2 - , SO3 2- , S2) acid) to a small quantity of the salt in a ABSENT test tube Preliminary Test for Anion(Conc. . group) Experiment Observation Inference Take a small chunk of the salt in a test White, pungent-smelling fumes that Chloride (Cl-) May be present intensify when a glass rod dipped in tube and add a few drops of concentrated ammonium hydroxide is brought to the H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to it. mouth of the test tube Confirmatory Test for Anion Experiment Observation Inference Add silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the water Formation of a white precipitate which Chloride (Cl-)confirm extract is soluble in ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) chromyl chloride test Mix a little amount of salt and an Chloride (Cl-)confirm equal amount of solid potassium Formation of a yellow precipitate of dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in a test tube lead chromate and add conc. H2SO4 to it. Heat the test tube and pass the evolved gas through sodium hydroxide solution. If a yellow solution is obtained, Acidify the solution with acetic acid and then add lead acetate solution. Preliminary Test for Cation (zero group) Experiment Observation Inference Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and White fumes are observed NH4+ may be present add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicates the presence of ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the mouth of the test tube. Confirmatory Test for NH4+ On passing the above gas through brown colouration or a NH4+ Confirm Nessler’s reagent solution precipitate of basic mercury(II) amido-iodine is formed.
Result: The acidic radical is Chloride (Cl-) (anion) and basic is NH4+
Experiment 15 Note: If no positive test is obtained for zero group than proceed for next group by showing previous groups absent
Aim: To identify the acidic and Basic radical from the given inorganic salt.
Procedure:
Preliminary Test for Anion(Dil . group)
Experiment Observation Inference Add a few drops of dilute H2SO4 (sulfuric NO OBSERVATION dilute H2SO4 (CO32- , NO2 - , SO3 2- , S2-) acid) to a small quantity of the salt in a ABSENT test tube Preliminary Test for Anion(Conc. . group) Experiment Observation Inference Take a small chunk of the salt in a test Brown fumes with a pungent smell Nitrate (NO3-) May be present tube and add a few drops of concentrated H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) to it. Confirmatory Test for Anion Experiment Observation Inference Brown Ring Test Take 1 mL of an aqueous solution Nitrate (NO3-) confirm of the salt and add 2 mL add A dark brown ring is formed at the freshly prepared ferrous sulphate junction of the two solutions due to solution. Mix the solutions the formation of nitroso ferrous thoroughly and cool the test tube sulphate under the tap. Now, add conc. H2SO4 slowly along the sides of the test tube dropwise so that it forms a layer on the top of the liquid already present in the test tube. Preliminary Test for Cation (zero group) Experiment Observation Inference Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and No smell of ammonia NH4+ group absent add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and heat. Preliminary Test for Cation (first group) Take small quantity of original solution White Precipitate apper Pb2+ May be present and add Dil HCl to it Confirmatory Test for Pb2+ Dissolve the precipitate in hot water . and divide the hot solution into two parts. Add potassium iodide solution to the yellow precipitate is obtained. Pb2+ Confirm first part. To the second part add potassium A yellow precipitate is obtained which Pb2+ Confirm chromate solution. is soluble in NaOH and insoluble in ammonium acetate solution.
Result: The acidic radical is (NO3-) (anion) and basic is Pb2+
