1. A diecast component has a mass of 1.2 kg and density 7150 kg/m3 with surface area of 0.075 m2. The thermal conductivity of the material is 95 W/m K and the specific heat is 385 J/kg K. It comes out of the machine at 345°C and is exposed to air at 20°C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 56.8 W/m2K. Determine (i) the temperature of the part after 5 minutes (ii) The time required to reach 50°C (iii) The time constant (iv)The value of convective heat transfer coefficient upto which the lumped parameter model can be used (v) The volume/area ratio upto which the lumped parameter model can be used.
2. Cylindrical pieces of size 60 mm dia and 60 mm height with density = 7800 kg/ m3, specific heat = 486 J/kg K and conductivity 43 W/m K are to be heat treated. The pieces initially at 35°C are placed in a furnace at 800°C with convection coefficient at the surface of 85 W/m2K. Determine the time required to heat the pieces to 650°C. If by mistake the pieces were taken out of the furnace after 300 seconds, determine the shortfall in the requirements.
3. A bearing piece in the form of half of a hollow cylinder of 60 mm ID, 90 mm OD and 100 mm long is to be cooled to –100°C from 30°C using a cryogenic gas at –150°C with a convection coefficient of 70W/m2K. Density = 8900 kg/m3, specific heat = 444 J/kg K, conductivity = 17.2 W/m K. Determine the time required.
4. A thermocouple in the form of a long cylinder of 2 mm dia initially at 30°C is used to measure the temperature of a cold gas at –160°C. The convection coefficient over the surface is 60 W/m 2K. The material properties are; density = 8922 kg/m3, specific heat = 410 J/ kg K, conductivity = 22.7 W/m K. Determine the time it will take to indicate –150°C. Also calculate the time constant.
5. It is desired to estimate the batch time for a heat treatment process involved in cooling alloy steel balls of 15 mm dia from 820°C to 100°C in oil at 40°C with a convection coefficient of 18 W/m2K. The material properties are: density = 7780 kg/m3, specific heat = 526 J/kgK, conductivity = 45 W/mK. Determine the time required. If this is to be achieved in 10 minutes, determine the value of convection coefficient.
6. In problem 5, if the convection coefficient is increased to 5000 W/m 2K using evaporating liquid, determine the time required to cool 100°C. 7. A copper sphere of 10 mm dia at 80°C is placed in an air stream at 30°C. The temperature dropped to 65°C after 61 seconds. Calculate the value of convection coefficient. Assume property values as follows: density = 8925 kg/m3, specific heat = 397 J/kg K, conductivity = 393 W/m K. The characteristic length dimension = R/3 = 0.005/3 m.
8. Glass spheres of radius of 2 mm at 600°C are to be cooled in an air stream at
30°C to a temperature of 80°C without any surface crack. Estimate the maximum value of convection coefficient that may be used. Also determine the minimum time required for the cooling. The property values are density = 2225 kg/m3, specific heat = 835 J/kg K, conductivity = 1.4 W/m K.
9. On a hot day the wood surface gets heated to 50°C to a considerable depth. Sudden sharp showers cool the surface to 20°C and maintain the surface at this temperature level. Determine the temperature at 2 cm depth after 40 minutes. The material properties are: density = 2115 kg/m3. Specific heat = 920 J/kgK. Conductivity = 0.062 W/mK. Also calculate the heat flow from the surface up to the time, instantaneous heat flow at the surface and 2 cm depth.
10. The soil temperature was 5°C. Suddenly the surface temperature drops to – 10°C. Determine the depth at which the temperature will reach 0°C after 12 hours. Also find the temperature at 0.1 m and 0.05 m. Calculate also the total heat removed per m 2 area during the period. Thermal diffusivity = 3.097 × 10–7 m2/s, conductivity = 0.657 W/mK.
11. Still water of some depth initially at 37°C has its surface raised to 100°C and maintained at this level. Determine the depth at which the temperature will reach 48°C after 10 seconds. Also find the heat flow during this time into the water. If the surface temperature only was raised to 50°C determine these quantities. α = 1.595 × 10–7 m2/s; k = 0.656 W/m K.
