The Ear ̅

(| | ) [ ]
When power stops, W=0
√

po2 is the initial mean square when t=0

( ) Reverberation is the time taken for SPL to fall 60 dB from its
| | [ ] initially steady value.
∫ ( ) ( ) ( )
Noise Measurement Analysis
Phons- SPL at 1000Hz ( ) ( )
Double value loudness= double Value sone
( )
P: internal perimeter; S: CSA of air flow
Limitations: accuracy about , Freq range: 250-2000Hz, ̅
, Circular ducts D>0.15m, Rectangular w/h<1m, ̅
0.5<w/h=2.0. use splitter and thicker and better material Eyring-Norris; assume c=343m/s
( )

(Shape,F): (cube,3.5), (cylinder H=D, 4.2), (sphere,6),

( ) ( ) ( )
(hemisphere,4.5), (normal rooms,4)

L10 is the noise exceed 10% of the time ( ̅)( )

√ ( ̅)( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ̅)( )

( ̅)
1D Sound Wave
Assumptions: Mean Pressure and Density are constant in
[ ][ ] ( ̅)
time and space. There is a zero mean flow in the pipe or duct.
( ) Optimum TR by Stephens and Bate
The pressure fluctuations are very (very) small. Thus, small
Spherical Waves of Sound ( )
velocity and density fluctuations. The processes are
K is 4 for speech, 5 for orchestras, 6 for choirs
isentropic and the perfect gas laws apply. ( )
̅
̅ ̅
( )
( )
( ) [ ]( ) [ ]
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ [ ]
[ ] [ ] Q is 1 for centre of room, 2 for centre of ‘wall’, 4 for
̅ ̅̅̅ intersection of ‘wall’, 8 for corner
Impedance tube
( ) To find power [ ]
( ) ( ) Increasing R, Little effect on distant receiver (direct field) but
( ) ( ) large effect on reverberant field
( )
√ ( ) [ ( ) ] SIL-arithmetic average at 1kHz, 2kHz, 4kHz
( ) ̅ Reverberation chamber
( ) In steady state, power entering through specimen= power
̅ dissipated in receiving room
| |
( ) ̅ ̅

̅ ( )
( )
( )
Pulsating Sphere
Assumptions: Velocity at surface=particle velocity of air in
| | contact with surface
( ) Transmission of Sound through Walls
̅ ̅ ( ̅ )( )( ) ( ) Assume sound directed perpendicular to wall
{ }
̅ | | ( ̅ )( )( ) ̅
Sound Propagation
̅ ( ) | | [ ]
̅
at resonance wm = k/w, at mass region wm dominate
[ ( ̅
) ]
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ]
̅
Silencer reactive-reflect, resistive-dissipate
m is mass per unit area, h is thickness
( ) ( ) At angle approach
Sound in Rooms √

√( ) ( ) ( ) To draw graph, firstly, calculate Field Transmission loss using

mass law at 20Hz. Follow 6dB/octave to plateau height. Use
( ) ( ) frequency ratio x read frequency. Follow 10dB/octave.eg
( ) ̅ 6db/octave=6/lg 2 dB/dec
( ) ( )
̅ ̅ ̅
̅ [ ]
̅ ̅
| | [ ( )] ∑ ̅
Acceptable Noise Level
( ) ( )
 warning sound not heard. Administrative control such as
( ) ∑ sign posting and notification to employee, job rotation and
audiometric testing and issue protected areas must be used
to comprehend usage.
Designing Door
N is no of aircraft, NNI of 20 lil annoyance, 40 moderate A solid dense with sweep seal and gasketed perimeter is
Type1-residential, Type 2- business, type3-heavy industry annoyance, 50 much annoyance expected. Double panel window can be used.
Noise Exposure Forcast<20-30 NN no of night flight Designing Wall
( ) Wall must be extend to true ceiling and sealed at ends with
gypsum. Wall is built with staggered studs and fibrous
( ) insulation in cavity air space and double layer gypsum. Use
t is time PNL within 10db of the peak, F=3
( ) wall isolator if duct is connect to walls.
Extra Notes
( ) Six types of silencer
( ) 1) Absorptive Silencer
( ) -most common
( ) -contains absorptive material to absord reflected
( ) waves
( )
If not, noise limit=zoning limit
Noise Source 2) Lined Bend
Fans -Force to change direction and lose energy, with Designing Roof: gaps in corrugated roof filled
absorptive material present. Designing Common (ceiling +floor)
P is in cm of H2O 3) Plenum Chamber Floated floor with plaster ceiling .
-combination of 2&4; changes in direction causes
energy loss, with absorptive material use for
Flow Noise in Ducts machine enclosure

√ 4) Expansion chamber
reduce sound by reflection of sound wave back to
Air Compressor Designing Room
source to cancel out each other
5) Reactive resonator Increase to reduce RT by making space: reducing
Electric Motor Noise
suspended ceiling/wall/door. Usage of heavy curtains, sound
diffusive panel and sound absorption panel to direct noise
Spurs Gear Noise at 1m
and eliminate noise for all frequency. Use individual branch
Jet Noise; peaks at strouhal number =0.2 feed ventilation for each room. Increasing the room
6) Diffuser absorption will only affect reverberant field (close) and not
Emit gases at high pressure/velocity direct field (far). Partial enclosure is more effect in the near
7) Side branch resonator (1/4wave reson.) field. Partial with top enclosure can help direct field.
Employee enclosure Trigonometry Identity
( ) ( ) Most cost effective and prominent. In the event acccess is
need, increase the pressure of the room by means of
increasing temperature, pumping air by exhaust. Enclosure
√
( ) should enclose the source as much as possible and have
( )
Train Noise adequate stiffness and damping and uniform mass and away
( )
from resonance with no cracks and be lined on the inside
( ) ( ) with sound absorbing materials. Use composite silencer. ( )
( ) ( ) Types: 1) localised (silencer/sheet metal &wire mesh cover).
2) Partial (sound absorbing baffles, 1 side open with another
Truck-Diesel Engine Noise side close)increase room pressure 3) Complete (control
( ) room, floor plate isolated from machinery)-close fitting,
B is bore of engine cylinder in cm Ambient noise is the measurement of all noise including the
provide structural damping, keep resonance away from
( ) offending noise. Background noise is the L90 without the
frequency that required insertion loss
( ) Factors: 1) Transmission loss of wall 2) Surface area of wall 3)presense of the offending noise. Leq is equivalent noise
Trucks-tyre noise from 15m without the presence of offending noise. Specific noise is the
Temperature and absorption coefficient of source and
( ) logarithmic subtraction os ambient and residual. Rating level
receiver 4) location, size, machine, accessibility, visibility
V is speed (km/h), N is number of asles, L is load per type (kg)Health Hazard due to Loud Noise Exposure is adjustment made to the specific noise. Tonal noise:
B tyre thread Pattern (36,neutral) (30,cross lug) containing a prominent frequency and characterised by a
Permitted level is ( ) and
Traffic Noise definite pitch.
( ). Over exposure may cause temporary hearing White noise is the sound sound containing all audible
impairment and Tinnitus and Noise Induced Hearing Loss. frequencies at equal intensity. Pink noise sound containing
( )
Under exposure may cause stress and raise blood pressure all audible frequencies at equal intensity.
Q is flow rate(vehicles/hr), d is distance from centre line (m),
and heart rate. A-weigthing scale that designed to simulate the response of
v is mean speed (m/s), p is % of heavy vehicles
Designing the source the human ear. It is less effective for noise dominated by
In designing, isolation of noisy component (ie flywheel), low-frequency content or for very loud sources of noise. B-
preferential assembly (weld>bolts>rivet). In machinery, weighthing is used by the motor industry for many years.
Basic noise level at 10m from freeway regular maintenance and lubrication is expected. The B-weighting was more critical of lower frequencies than
( ) Replacement of bearings, conveyer belt, using improved the A-weighting network. C-weigthing is commonly used for
( ) gears (helical>spurs) are common solutions. In operation, high level measurements and peak SPL. A used for general
avoiding metal-metal contact by using dampers, avoid purpose but C correlates better with hum response to high
( ) unbalanced force, ensure steady flow, control speed,reduce noise.D-weighting developed for measuring high level
rate of force also means avoid impulse force for less aircraft noise especially non-bypass military engine.
( ) ( ) annoyance due to less fundamental resonant frequency,
L10 measure of the peaks in the noise and how ‘annoying’
enclose machine. Generally, a smaller source(<lambda),
( ( ) ) the noise is, L90 background noise, L50 measure the average
decreasing amplitude and increasing distance will help or mean noise level. Leq, continuous equivalent noise level:
( ) reduce noise. Using panels vibrating out of phase and lightly level of a steady noise which would contain the same
Noise Control damped (constrained layer damping) can reduce noise. acoustic energy, relevant when considering hearing damage
Nominal reduction of 6 dB per doubling of distance for point Designing Transmission Path
from exposure to noise vary time.
and 3dB for line source. (air borne & structure borne) SEL = Leq + 10 log T (seconds).
65<Noise Pollution Level<75 Common solutions include distancing, noise barrier, Effective Noise Level: level depending on Duration:
absorbing material on noise barrier, usage of sound- offending noise only exist for short period time, Tonal
Traffic Noise Index absorbing baffles and acoustic silencer. Dense and heavy component: impulsive noise having a high peak of short
( ) wall make a good barrier but poor sound absorber. duration or a sequence of such peaks, Intermittency:
Day-Night Level L Notes on Personal Hearing Protector intermittent noise the level suddenly drops to that of the
[ ( )] Must be worn at all times as removal of 15min would be not background noise several times during the assessment
effective. Long usage will contribute ear infection. Generally period and Reflection: measurement point above reflecting
Noise and Number Index F=(0.3,oct)(0.15,1/3oct) causes discomfot and inconvenience and poses harm when surface.