Measurement Error & Experiment

circular
EXPERIMENT - 1 scale
Screw gauge (Micrometer) i IMSD IMM
usually
main scale i
f NoofCSD
id f o
so or too
scale i usually
circular soar
when circularscalemakesonefullntation screw
moves byupto 1pitch 1mm  on main scale
Screw gauge is used to measure closely   .How can it divide 1 mm in 100 parts !
 100 
To divide 1 mm in 100 parts , a screw is used. In one rotation, the screw (spindle) moves forward by 1 mm.
(Called pitch of the screw )
The rotation of the screw (spindle) is divided in 100 parts
(called circular scale), hence 1 mm is divided in 100 parts

1 rotation  1 mm
100 circular parts  1 mm
1 mm
so 1 circular part  = Least count of screw gauge
100
Ifulentation Ipitchtoo D
usually 7 SocsD 1mm or Imm
So lets generalize it

ICSD omm or ICSD

1mm
How to find thickness of an object by screw gauge ! too
ICSDc 2k155m or loSm

Object is inserted ZOOM

thisistic
too CSDarepresent
IMSD 1mm pitch lo.fm
Isagrowaing

Lc
lpitoh looCSD ICSD
between the jaws

0 1 mm
57 1 circular part =
50 100
47 1 mm
(mm) 47 circular part = 47 x
40 100

o olmy
Object thickness = 7. - - - - -
= 7 mm + 47 circular devisions Reading 7mm tf 7
= 7 mm + 47 ( 1 mm )
Main scale Circuler
100
Least 7o47m dns
Reading scale
Count
Reading

Thickness of Main Circular Least

object = scale + scale Count
= Reading
Reading of Reading
Screwgauge

Pitch
Numbers of
devisions on
Circular Scale

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f
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Measurement Error & Experiment
Description of screw gauge :

movable Jaw
(spindle)
Main scale
Fixed Jaw Circular scale
object

0 5
50
(mm)
40

Thimble
Fixed sleeve
Fixed frame

The object to be measured is put between the jaws. The sleeve is hollow part, fixed with the frame and main
scale is printed on it.
The spindle and thimble are welded, and move together by means of a screw. The circular scale is printed on
the thimble as shown. It generally consists of 100 divisions (sometime 50 divisions also)
The main scale has mm marks (Sometimes it also has 1/2 mm marks below mm marks.)
(Usually if pitch of the screw gauge is 1mm then there are 1mm marks on main scale and if pitch is
1/2 mm then there are 1/2 mm marks also)
This instrument can read upto 0.01 mm (10 m) accuracy that is why it is called micrometer

Example 17. Read the normal screwgauge

*Main scale has only mm marks.
*In a complete rotation, the screw advances by 1 mm. MS D 1mm
*Circular scale has 100 divisions lmSD
Solution :
pitch 1mm
too Cisc diva
represent
0 5 10
70 total
(mm) 60 too Lpitch 1mm5
Soln: Object thickness = 11 mm + 65 (
1 mm
)
ICSD 10 m
100
Reading 6511152mm
= 11.65 mm
_11mm f
Example 18. Read the screwgauge
a scale
*Main scale has
1
mm marks. fourmainscale C
2
from
*In complete rotation, the screw advances by
1
2
mm. 1t65mmAn
*Circular scale has 50 division.
Solution : pitch 0.5mm
50 D 05mm
54 coEu
50 CSD_5
40 001mm
6.5
reading fqmmt43
scale 6.93mm
famm

I
Soln: Object thickness = 6.5 - - - -
1/2 mm )
Object thickness = 6.5 mm + 43 (
50
= 6.93 mm

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ADVME- 11
Measurement Error & Experiment
Example 19. Read the screwgauge shown bellow: _o 5mm
pitch 05mm
1
MSD 5mm
Ipitch o
*Main scale has mm marks.
2
50CSD
*In complete rotation, the screw advances by
1
mm.
ICSD 0.01mm
2
*Circular scale has 50 division.
Solution :

1111 incsD

fs

Example 20. A wire of resistance R = 100.0  and length l = 50.0 cm is put between the jaws of screw gauge. Its
reading is shown in figure. Pitch of the scruegauge is 0.5 mm and there are 50 divisio on circular
scale. Find its resistivity in correct significant figures and maximum permissible error in 
(resistivity).
Solution : 5mm
c stale
 i Duffin
R 
d / 4
2

mm
Rd2 (100.0 ) (3.14) (8.42  10 3 Z
)
 = = 2 =1.32 /m
4 4(50.0  10 )

d
=
dR
+
2d(D)
+
d
=
0.1
+2!
0.01
+
0 .1
= 0.00537 (  0.52%)
D
 R D  100 .0 8.42 50

1
Example 21. In a complete rotation, spindle of a screw gauge advances by mm. There are 50 divisions on
2
1 1 1
circular scale. The main scale has mm marks  (is graduated to mm or has least count.= mm)
2 2 2
If a wire is put between the jaws, 3 main scale divisions are clearly visible, and 20 division of circular
scale co-inside with the reference line. Find diameter of wire in correct S.F.

1  1/ 2 mm 
Solution : Diameter of wire (3 ! mm) + (20)   = 1.5 + 0.20 = 1.70 mm (The answer should be upto
2  50 
two decimal places because this screwgauges can measure upto 0.01 mm accuracy).

Example 22. In the previous question if the mass of the wire is measured as 0.53 kg and length of the wire is
measured by an mm scale and is found to be 50.0 cm, find the density of the wire in correct
significant figures.

m (0.53  103 )  4
Solution : Ò = g / m3 = 4.7!108 (2 S.F.)
.)
 !d2  (3.14) (1.70  10 3 )2 (50  10  2 )
 
 4 
 

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JEE-Advanced_RECTILINEAR MOTION_Page No. # 12
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ADVME- 12
 Measurement Error & Experiment
Example 23. Two measure diameter of a wire, a screwgauge
is used. The main scale division is of 1 mm. In a
complete rotation, the screw advances by 1 mm
and the circular scale has 100 devisions. The
reading of screwgauge is as shown in figure.

If there is no error in mass measurement, but

error in length measurement is 1%, then find max.
Possible error in density.
m
Solution : 
 d2 
 
 4 
 

   d 
  = 2 
   d 
1mm
d = least count of =  0.01mm
100
and d = 3.07 mm from the figure
    0.01 1 
so     2    100%
 max  3. 07 100 

  
  = 1.65%.
  max

Zero Error :
If there is no object between the jaws (i.e. jaws are in contact), the screwgauge should give zero reading. But
due to extra material on jaws, even if there is no object, it gives some excess reading. This excess.
Reading is called zero error :

zero error
Imr
as
µ scale
M scale
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c
circularscale
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edge ofcircularscale
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tn emo se
zero ems zero
Measurement Error & Experiment

Example 24. Find the thickness of the wire. The main scale division is of 1 mm. In a complete rotation, the screw
advances by 1 mm and the circular scale has 100 devisions.

sax
Solution : Excess reading (Zero error) = 0.03 mm

Example 25.
reading , which has to be removed ( subtracted)
so actual reading = 7.67 - 0.03 = 7.64 mm of
It is giving 7.67 mm in which there is 0.03 mm excess

Find the thickness of the wire. The main scale division is of 1 mm. In a complete rotation, the screw
advances by 1 mm and the circular scale has 100 devisions. Zero error of the screwgase is
ñ0.07 mm

I
Solution : Excess reading (Zero error) = - 0.07mm It is giving 7.95 mm in which there is -0.07 mm excess
reading , which has to be removed ( subtracted)
so actual reading = 7.95 -(- 0.07) = 8.02 mm
any

ZERO CORRECTION :
Zero correction is invert of zero error :
zero correction = - (zero error)
Actual reading = observed reading - zero error
= observed reading + Zero correction

EXPERIMENT # 2
Vernier callipers
It is used to measure accurately upto 0.1 mm.

Bag

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JEE-Advanced_RECTILINEAR MOTION_Page No. # 14
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ADVME- 14